This document summarizes research on developing laminated microfluidic fuel cells using cotton-polyester materials. Previous paper-based fuel cells were fragile. The new design uses thermally laminated cotton-polyester strips to increase strength. Various cotton and cotton-polyester materials were tested as the substrate. The 65% cotton - 35% polyester shoelace material achieved the highest current density of 15.18 mA/cm2 and power density of 2.75 mW/cm2, outperforming previous paper-based designs. Further optimization of materials, barriers, sizes, and weaving is needed but initial results show laminated cotton-polyester substrates can provide stronger microfluidic fuel cells than paper-
This document reviews recent developments in paper-based and paper-like batteries and energy storage devices. It discusses five main types: electrochemical batteries, biofuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and nanogenerators. Paper substrates are advantageous for energy storage due to their low cost, flexibility, and ability to wick fluids. The review summarizes the electrode materials and applications of each type of paper-based energy device and identifies technologies best suited for different power needs like high-power electronics or wearable devices. Overall, the document provides an overview of the progress and opportunities in using paper materials for batteries and energy storage.
Calendering and adding silver to carbon nanotube-based electrodes can impact printed multi-layer capacitors. The researcher investigated how adding silver flakes or nanowires to carbon nanotube and graphite inks, and calendering the electrode layers, affected sheet resistance, bulk resistivity, and capacitor performance. Adding around 35% silver flakes or 3% silver nanowires most reduced the sheet resistance of carbon nanotube inks. Calendering the electrode layers was found to smooth their surfaces and potentially increase capacitor capacitance by allowing a thinner dielectric layer. The results provide guidance on formulations and processing to optimize carbon nanotube-based printed multi-layer capacitors.
Yutong Liu - Poster - ACF-PEDOT SupercapYutong Liu
This document summarizes research on activated carbon fiber (ACF) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based supercapacitors. The introduction provides background on supercapacitors and the materials used. Experimental details are given on vapor phase polymerization to coat ACF with PEDOT. Characterization with SEM, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy show the ACF is well-coated. Electrochemical testing reveals the supercapacitors have stable capacitance over cycles and scan rates. Gravimetric capacitance reaches over 100 F/g, and coating ACF with high purity PEDOT could further increase this. In conclusion, ACF/PEDOT nanocomposites show potential
The document summarizes simulations of fragmenting cylinders using the material point method (MPM). MPM is well-suited for modeling large deformations and fracture while avoiding issues like mesh entanglement. The simulations implement various plasticity, damage, and failure models and are validated against experimental penetration tests and fragmentation patterns. Finally, full 3D simulations are presented of containers exposed to fire and fragmenting.
This document summarizes Christopher Fenoli's research on the synthesis of novel trithiocarbonate monomers and their application in covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Specifically, it discusses the development of a facile synthetic approach to create trithiocarbonate and allyl sulfide monomers, exploration of how monomer structure affects stress relaxation in polymer networks, and implementation of the new monomers in photo-responsive and stimuli-responsive polymer networks for applications like on-demand adhesives.
An alternative answer to the vital issues of power
production and wastewater treatment leads to the application of
microbial fuel cells. These present cells were constructed from
cheap Mfensi clay as ion-exchange-partition and anode chamber.
The performance of the cells has no significant variations in
relation to their volumes. Experimental results showed that the
maximum power densities of 69 mW/m2 and 55 mW/m2 were
obtained for Pot1 and Pot2 at 1000 Ω load respectively.
The document discusses microbial fuel cells (MFCs) which generate electricity through microbial reactions without combustion. MFCs use microbes to oxidize organic matter and generate protons and electrons, with the electrons traveling to the anode and doing work. This is a promising technology as it can treat wastewater while generating electricity in a sustainable way without fossil fuels or pollution. However, challenges remain in scaling up MFCs from the laboratory and improving their low power output for practical applications. Further research on materials and configurations is needed to optimize MFC performance and costs.
This document reviews recent developments in paper-based and paper-like batteries and energy storage devices. It discusses five main types: electrochemical batteries, biofuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and nanogenerators. Paper substrates are advantageous for energy storage due to their low cost, flexibility, and ability to wick fluids. The review summarizes the electrode materials and applications of each type of paper-based energy device and identifies technologies best suited for different power needs like high-power electronics or wearable devices. Overall, the document provides an overview of the progress and opportunities in using paper materials for batteries and energy storage.
Calendering and adding silver to carbon nanotube-based electrodes can impact printed multi-layer capacitors. The researcher investigated how adding silver flakes or nanowires to carbon nanotube and graphite inks, and calendering the electrode layers, affected sheet resistance, bulk resistivity, and capacitor performance. Adding around 35% silver flakes or 3% silver nanowires most reduced the sheet resistance of carbon nanotube inks. Calendering the electrode layers was found to smooth their surfaces and potentially increase capacitor capacitance by allowing a thinner dielectric layer. The results provide guidance on formulations and processing to optimize carbon nanotube-based printed multi-layer capacitors.
