Bangladesh is a country where garment sector has been developed informally by the mostly illiterate people of the country. So there is lack of unprofessional and scientific way of management of production and the related other issues. Now, this sector is the main bread earner of the country from foreign sector. As its inception, the garment sector is not being modernised with the globalised atmosphere as per the requirement of the civilization especially compliance other human right issues resulting frequent unrest therefore. Still now some of the owners are not agree to increase the labor facilities rather to continue as the sweatshops while demanding to increase facilities from the buyer side. But, buyers are not willing to increase CM (cost of manufacturing), they have increased much the same in other countries. After the incidents of Tazreen Fashion and Rana Plaza. Government and garment owners should increase the facilities of the workers and finally the buyers should increase their rate to mitigate the situation.
In recent year, labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh has been a matter of serious concern. It
is the highest foreign exchange earning sector. It has been able to create employment opportunities
for about few millions of people, most of whom are poor, uneducated and unskilled women from
the rule area. But this sector is infested with a number of problems. Labor unrest is one of them.
For collecting data the study has used questionnaire and interview method. The major causes of
labor unrest irregularities in payment, low wage, absence of trade unionism, non-execution of labor
lows. In key issues regarding labor unrest sector, investigating the incidents of labor unrest,
bridging, gap between the factory owners and workers and improving low and order situations.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper investigated the Contribution of RMG to the National Economy of Bangladesh. The understanding between the buyer and supplier is now better than before. At present, Bangladesh is the world-second largest apparel exporter. If the growth continues, within a few years Bangladesh will be the world-largest apparel exporter.
A CASE STUDY ON CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF READYMADE GARMENT (...ijmvsc
The success of Readymade garment (RMG) exports from Bangladesh over the past few decades has
reached to an unprecedented height and sometimes it goes beyond optimistic expectations compared to any
other sectors in the country. Being one of the lucrative multibillion dollar industries, it has provided more
than 4.0 million employment opportunities and ensured women empowerment. It has brought the fortune to
rural women communities and they have become independent by themselves. The garment industry in
Bangladesh faces a number of challenges including fallacious working condition, dearth of safety, political
turbulence and, low remuneration. To sustain in the competitive global market, management has to identify
the prime key opportunities and identify any threats. This study was conducted to analyze the prospects and
constraints of Bangladesh RMG industry using well known multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method
namely analytic hierarchy process (AHP). To judge the model, data was collected through the focus group
discussion and key informant interviews with the managers of three different garment industries situated in
Gazipur, Bangladesh. The findings of the study showed that “unsound working condition” among several
challenges affects workers working capability and productivity severely. The study recommends that
through proper identification and taking corrective measures against the challenges by the management of
RMG sector, Bangladesh has the opportunity to be the market leader in this sector.
The Empty Promise of Freedom of Association: A Study of Anti‐Union Practices ...SLDIndia
The Empty Promise of Freedom of Association: A Study of Anti‐Union Practices in Haryana
Gurgaon was supposed to be the model city that would emerge on the outskirts of Delhi to provide all of India with an example of what the future of business and development in India should look like. The rapid growth and development of Gurgaon was initially praised and applauded as it seemed that Gurgaon was creating jobs, developing industry, and attracting significant foreign business investment from major companies like Citibank, Motorola, IBM, Oberoi, Trident and Westin.
However, the rapid rise and development of Gurgaon also created issues including inadequate sanitation services, lack of adequate water supply, and a lack of oversight to protect the interests of the poor migrant workers who were lured to Gurgaon by promises of jobs and economic opportunity. The development of the city has been described as “a private sector gone berserk because it was blindsided by greed, successive governments that abdicated responsibility, and apathy on part of the landed gentry.”
Due to the fact that the development of Gurgaon was largely left to the industrialists and private corporations, there has been minimal oversight or regulation of business and manufacturing practices. In fact, the All India Trade Union Congress claims that the significant foreign industrial investment was the result of an implicit agreement between investors and the government of Haryana that union activity would be suppressed.
This has led to an environment in which human rights violations are rampant and the government is complicit in allowing business and manufacturing to continue abusing workers.
In recent year, labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh has been a matter of serious concern. It
is the highest foreign exchange earning sector. It has been able to create employment opportunities
for about few millions of people, most of whom are poor, uneducated and unskilled women from
the rule area. But this sector is infested with a number of problems. Labor unrest is one of them.