Yutong Liu - Poster - ACF-PEDOT SupercapYutong Liu
This document summarizes research on activated carbon fiber (ACF) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based supercapacitors. The introduction provides background on supercapacitors and the materials used. Experimental details are given on vapor phase polymerization to coat ACF with PEDOT. Characterization with SEM, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy show the ACF is well-coated. Electrochemical testing reveals the supercapacitors have stable capacitance over cycles and scan rates. Gravimetric capacitance reaches over 100 F/g, and coating ACF with high purity PEDOT could further increase this. In conclusion, ACF/PEDOT nanocomposites show potential
The document summarizes simulations of fragmenting cylinders using the material point method (MPM). MPM is well-suited for modeling large deformations and fracture while avoiding issues like mesh entanglement. The simulations implement various plasticity, damage, and failure models and are validated against experimental penetration tests and fragmentation patterns. Finally, full 3D simulations are presented of containers exposed to fire and fragmenting.
This document summarizes Christopher Fenoli's research on the synthesis of novel trithiocarbonate monomers and their application in covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Specifically, it discusses the development of a facile synthetic approach to create trithiocarbonate and allyl sulfide monomers, exploration of how monomer structure affects stress relaxation in polymer networks, and implementation of the new monomers in photo-responsive and stimuli-responsive polymer networks for applications like on-demand adhesives.
An alternative answer to the vital issues of power
production and wastewater treatment leads to the application of
microbial fuel cells. These present cells were constructed from
cheap Mfensi clay as ion-exchange-partition and anode chamber.
The performance of the cells has no significant variations in
relation to their volumes. Experimental results showed that the
maximum power densities of 69 mW/m2 and 55 mW/m2 were
obtained for Pot1 and Pot2 at 1000 Ω load respectively.
The document discusses microbial fuel cells (MFCs) which generate electricity through microbial reactions without combustion. MFCs use microbes to oxidize organic matter and generate protons and electrons, with the electrons traveling to the anode and doing work. This is a promising technology as it can treat wastewater while generating electricity in a sustainable way without fossil fuels or pollution. However, challenges remain in scaling up MFCs from the laboratory and improving their low power output for practical applications. Further research on materials and configurations is needed to optimize MFC performance and costs.
The document summarizes a presentation on sediment microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Key points:
- The goal is to produce 1W/m3 of power in a sediment MFC within a $20 budget using recycled materials.
- A literature review covered MFC types and research on materials like graphite and biochar. A 50/50 graphite-biochar mix was selected.
- A designed MFC used screen-enclosed graphite-biochar pouches, copper wires, and a voltmeter within a PVC pipe structure. Testing showed a maximum power density of 0.205 mW/m3.
1. The document studies the effect of adding polyethylene fibers on the strength properties of fly ash obtained from a local thermal power station, through unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests.
2. The study found that adding fibers increased the peak deviator stress, elastic moduli, strain at failure and shear strength parameters like cohesion and angle of internal friction of the fly ash. Higher fiber content and aspect ratio led to greater improvements in strength.
3. The increased strength is due to fibers transferring shear stresses better and providing more surface area for interlocking with increasing aspect ratio, leading to more ductile failure behavior in reinforced fly ash.
This document summarizes a theoretical study on the rupture of graphene membranes in strong electric fields using molecular dynamics simulations. The study finds that graphene membranes are not ruptured by electric fields or defects alone, but that bombardment by ions in solution can cause the membranes to rupture. Sequential bombardment with ion pairs more realistically modeled the effects of ions in solution compared to concerted bombardment. Increasing the number of ions or adding potassium ions may help completely tear the membrane.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze improvements in the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for transparent electrodes and flywheels. Improvements in the transparency and cost of CNTs are enabling CNTs to replace indium tin oxide in applications such as solar cells and displays. Second, as the cost of CNTs falls through improvements in processes and increases in the scale of equipment, they will become economically feasible for flywheels. Since the energy storage density of flywheels is directly proportional to the strength to weight ration of the flywheel material, CNTs (and graphene) have potential energy storage densities that are ten times the current energy storage densities of carbon fiber-based flywheels and Li-ion batteries. This means that carbon nanotubes are an important tool in the battle against fossil-fuel dependency and global warming.
The document summarizes heat and mass transfer characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) based on experiments and modeling. Key points:
- A 3D non-isothermal model is developed to predict methanol and temperature distributions in the anode. Experimental results validate the model.
- Increasing methanol concentration does not significantly impact net water generation but does increase methanol crossover, affecting cell performance.
- At 1M methanol concentration and 230mA/cm2 current density, the fuel utilization efficiency is 57% despite high methanol crossover.
- Temperature distribution shows methanol solution heated to 57°C from 27°C, improving cell performance. Double channel serpentine flow field aids methanol diffusion.
This thesis examines using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to coat 3D graphite felt with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The objectives are to improve the kinetically slow anodic reaction in the solar sulfur-ammonia thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production. Experiments include EPD with different suspensions, adhesion testing of deposits, penetration analysis via SEM, and electrochemical studies. Results show EPD fully penetrates the felt and maximum monolayer coverage is achieved. Deposits on 3 mm felt have the highest current density increase compared to the blank substrate.
This presentation is for my last Cambridge Rheology course lecture. The presentation links course work with research that had been carried out in the Department. The presentation has been modified a little to aid web clarity.
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity through microbial oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater. They provide an alternative energy source and reduce pollution by treating wastewater. MFCs consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane, where microbes in the anode chamber metabolize organic matter and transfer electrons to the anode. While MFCs have potential benefits, scaling them up from the lab and improving low power outputs remain challenges to practical implementation. Further research on materials and configurations could help optimize MFC performance.
This document provides a summary of a research project on modeling the degradation of solar photovoltaic modules over time. It examines modules installed at two solar power plants in India - a 1 MW plant on an ash dyke and a 1 MW canal top plant. Testing showed canal top modules had lower temperatures and higher performance. The project developed loss models and found polycrystalline modules degraded 1.73-3.89% annually at one plant and 0.17-1.95% at the other. Regular cleaning can avoid a 1.61% efficiency loss from soiling. The models matched simulated results within a few percent.
This document discusses transformer thermal management research conducted at the University of Manchester. It provides an overview of the research scope, including transformer thermal modeling, cooling performance analysis of alternative liquids, and dynamic thermal rating. It then presents two case studies: 1) CFD simulations and experiments that evaluate winding hotspot temperatures and flow distributions under different geometries and Reynolds numbers; and 2) temperature measurements from a transformer undergoing cyclic loading that will help validate the IEC dynamic thermal model. The overall aim of the research is to improve transformer thermal management and ratings for future power networks.
1) The spectral response of several CdZnTe crystals grown by the Traveling Heater Method (THM) were investigated. An energy resolution of 0.98% FWHM for 137Cs 662 keV was measured for a 4x4x9 mm3 pseudo Frisch-grid detector.
2) A 20x20x5 mm3 monolithic pixellated detector achieved a 4% FWHM for 122 keV 137Cs without electronic signal correction.
3) An 11x11x5 mm3 coplanar grid detector measured a 2.1% FWHM for 662 keV 137Cs, demonstrating the potential of THM grown CZT for high resolution gamma spectroscopy applications.
Fuel cell power generators provide an alternative to conventional uninterruptible power supply (UPS) sources and transport engines. They offer several advantages over batteries and generators including zero pollution, temperature operation from -45C to +45C, over 40,000 hours of continuous operation, and reduced total cost of ownership. The company has developed proprietary polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technologies that allow for moisture independent operation without humidification systems, use of lower purity hydrogen fuel, and higher catalyst loadings leading to longer lifetimes. They are seeking $650k in funding to complete pre-industrial prototyping of their fuel cell stacks and systems and enter sales in early 2015.
This document is a thesis written in Italian that discusses the development of a thermodynamic and degradation model for a PEM electrolyzer.
The introduction provides context on Europe's transition to renewable energy and hydrogen technologies. It describes the electrolysis process and PEM electrolyzers.
The body of the thesis develops a system model for a PEM electrolyzer that includes electrochemical and thermal models. It validates the system model against experimental data. Finally, it develops a semi-empirical degradation model and validates it based on polarization curves and overvoltage contributions compared to experimental results.
Ee w07.1 w_ 2. electricity generation _ part 4 (missing money & capacity pay...Silvester Van Koten
This document discusses electricity generation and capacity payments. It begins with an introduction to alternating current (AC) vs direct current (DC) transmission lines and frequency differences between grids in Europe, USA, and Japan. It then provides cost data for baseload, midload, and peaking power plants and asks questions about optimal investment and dispatch. Subsequent sections discuss the "missing money" problem and how capacity payments can help ensure adequate generating capacity while lowering price spikes. The document concludes with a brief section on electricity generation and climate change.
1. The document discusses supercapacitors and batteries, providing a history of supercapacitors and explaining what they are and how they differ from batteries.
2. It compares the performance of supercapacitors and batteries based on characteristics like charge/discharge time, energy storage, cycle life, and power/energy density.
3. The document outlines several applications of supercapacitors, such as in electric vehicles, wind turbines, buses, and trains, where their high power capacity provides benefits.