For collecting data the study has used questionnaire and interview method. The major causes of
labor unrest irregularities in payment, low wage, absence of trade unionism, non-execution of labor
lows. In key issues regarding labor unrest sector, investigating the incidents of labor unrest,
bridging, gap between the factory owners and workers and improving low and order situations.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper investigated the Contribution of RMG to the National Economy of Bangladesh. The understanding between the buyer and supplier is now better than before. At present, Bangladesh is the world-second largest apparel exporter. If the growth continues, within a few years Bangladesh will be the world-largest apparel exporter.
A CASE STUDY ON CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF READYMADE GARMENT (...ijmvsc
The success of Readymade garment (RMG) exports from Bangladesh over the past few decades has
reached to an unprecedented height and sometimes it goes beyond optimistic expectations compared to any
other sectors in the country. Being one of the lucrative multibillion dollar industries, it has provided more
than 4.0 million employment opportunities and ensured women empowerment. It has brought the fortune to
rural women communities and they have become independent by themselves. The garment industry in
Bangladesh faces a number of challenges including fallacious working condition, dearth of safety, political
turbulence and, low remuneration. To sustain in the competitive global market, management has to identify
the prime key opportunities and identify any threats. This study was conducted to analyze the prospects and
constraints of Bangladesh RMG industry using well known multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method
namely analytic hierarchy process (AHP). To judge the model, data was collected through the focus group
discussion and key informant interviews with the managers of three different garment industries situated in
Gazipur, Bangladesh. The findings of the study showed that “unsound working condition” among several
challenges affects workers working capability and productivity severely. The study recommends that
through proper identification and taking corrective measures against the challenges by the management of
RMG sector, Bangladesh has the opportunity to be the market leader in this sector.
The Empty Promise of Freedom of Association: A Study of Anti‐Union Practices ...SLDIndia
The Empty Promise of Freedom of Association: A Study of Anti‐Union Practices in Haryana
Gurgaon was supposed to be the model city that would emerge on the outskirts of Delhi to provide all of India with an example of what the future of business and development in India should look like. The rapid growth and development of Gurgaon was initially praised and applauded as it seemed that Gurgaon was creating jobs, developing industry, and attracting significant foreign business investment from major companies like Citibank, Motorola, IBM, Oberoi, Trident and Westin.
However, the rapid rise and development of Gurgaon also created issues including inadequate sanitation services, lack of adequate water supply, and a lack of oversight to protect the interests of the poor migrant workers who were lured to Gurgaon by promises of jobs and economic opportunity. The development of the city has been described as “a private sector gone berserk because it was blindsided by greed, successive governments that abdicated responsibility, and apathy on part of the landed gentry.”
Due to the fact that the development of Gurgaon was largely left to the industrialists and private corporations, there has been minimal oversight or regulation of business and manufacturing practices. In fact, the All India Trade Union Congress claims that the significant foreign industrial investment was the result of an implicit agreement between investors and the government of Haryana that union activity would be suppressed.
This has led to an environment in which human rights violations are rampant and the government is complicit in allowing business and manufacturing to continue abusing workers.
A Study of the Contract Labour System in the Garment Industry in Gurgaon
Haryana State is one of the fastest growing states in India. The GDP was Rs 2, 162,870 million in 2009-2010 and Rs 2,577,930 million in 2010-2011, an increase of 19% in a single year. This reflects an increasing trend of economic growth in Haryana over the last decade despite the global downturn and its impact on the export/foreign investment-oriented industries that now characterise the economy of the state. In keeping with the neo liberal economic policies introduced in India during the early 1990s, the state has attracted investment through various incentives to the industrial sectors, embarking on the industrialisation of an economy that had traditionally been based on agriculture. Industry in Haryana is highly dependent on a migrant workforce that has flooded in to the state along with its phenomenal economic growth.
BARRIERS TO JUSTICE: Workers’ struggle in GurgaonSLDIndia
BARRIERS TO JUSTICE: Workers’ struggle in Gurgaon
In Gurgaon, workers face apathetic, biased, and dysfunctional justice systems. Barriers to justice for workers in Gurgaon are legendary, demonstrate institutionalized anti-worker and pro-business practices, and flourish in a culture of impunity.