4. Research at the Centre for New Energy Studies involves 3D modeling of supercapacitors, developing new materials for electrodes, studying the effects of radiation on performance, and investigating real-world uses of supercapacitors.
1) Carbon nanotube tissues were coated with a polymer electrolyte via electrodeposition to improve their performance as anodes in flexible lithium-ion microbatteries.
2) Cyclic voltammetry was used to deposit p-sulfonated poly(allyl phenyl ether) polymer electrolyte into the carbon nanotube tissues.
3) The polymer-coated carbon nanotube tissue delivered a higher reversible capacity of 750 mAh/g compared to 450 mAh/g for the uncoated tissue, maintaining higher capacity even at fast charge/discharge rates, demonstrating its potential for flexible lithium-ion microbatteries.
This document summarizes research on microbial fuel cells that use exoelectrogenic bacteria to generate electricity. Key points include:
- Geobacter sulfurreducens bacteria can generate up to 5 W/mL of power by transferring electrons to electrodes.
- Potential applications include powering robots, sensors, and artificial metabolism devices.
- Experiments showed a maximum power density of 0.1 μW/cm2 and open circuit voltage of around 600mV using bacterial biofilms on electrodes.
- Further work is needed to improve power density and monitor bacteria viability and biofilm connectivity in real-time. Micro-electromechanical systems may enable better microbial fuel cell designs.
This document provides information about an TRIZ competition held by Tunku Abdul Rahman University College. It includes the following:
- The registration information and team members for Team Maverick
- Statistics on energy consumption trends and limitations of renewable energy sources
- A comparison of properties and performance of conventional capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, and batteries
- Identification of electrochemical capacitors as most suitable and areas for improvement
- An overview of the TRIZ problem solving method to be used
The document discusses various computational models for semiconductor device transport simulation. It begins by describing semiclassical transport theory and approaches like drift-diffusion, hydrodynamics, and particle-based Monte Carlo methods. It then covers topics like inclusion of tunneling effects, quantum corrections, and particle-based and quantum transport simulations. Specific models are discussed for generation-recombination mechanisms, low-field and field-dependent mobility, inversion layer mobility, and the hydrodynamic approach for including velocity overshoot effects.
Dielectric Behavior and Functionality of Polymer Matrix / Cigarette Butts Co...Scientific Review SR
Cellulose acetate powder which is extracted from the cigarette (insulator part as a filler) has been used
with polymer to produce PVC Cement/cellulose acetate composite. The dielectric behavior of this composite is
analyzed as a function of weight fractions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt%), temperature range (30 - 110) ◦C and
frequency (120Hz -2MHz). Impedance and ζac. conductivity of the composites behaviors as function of frequency
and temperature have also studied. The results show that, the real permittivity, dielectric loss and loss tangent for
all composites increase with increasing cellulose acetate filler content
More Related Content
Similar to Laminated Cotton-Polyester-Based Fuel Cells - FINAL
The document summarizes a presentation on sediment microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Key points:
- The goal is to produce 1W/m3 of power in a sediment MFC within a $20 budget using recycled materials.
- A literature review covered MFC types and research on materials like graphite and biochar. A 50/50 graphite-biochar mix was selected.
- A designed MFC used screen-enclosed graphite-biochar pouches, copper wires, and a voltmeter within a PVC pipe structure. Testing showed a maximum power density of 0.205 mW/m3.
1. The document studies the effect of adding polyethylene fibers on the strength properties of fly ash obtained from a local thermal power station, through unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests.
2. The study found that adding fibers increased the peak deviator stress, elastic moduli, strain at failure and shear strength parameters like cohesion and angle of internal friction of the fly ash. Higher fiber content and aspect ratio led to greater improvements in strength.
3. The increased strength is due to fibers transferring shear stresses better and providing more surface area for interlocking with increasing aspect ratio, leading to more ductile failure behavior in reinforced fly ash.
This document summarizes a theoretical study on the rupture of graphene membranes in strong electric fields using molecular dynamics simulations. The study finds that graphene membranes are not ruptured by electric fields or defects alone, but that bombardment by ions in solution can cause the membranes to rupture. Sequential bombardment with ion pairs more realistically modeled the effects of ions in solution compared to concerted bombardment. Increasing the number of ions or adding potassium ions may help completely tear the membrane.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze improvements in the economic feasibility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for transparent electrodes and flywheels. Improvements in the transparency and cost of CNTs are enabling CNTs to replace indium tin oxide in applications such as solar cells and displays. Second, as the cost of CNTs falls through improvements in processes and increases in the scale of equipment, they will become economically feasible for flywheels. Since the energy storage density of flywheels is directly proportional to the strength to weight ration of the flywheel material, CNTs (and graphene) have potential energy storage densities that are ten times the current energy storage densities of carbon fiber-based flywheels and Li-ion batteries. This means that carbon nanotubes are an important tool in the battle against fossil-fuel dependency and global warming.
The document summarizes heat and mass transfer characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) based on experiments and modeling. Key points:
- A 3D non-isothermal model is developed to predict methanol and temperature distributions in the anode. Experimental results validate the model.
- Increasing methanol concentration does not significantly impact net water generation but does increase methanol crossover, affecting cell performance.
- At 1M methanol concentration and 230mA/cm2 current density, the fuel utilization efficiency is 57% despite high methanol crossover.
- Temperature distribution shows methanol solution heated to 57°C from 27°C, improving cell performance. Double channel serpentine flow field aids methanol diffusion.
This thesis examines using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to coat 3D graphite felt with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The objectives are to improve the kinetically slow anodic reaction in the solar sulfur-ammonia thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production. Experiments include EPD with different suspensions, adhesion testing of deposits, penetration analysis via SEM, and electrochemical studies. Results show EPD fully penetrates the felt and maximum monolayer coverage is achieved. Deposits on 3 mm felt have the highest current density increase compared to the blank substrate.
This presentation is for my last Cambridge Rheology course lecture. The presentation links course work with research that had been carried out in the Department. The presentation has been modified a little to aid web clarity.
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity through microbial oxidation of organic compounds in wastewater. They provide an alternative energy source and reduce pollution by treating wastewater. MFCs consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane, where microbes in the anode chamber metabolize organic matter and transfer electrons to the anode. While MFCs have potential benefits, scaling them up from the lab and improving low power outputs remain challenges to practical implementation. Further research on materials and configurations could help optimize MFC performance.
This document provides a summary of a research project on modeling the degradation of solar photovoltaic modules over time. It examines modules installed at two solar power plants in India - a 1 MW plant on an ash dyke and a 1 MW canal top plant. Testing showed canal top modules had lower temperatures and higher performance. The project developed loss models and found polycrystalline modules degraded 1.73-3.89% annually at one plant and 0.17-1.95% at the other. Regular cleaning can avoid a 1.61% efficiency loss from soiling. The models matched simulated results within a few percent.
This document discusses transformer thermal management research conducted at the University of Manchester. It provides an overview of the research scope, including transformer thermal modeling, cooling performance analysis of alternative liquids, and dynamic thermal rating. It then presents two case studies: 1) CFD simulations and experiments that evaluate winding hotspot temperatures and flow distributions under different geometries and Reynolds numbers; and 2) temperature measurements from a transformer undergoing cyclic loading that will help validate the IEC dynamic thermal model. The overall aim of the research is to improve transformer thermal management and ratings for future power networks.
1) The spectral response of several CdZnTe crystals grown by the Traveling Heater Method (THM) were investigated. An energy resolution of 0.98% FWHM for 137Cs 662 keV was measured for a 4x4x9 mm3 pseudo Frisch-grid detector.
2) A 20x20x5 mm3 monolithic pixellated detector achieved a 4% FWHM for 122 keV 137Cs without electronic signal correction.
3) An 11x11x5 mm3 coplanar grid detector measured a 2.1% FWHM for 662 keV 137Cs, demonstrating the potential of THM grown CZT for high resolution gamma spectroscopy applications.
Fuel cell power generators provide an alternative to conventional uninterruptible power supply (UPS) sources and transport engines. They offer several advantages over batteries and generators including zero pollution, temperature operation from -45C to +45C, over 40,000 hours of continuous operation, and reduced total cost of ownership. The company has developed proprietary polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technologies that allow for moisture independent operation without humidification systems, use of lower purity hydrogen fuel, and higher catalyst loadings leading to longer lifetimes. They are seeking $650k in funding to complete pre-industrial prototyping of their fuel cell stacks and systems and enter sales in early 2015.
This document is a thesis written in Italian that discusses the development of a thermodynamic and degradation model for a PEM electrolyzer.
The introduction provides context on Europe's transition to renewable energy and hydrogen technologies. It describes the electrolysis process and PEM electrolyzers.
The body of the thesis develops a system model for a PEM electrolyzer that includes electrochemical and thermal models. It validates the system model against experimental data. Finally, it develops a semi-empirical degradation model and validates it based on polarization curves and overvoltage contributions compared to experimental results.
Ee w07.1 w_ 2. electricity generation _ part 4 (missing money & capacity pay...Silvester Van Koten
This document discusses electricity generation and capacity payments. It begins with an introduction to alternating current (AC) vs direct current (DC) transmission lines and frequency differences between grids in Europe, USA, and Japan. It then provides cost data for baseload, midload, and peaking power plants and asks questions about optimal investment and dispatch. Subsequent sections discuss the "missing money" problem and how capacity payments can help ensure adequate generating capacity while lowering price spikes. The document concludes with a brief section on electricity generation and climate change.