Wage Structures in the Indian Garment Industry September 2013SLDIndia
A Study of Subcontracting in the Garment Industry in Gurgaon
It is common knowledge that labour intensive industries engage in subcontracting or outsourcing of production, though in varying degrees, depending on the nature of the industry. From our interaction with workers in the garment industry, it has been learned that in the last half a decade, the subcontracting in the garment industry in Gurgaon has been maturing as a common practice. Subcontractors have become an integral part of the export oriented garment industry in Gurgaon and they contribute significantly to sustain the business cycle the Indian suppliers face by providing the extra shop floor space required to produce more during the peak seasons, and by absolving the Tier 1 companies from the legal liability of keeping a regular workforce and by assisting the Tier 1 companies to adhere to the lean manufacturing principles. Subcontracting is taking place in the garment industry in a discreet manner (the agencies or entities which are getting the subcontracted work are not registered as factories, or micro/small/medium enterprise, or contractor/ subcontractor under any of the Laws) and thus making this invisible in the eyes of law.
A Study on Effectiveness of Recruitment ChannelsProjects Kart
The objective of the study is to develop a Recruitment channel, which will be utilized to ensure that GO GO International Pvt. Ltd is able to identify and prepare for filling key organizational positions with qualified candidates, in advance of actual need, and to assist in managing diversity and workforce planning. Another related objective is to have the right people available, at the right place, at the right time in order to ensure smooth ongoing operations. In other words, to develop effective recruitment process which would grow as well as retain talent and maintain leadership continuity· Develop and prepare a pool of talents to meet future business requirements.
Recruiting and retaining employees in the industry is a critical issue. Smart, ambitious, and highly motivated employees are difficult to keep. Attracting and retaining these people is a challenge. Qualified personnel have to be compensated well and require work that develops their skills and matches their personal interests. Since technical employees require challenging and rewarding work, a slightly different plan must be employed to successfully recruit and retain these workers. Some key factors that aid the recruiting of outstanding technical people are salary, benefits, the organization’s reputation, and rewarding work.
Construction Industry in Gurgaon: Living and Working Condition of the Workers
General Introduction of the Construction Industry The construction industry is the single biggest non-agricultural industry in the capitalist world. Construction sector is next to Agriculture, is the second largest economic activity in India in terms of employment and plays an important role in the nation’s economy1. The performance of other sectors of the economy is interlinked with this industry which generates demand for both skilled and semi-skilled labour force. Around 16% of the nation’s working population depends on it for their livelihood. According to the Planning Commission’s Approach to 12th Five Year Plan the contribution to the GDP by construction sector rose from Rs. 28,77,701 (2005) to Rs.49,33,183 (2009). In terms of percentage, the contribution of Construction sector to total GDP increases from 7.4 % (2005) to 8.9% (2009) -- thus Construction sector accounts for around 9.0 per cent of GDP today2.
A report on the subcontracting in the garment industry in gurgaon, SLD - Feb...SLDIndia
WAGE STRUCTURES IN THE INDIAN GARMENT INDUSTRY
The Indian economy adopted a liberalised economic policy regime after 1990--91, in an attempt to ensure greater integration of the domestic economy with global competitive markets. This was motivated by the policy assumption that opening up of domestic markets would enhance the competitive efficiency of domestic business enterprises on account of transfer of technology, knowledge and skill sets from abroad. A large set of literature has shown that despite the modernisation of domestic enterprises over the past two decades, the Indian manufacturing sector has failed to propel itself on a high growth trajectory (Unni and Rani, 2004). Contrary to the policy belief, severe competition in the global export markets have led domestic firms to resort to cost cutting labour market strategies that have led to the widespread prevalence of oppressive labour relations across the Indian manufacturing sector (Vijay, 2009).
In a bid to remain globally competitive, firms have targeted reduction of labour costs as a tool to ensure a reduction in production costs. This is evident in firms denying payment of minimum wages, social security, or fringe benefits to its workforce and increasingly resorting to informal employment contracts that ensure flexibility to businesses in terms of labour costs. Persistent minimum wage violations or
A Study of the Contract Labour System in the Garment Industry in Gurgaon
Haryana State is one of the fastest growing states in India. The GDP was Rs 2, 162,870 million in 2009-2010 and Rs 2,577,930 million in 2010-2011, an increase of 19% in a single year. This reflects an increasing trend of economic growth in Haryana over the last decade despite the global downturn and its impact on the export/foreign investment-oriented industries that now characterise the economy of the state. In keeping with the neo liberal economic policies introduced in India during the early 1990s, the state has attracted investment through various incentives to the industrial sectors, embarking on the industrialisation of an economy that had traditionally been based on agriculture. Industry in Haryana is highly dependent on a migrant workforce that has flooded in to the state along with its phenomenal economic growth.
BARRIERS TO JUSTICE: Workers’ struggle in GurgaonSLDIndia
BARRIERS TO JUSTICE: Workers’ struggle in Gurgaon
In Gurgaon, workers face apathetic, biased, and dysfunctional justice systems. Barriers to justice for workers in Gurgaon are legendary, demonstrate institutionalized anti-worker and pro-business practices, and flourish in a culture of impunity.
Wage Structures in the Indian Garment Industry September 2013SLDIndia
A Study of Subcontracting in the Garment Industry in Gurgaon
It is common knowledge that labour intensive industries engage in subcontracting or outsourcing of production, though in varying degrees, depending on the nature of the industry. From our interaction with workers in the garment industry, it has been learned that in the last half a decade, the subcontracting in the garment industry in Gurgaon has been maturing as a common practice. Subcontractors have become an integral part of the export oriented garment industry in Gurgaon and they contribute significantly to sustain the business cycle the Indian suppliers face by providing the extra shop floor space required to produce more during the peak seasons, and by absolving the Tier 1 companies from the legal liability of keeping a regular workforce and by assisting the Tier 1 companies to adhere to the lean manufacturing principles. Subcontracting is taking place in the garment industry in a discreet manner (the agencies or entities which are getting the subcontracted work are not registered as factories, or micro/small/medium enterprise, or contractor/ subcontractor under any of the Laws) and thus making this invisible in the eyes of law.
A Study on Effectiveness of Recruitment ChannelsProjects Kart
The objective of the study is to develop a Recruitment channel, which will be utilized to ensure that GO GO International Pvt. Ltd is able to identify and prepare for filling key organizational positions with qualified candidates, in advance of actual need, and to assist in managing diversity and workforce planning. Another related objective is to have the right people available, at the right place, at the right time in order to ensure smooth ongoing operations. In other words, to develop effective recruitment process which would grow as well as retain talent and maintain leadership continuity· Develop and prepare a pool of talents to meet future business requirements.
Recruiting and retaining employees in the industry is a critical issue. Smart, ambitious, and highly motivated employees are difficult to keep. Attracting and retaining these people is a challenge. Qualified personnel have to be compensated well and require work that develops their skills and matches their personal interests. Since technical employees require challenging and rewarding work, a slightly different plan must be employed to successfully recruit and retain these workers. Some key factors that aid the recruiting of outstanding technical people are salary, benefits, the organization’s reputation, and rewarding work.
Construction Industry in Gurgaon: Living and Working Condition of the Workers
General Introduction of the Construction Industry The construction industry is the single biggest non-agricultural industry in the capitalist world. Construction sector is next to Agriculture, is the second largest economic activity in India in terms of employment and plays an important role in the nation’s economy1. The performance of other sectors of the economy is interlinked with this industry which generates demand for both skilled and semi-skilled labour force. Around 16% of the nation’s working population depends on it for their livelihood. According to the Planning Commission’s Approach to 12th Five Year Plan the contribution to the GDP by construction sector rose from Rs. 28,77,701 (2005) to Rs.49,33,183 (2009). In terms of percentage, the contribution of Construction sector to total GDP increases from 7.4 % (2005) to 8.9% (2009) -- thus Construction sector accounts for around 9.0 per cent of GDP today2.
A report on the subcontracting in the garment industry in gurgaon, SLD - Feb...SLDIndia
WAGE STRUCTURES IN THE INDIAN GARMENT INDUSTRY
The Indian economy adopted a liberalised economic policy regime after 1990--91, in an attempt to ensure greater integration of the domestic economy with global competitive markets. This was motivated by the policy assumption that opening up of domestic markets would enhance the competitive efficiency of domestic business enterprises on account of transfer of technology, knowledge and skill sets from abroad. A large set of literature has shown that despite the modernisation of domestic enterprises over the past two decades, the Indian manufacturing sector has failed to propel itself on a high growth trajectory (Unni and Rani, 2004). Contrary to the policy belief, severe competition in the global export markets have led domestic firms to resort to cost cutting labour market strategies that have led to the widespread prevalence of oppressive labour relations across the Indian manufacturing sector (Vijay, 2009).