1. The document discusses supercapacitors and batteries, providing a history of supercapacitors and explaining what they are and how they differ from batteries.
2. It compares the performance of supercapacitors and batteries based on characteristics like charge/discharge time, energy storage, cycle life, and power/energy density.
3. The document outlines several applications of supercapacitors, such as in electric vehicles, wind turbines, buses, and trains, where their high power capacity provides benefits.
4. Research at the Centre for New Energy Studies involves 3D modeling of supercapacitors, developing new materials for electrodes, studying the effects of radiation on performance, and investigating real-world uses of supercapacitors.
1) Carbon nanotube tissues were coated with a polymer electrolyte via electrodeposition to improve their performance as anodes in flexible lithium-ion microbatteries.
2) Cyclic voltammetry was used to deposit p-sulfonated poly(allyl phenyl ether) polymer electrolyte into the carbon nanotube tissues.
3) The polymer-coated carbon nanotube tissue delivered a higher reversible capacity of 750 mAh/g compared to 450 mAh/g for the uncoated tissue, maintaining higher capacity even at fast charge/discharge rates, demonstrating its potential for flexible lithium-ion microbatteries.
This document summarizes research on microbial fuel cells that use exoelectrogenic bacteria to generate electricity. Key points include:
- Geobacter sulfurreducens bacteria can generate up to 5 W/mL of power by transferring electrons to electrodes.
- Potential applications include powering robots, sensors, and artificial metabolism devices.
- Experiments showed a maximum power density of 0.1 μW/cm2 and open circuit voltage of around 600mV using bacterial biofilms on electrodes.
- Further work is needed to improve power density and monitor bacteria viability and biofilm connectivity in real-time. Micro-electromechanical systems may enable better microbial fuel cell designs.
This document provides information about an TRIZ competition held by Tunku Abdul Rahman University College. It includes the following:
- The registration information and team members for Team Maverick
- Statistics on energy consumption trends and limitations of renewable energy sources
- A comparison of properties and performance of conventional capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, and batteries
- Identification of electrochemical capacitors as most suitable and areas for improvement
- An overview of the TRIZ problem solving method to be used
The document discusses various computational models for semiconductor device transport simulation. It begins by describing semiclassical transport theory and approaches like drift-diffusion, hydrodynamics, and particle-based Monte Carlo methods. It then covers topics like inclusion of tunneling effects, quantum corrections, and particle-based and quantum transport simulations. Specific models are discussed for generation-recombination mechanisms, low-field and field-dependent mobility, inversion layer mobility, and the hydrodynamic approach for including velocity overshoot effects.
Dielectric Behavior and Functionality of Polymer Matrix / Cigarette Butts Co...Scientific Review SR
Cellulose acetate powder which is extracted from the cigarette (insulator part as a filler) has been used
with polymer to produce PVC Cement/cellulose acetate composite. The dielectric behavior of this composite is
analyzed as a function of weight fractions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt%), temperature range (30 - 110) ◦C and
frequency (120Hz -2MHz). Impedance and ζac. conductivity of the composites behaviors as function of frequency
and temperature have also studied. The results show that, the real permittivity, dielectric loss and loss tangent for
all composites increase with increasing cellulose acetate filler content
Similar to Laminated Cotton-Polyester-Based Fuel Cells - FINAL (20)
2. WhatareFuelCells?
Devices that convert chemical
potential energy into
electrical energy
• Characterized by type of
electrolyte used
• Reactions at electrodes
• Electrolytes carry charged
particles
• Catalysts speed reactions
• Electrical current directed
out of fuel cell (FC)
K. Tran, T. Nguyen, A. Bartrom, A. Sadiki and J. Haan, "A Fuel-Flexible Alkaline
Direct Liquid Fuel Cell", Fuel Cells, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 834-841, 2014.
3. PreviousWork
Y-shaped paper-based
microfluidic fuel cells (MFCs)
But…
they’refragile.
Advantages:
• Capillary action means no
need for external pump
= inexpensive to make
• Easy to fabricate
• Environmentally friendly
Disadvantages:
• Wet paper tears easily
• 1.5 hours+ for optimal values
• 0.6-0.8 mA, rarely 1mA
• 0.8-1 V
• Low current
4. WhyCottonandPolyester?
Have the highest wicking rates
and is most commonly found
M. Reches, K. Mirica, R. Dasgupta, M. Dickey, M. Butte and G.
Whitesides, "Thread as a Matrix for Biomedical Assays", ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1722-1728, 2010.
Whylaminate?
Lamination was shown to
increase fluid flow speed
laminated
non-laminated
5. • Two-strip stacked design. Each
strip carries its own anolyte and
catholyte streams.