In a bid to remain globally competitive, firms have targeted reduction of labour costs as a tool to ensure a reduction in production costs. This is evident in firms denying payment of minimum wages, social security, or fringe benefits to its workforce and increasingly resorting to informal employment contracts that ensure flexibility to businesses in terms of labour costs. Persistent minimum wage violations or
Socio -Economic status of RMG worker in Bangladeshsohagbhuiyan1
The Ready Made clothing industry acts as the backbone and as a catalyst for the development
of Bangladesh. The “Made in Bangladesh” label also brought glory for that country and made it
a famous brand around the world. The industry and its economy that make important
contributions to the reconstruction of the country are not currently unless the Readymade
Garments Industry, which is the greatest export air for Bangladesh.
Ready-made garments inclusion: A study on science and technology park of Extr...Samsul Alam
The ready-made garments (RMG) can have a noteworthy contribution to the economy of a country when it possesses a noticeable application of technology and innovation in its design attractiveness, healthier aspects of body and environment. The primary purpose of this study is to show the relevance of including RMG sector in Science and Technology Park of Extremadura (PCTEx), Spain in Badajoz zone. Based on the study result, it is proposed to include this promising sector in this area that has impact. The conclusion finds that the PCTEx can include the sector in this area that can ensure greater impact in social and financial gain of the economy. The study follows case study method and the results produced based on face to face interview using unstructured open-ended questionnaire. The findings support that if this industry tends to run and is supervised by the PCTEx authority in Badajoz, with the influence of this non-government association, it will flourish with its superior performance and in turn will contribute to the development of the region by creating employment opportunity for a number of unemployed people especially for women and to the country economy as a whole. The availability of low-cost human resources especially high-tech equipment and industry-friendly environment all work behind the motivation of the inclusion of this industry in Badajoz, Spain.
Youth Unemployment in India - Present ScenarioArul Edison
Young Indians face major barriers because of poverty and low levels of human capital. Though educational attainment has risen quickly in recent years, gaining a foothold in the labour market remains elusive for many young Indians. In rural and urban areas, young males are usually employed in casual jobs, while their female counterparts tend to be self-employed. Although a large proportion of young rural women are employed in agriculture, rural males are increasingly turning to the non-farm sector. In comparison, young urban males are largely working in the services sector. This paper highlights youth unemployment in India - present scenario.
Socio-Economic Factors of Readymade Garments Workers in BangladeshDr. Nazrul Islam
Readymade garment industry is the prime sector of foreign earnings of Bangladesh. There are more than 4,500 garment companies are operating in Bangladesh. More than 80% of the foreign earnings are coming from this sector. At present, four million workers are working in this sector in which 90% are rural women. It is claimed by the employers that the garment companies have helped to develop the socio-economic status of the rural women employed in this sector. Hence, this paper aims at identifying the socio-economic status factors of the garment workers of Bangladesh. This study suggests that housing, water and sanitation conditions, medical facilities and first aid treatment, wages, social status, adaptation of cultural values and norms, attachment with labor unions, ownership arrangement, leave with pay and overtime are significantly related to the socio-economic status of the garments workers of Bangladesh. This study recommends that the measures for improving the socio-economic status of the women workers are related to the improvement of their housing conditions, education, health and sanitation, and the favorable service rules for the women workers.
Socio-Economic Condition of Power Loom Weavers: A Case Study of Mau Cityinventionjournals
Indian power loom industry is an export oriented cottage industry. In 1930 there were about 3000 power loom in the country and by the end of 2008-2009 .The number was raised to about 22.05 lakh. The power loom is spread all over India. Mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Apart earning, it also provides employment to a large number of people of an area of Mau city. The manufacturing of textile through power loom has a special place in the heart of the people of India, because these are beautiful and stylish. The power loom industry mainly depends upon weavers, but for a last few years weavers have been facing problems. Their socio-economic condition is going down, due to low manufacturing output. The main objectives of the paper are to explore the existing socio-economic conditions of the power loom weavers, and to reveal the reasons behind the low products in the Mau city. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey. The total number of interviewed weavers is 277.The results reveals that socio-economic condition of weavers is very pathetic, because manufacturing production is very low. The major reason of low manufacturing and low socio economic condition is economic necessity, poverty, large family size with low level of literacy, low electricity supply, and poor government support, and on over whelming recent labour force in weaving activity. So there is an urgent need of government intervention, improvement in educational level, and increase the duration of electricity supply to improve the condition of power loom weaver. Apart of this there is a need to break this culture, norms and tradition which compels women to enter in this work force in pathetic condition
Is It Feasible to Include Ready-Made Garments Sector in Badajoz Zone under Sc...Samsul Alam
The Ready-Made Garments (RMG) might have a remarkable contribution to a country's economy once it possesses an understandable application of technology and innovation in its style attractiveness, healthier aspects of body and its environmental settings. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the relevance of including RMG sector in the Science and Technology Park of Extremadura (PCTEx) in Badajoz province of Spain. For this purpose, a case study based on face to face interview method is followed where primary data was collected through an unstructured open ended questionnaire. The author's observation in this case is also used. The findings of this qualitative study support that it is relevant to include the sector in this particular zone. It concludes with the statement that PCTEx has the opportunity to include the sector in this area which can ensure greater impact in social and financial gain in this region. The findings also support that if this proposal is implemented and is supervised by the PCTEx authority in Badajoz, with the influence of this non-government association, it will flourish with its superior performance and in turn will contribute to the development of the region by creating employment opportunity for a number of unemployed people especially for women as well as to the country economy as a whole. The availability of low cost human resources especially high tech infrastructure and industry-friendly environment all work behind the motivation of the sector inclusion in this region.
Changes and concussion in the global labor force (A brief look on the Israeli...IJMREMJournal
Many economies in the world are undergoing changes as a result of the shocks caused by globalization in the
local labor force. These changes must answer orderly government, and as the national mechanism will "wake
up" Earlier, this country less affected in the rapid globalization which taking place all over the world. This
article presents the advantages and disadvantages of this, and gives a brief picture about the state of Israel
Contribution of RMG sector in National Economy Of BangladeshBless Godino
This slide represents "Contribution of RMG sector in National Economy Of Bangladesh". Slide were made with the help of secondary data which was already available in the internet. you are free to use this slide. for feedback you can send me mail in - bassistbless@gmail.com
Thank you !
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Labour unrest in the readymade garment sector of bangladesh am empirical research
1. Labour unrest in the Readymade Garment
Sector of Bangladesh: Am Empirical
Research
Md Zafar Alam Bhuiyan1
Abstract
Bangladesh is a country where garment sector has been developed informally by the mostly
illiterate people of the country. So there is lack of unprofessional and scientific way of
management of production and the related other issues. Now, this sector is the main bread
earner of the country from foreign sector. As its inception, the garment sector is not being
modernised with the globalised atmosphere as per the requirement of the civilization
especially compliance other human right issues resulting frequent unrest therefore. Still now
some of the owners are not agree to increase the labor facilities rather to continue as the
sweatshops while demanding to increase facilities from the buyer side. But, buyers are not
willing to increase CM (cost of manufacturing), they have increased much the same in other
countries. After the incidents of Tazreen Fashion and Rana Plaza. Government and garment
owners should increase the facilities of the workers and finally the buyers should increase
their rate to mitigate the situation.
Introduction:
Labour unrest is a prehistoric phenomenon in the history of industrialization. However,
Industrialization course needstwo classesof people - ownersorelite classand working class to work
together. Industrial Revolutionhistory in England in late 18th century files the troubles and fighting
back of workingclasspeople. Inthe unhygienic environment workers were to work for a long hours
for a little wage.They hadtolive inuntidy slumsof Lancashire andLondonandwere usuallydeprived
of nourishingfood,medicine andhealthcare benefits,andeducation for their children. The concept
of daycare was outof imagination andwomenwithchildrenhadtoworkinthe factorykeepingtheir
children asleep with sleeping syrup. Frederick Engels comments, “in truth, they were not human
beings; they were merely toiling machines in the service of the few aristocrats who had guided
historydowntothat time.”He furthersays,intellectually,theyweredead; lived only for their petty,
private interest, for their looms and gardens, and knew nothing of the mighty movement which,
beyondtheirhorizon,wassweepingthroughmankind” (TorofdarJuly07,2015). On the otherhand,in
course of time,thenthe governments realizedthe significanceof labor force and adopted wellbeing
policies such as increasing wages, fixing particular working hours, supporting
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Fashion Design & Technology, Shanto-Mariam University of
Creative Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh and Ready Garment & Merchandising Expert
2. withtrainings,toestablishdaycare centersandschoolsforthe childrenof the workersetc.which
made the industrial revolutionpossible.