• Plastic wrap barrier
• Thermally laminated at 120°C
with laminating sheets
NewPlatformDesign
Front, side, and back views
Active area
6. Materials Tested:
100% Cotton:
• Shoelace
• Flannel
• Canvas
Cotton-Poly Blend:
• 60-40 cotton-poly knit
• 65-35 cotton-poly shoelace
Experiment Details
Anode
Fuel: 5M HCOOH
Catalyst: Pd/C
Cathode
Fuel: 30% H2O2
Catalyst: Active Carbon
Current Collectors
Silver epoxy & steel mesh
Anode Reaction (Oxidation)
Cathode Reaction (Reduction)
T. Copenhaver, K. Purohit, K. Domalaon, P. Linda, B. Burgess, N. Manorothkul, V. Galvan, S. Sotez, F. Gomez and J.
Haan, "A microfluidic direct formate fuel cell on paper", Electrophoresis, vol. 36, no. 16, pp. 1825–1829, 2015.
(Left) 60C-40P Knit.
(Middle, Top to Bottom) 100C Canvas,
65C-45P Shoelace, 100C Shoelace.
(Right) 100C Flannel
7. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
PowerDensity(mW/cm2)
Potential(V)
Current Density (mA/cm2)
100% Cotton
(CD 3.1.2) canvas (PD 3.1.2) canvas (CD 4.4) flannel
(PD 4.4) flannel (CD 1.3.3) shoelace (PD 1.3.3) shoelace
shoelace
• Highest CD and PD
shoelaces
• Highest potential
flannel
• High SD due to amount of fuel
at inlets, and fuel crossover
100% Cotton
Current Density
(mA/cm2)
Power Density
(mW/cm2)
Potential
(V)
shoelace
AVG 9.43 1.35 0.62
SD 1.96 0.44 0.15
flannel
AVG 4.68 0.99 0.98
SD 3.13 0.55 0.09
canvas
AVG 0.11 0.02 0.63
SD 0.14 0.03 0.43
Results
100% Cotton
flannel
canvas
*Graph is from one test and was selected
based on how best it reflected average
values. For illustration purposes only
8. Applications
Two in Series
Two 100% cotton
shoelace FCs producing
1.9V at 1mA powers:
• 1 red LED
• 1 yellow LED
• Handheld
calculator
9. Applications
Four in Series
Four 100% cotton shoelace FCs
producing 3.2 V at 0.9 mA powers:
• 1 red, yellow, blue, pink, green,
and white LED individually
10. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerDensity(mW/cm2)
Poential(V) Current Density (mA/cm2)
Cotton Polyester Blends
(CD 3.3) shoelace (CD 3.1) knit (PD 3.3) shoelace (PD 3.1) knit
•Highest CD and PD
shoelaces
• Highest potential
shoelaces
• High SD due to amount of
fuel at inlets, and fuel
crossover
Cotton-Poly
Blends
Current Density
(mA/cm2)
Power Density
(mW/cm2)
Potential
(V)
knit
AVG 5.45 1.24 0.95
SD 1.95 0.34 0.04
shoelace
AVG 15.18 2.75 0.67
SD 8.50 2.00 0.25
shoelace
knit
Results
Cotton-Polyester Blends
*Graph is from one test and was selected
based on how best it reflected average
values. For illustration purposes only
11. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
PowerDensity(mW/cm2)
Poential(V)
Current Density (mA/cm2)
100C and Cotton-Poly Blend
(CD 3.1.2) 100C canvas (PD 3.1.2) 100C canvas (CD 4.4) 100C flannel
(CD 1.3.3) 100C shoelace (CD 3.3) 65C-35P shoelace (CD 3.1) 60C-40P knit
(PD 4.4) 100C flannel (PD 1.3.3) 100C shoelace (PD 3.3) 65C-35P shoelace
(PD 3.1) 60C-40P knit
Results
Overall
100C
shoelace
• Highest CD
65C-35P shoelace
at 15.18 mA/cm2
• Highest PD
65C-35P shoelace
at 2.75 mW/cm2
• Highest potential
100C flannel at 0.98 V
*Graph is from one test and was selected
based on how best it reflected average
values. For illustration purposes only
65C-35P
shoelace
12. Conclusion
> Additional tests needs to be performed with more materials. For future
work, other barriers, the material’s weaving and thickness, the FC’s size and
active area size will need to be further investigated to optimize this FC.
• No FC’s were torn
• Material’s thickness and weave are
also important parameters –
shoelace type works best
• Introduction of lamination + new
materials found cotton-poly
shoelace to be better than paper FC
Max PD
(mW/cm2)
Max CD
(mA/cm2)
Y-shaped
paper FC
2.53 11.50
65C-35P
shoelace
2.75 15.18
+8.7% +32.0%
Let’s start out with what fuel cells are. Fuel cells are devices that converts chemical potential energy (energy stored in molecular bonds) into electrical energy. There are many types of fuel cells, and mainly they are characterized by the type of electrolyte they use. The figure shown on the right is an alkaline direct liquid fuel cell, which is the kind that this research focuses on. Oxidation and reduction occurs on the electrodes, the anode and cathode, and is sped up by catalysts. As hydroxide crosses the anion exchange membrane from cathode to anode, it completes the circuit. The electrical current that has been directed out of the fuel cell can be used to power applications.
On our previous work, we worked with paper based microfluidic fuel cells, or paper MFCs. Because paper has the ability to facilitate laminar flow with capillary action, it eliminates the need to have an external pump, which lowers the fuel cell’s overall costs. It’s environmentally friendly, and inexpensive and easy to make compared to traditional fuel cells.
As shown in the picture here, We previously examined these Y-shaped fuel cells that were fabricated with chromatography paper as the platform. Fuel flows from these inlets to react with the catalysts at the electrodes to produce the electrical energy, which is collected with steel mesh and silvery epoxy. However, with these paper MFCs, they were very fragile because wet paper rips easily. Also, these FC’s produced low current—it rarely reached 1 milli amp.
Therefore, the objective was to design a new platform to mitigate these issues. To increase durability and current, two things were done to the MFC: lamination was introduced, and paper was changed to cotton-polyester blend fabrics.
So why laminate? Not only would laminating increase durability, but in a preliminary test comparing a laminated and non-laminated strip of cotton fabric as shown here, it was observed that the fuel flowed faster in the laminated strip due to the increased surface contact. Because this means that more fuel can be brought to the catalyst, which it would help increase the MFC’s current as the reaction is sped up.
So why cotton and polyester? Fabrics were chosen as an alternative to paper because they are more durable, and also some of them can demonstrate capillary action. Cotton and polyester were one of the types that had the highest wicking rate, and their blends are more common to find.
In this new design, small strips of material are stacked with plastic wrap in between as the membrane, so that each strip carries its own anolyte and catholyte streams that reacts with at its respective electrodes. The stack is laminated at 120°C with thermal laminating sheets. Afterwards, the current collector and catalyst is added on. Over here is the active area which the catalyst reacts with the fuel.
For the experiment, we used 5M formate and Pd/C for the anode fuel and catalysts, and 30% hydrogen peroxide and active carbon for the cathode fuel and catalyst. The oxidation and reduction reactions on the anode and cathode are shown as the following. Five different materials were tested—shoelace, flannel, and canvas that were all 100% cotton, and 60-40 knit and 65-35 shoelace that were cotton polyester blends.
The data is obtained about 1 hour into the run.
The results compiled here are averages between two FCs from the same material, in which each FC was tested three times.
It is then graphed, with the potential and power density plotted with respect to current density.
The densities are taken with respect to the active area’s size.
In comparison with the three materials that were made with 100% cotton, the shoelace had the highest CD and PD, however, the flannel had the highest potential. The high standard deviation found in current density is due to fuel crossing over, and also the fact that some materials were more sensitive to the amount of fuel at the inlets. For instance, there were times when shoelace performed better with more fuel, but also sometimes the values fluctuated greatly with more fuels.
This is a graph to just give an idea on the difference between the performances of the materials. How you read this graph, is that the highest point on this curve (parabola) tells you the power density which is read from this axis, and where the curve ends at the horizontal axis tells you the current density, and following this line to intersect the axis here tells you the potential.
With two 100% cotton shoelaces connected together in series, which means each FC voltage adds up, it produces 1.9V at about 1mA. It powers a red and yellow LED light, and a handheld calculator.
With two more of the cotton FC’s added to the series, the total voltage now increased to 3.2V. With this higher number, it can power more LED colors.
In comparison with the two materials that were made with cotton-polyester blends, the shoelace also had the highest power and current density, but the knit had the highest potential. As shown here on the graph,
Over all, between the 5 materials, the shoelaces had the highest power and current density in both 100% cotton and cotton-polyester blends. The highest potentials were still the flannel and knit, and the 100%C was the worst overall.
In conclusion, no FC’s ripped in these experiments. However, we did come to realize that the material’s thickness and how it’s woven also affects the performance of the fuel cell, and perhaps these parameters are just as important (if not more) than the actual composition of the fabric. The shoelace-type was found to work best.
With the introduction of lamination, and the substitute of paper with fabrics, we found a design that succeeded the previous Y shaped paper fuel cells, and that is with the cotton poly shoelace. Its power density was greater by about 109 percent, and current density was greater by about 132 percent. Additional test needs to be performed with more materials because some of these FC’s are still inconsistent. For future work, other barriers, the fabric’s weaving, and the fuel cell’s size and active area's size, will need to be further investigated to optimize this fuel cell.