In that time the conceptof sweatshopsindifferent industrialized cities is yet the nightmare. Though
virtually the deadly sweatshops are absent in the modernized world but some of the nature of the
works, management and compliance issues of the factories and production houses, are helping to
recall the daring scenario of the same. Present condition of workforce of RMG industry of
Bangladesh, whichmaterialized inlate twentieth century, caneasilybe comparedwith the condition
of labors inEnglandat the beginningof Industrial revolution.Itseems thatsome revival of sweatshop
cruelty. Though the government is trying its best the owners association is yet to comprehend the
significance of the workforce. In Chicago in 1886, some 125 years ago, Garments workers fought
against working 12 hours a day and seven days a week. International Labor Day is observed in
commemorating the sacrifice every year on 1st May, of garment workers in Chicago while the
happeningstill almost remains same in Bangladesh. The disagreement of interests between buyer
and sellerof laborpowerisnoticeable and this has rising of trade union pressure group throughout
the world. The custom of the equivalent growth of the nationalist and the trade union movement,
which has originated in British India sustained during the Pakistan period down to the birth of
Bangladesh (by the blood shedding fighting of the people of Bangladesh). In British India, Bombay
Mill Hands Association, formedin 1890, firstof its type in India, gave momentum to the trade union
movement. ILO establishment of in 1919 provided a source of stimulation for the workers to
systematize themselves and shape their fortune.
However, Berch Berberoglu, in his book ‘Class, State and Development in India in Historical
Perspective’ views,withthe growthof industrial workingclass in India, a conflict between labor and
capital intensified. The capitalist attack on workers’ earnings and democratic rights met with rigid
confrontation from organized labor and trade union movement and led to the radicalization of
workingclass ina large portion,whose demandsbecame increasinglypolitical. Vulnerable withthese
developments and apprehensive of a general social explosion based on a radical alliance between
workersandpeasants,the bourgeoisie state became more oppressive.Consequently, it also opened
itsdoor to company monopolies, resultingseekingrefuge inimperialism.”Formthe historydescribed
afore isthe palpable thatthe outburstof workforce obtainingfromtheirfightfora modest living can
neverbe cowed.Coercive measuresto disbandthe confrontation only madden the workforce which
can leada revolution infact.Itis a demand of time to take necessary steps to solve labour unrest in
RMG industry nowadays.
Literature Review:
Readymade Garmentisone of the major sourcesof industrial employmentinBangladesh.The size of
employment was about 2 million in 2007 with a 24 percent yearly growth of employment.
Furthermore, it has created employment opportunities for millions of destitute women of
Bangladesh. It’sreallysurprisingthatRMG sectorgrew by satisfyingitsclientsacrossthe world bythe
mostlyuneducatedandlessskilledwomenof thiscountry withthe USA and Europe (A. A. Mustafizur
Rahman 2006). Bangladesh is facing a competition after the closure of quota system in 2005,
especiallyfromIndiaandChina. But,IndiaandChinahave an additional comparative advantage over
3. Bangladesh since they have skilled labour forces, advanced technology and more significantly the
backwardlinkage support(Abdullah2009). The main advantagesof Bangladeshi Readymadegarment
industryare the cheap labourforces and availability of the same. On the other hand, Bangladesh is
further challenged because most of the labours are uneducated, unskilled with low productivity
whichresultsinincreasingperunitcostof production.A surveyRMG sector revealed that 20 percent
workers in sample enterprise are unskilled, 30 percent workers are semi-skilled, and interestingly
they are the operators! (D. B. Mustafizur Rahman 2007). Forty-four percent of senior operators are
skilledof total workersand surprisingly, only 5.7 percent are professional and management staff in
the total workforce.The quantity of skilledworkersishighin large factories (46-53%) than small and
mediumfactories.The quantity of unskilledworkersishighinsmall and medium enterprises (18-26)
than that of large enterprises (16-18) (D. B. Mustafizur Rahman 2007)
Nonetheless,the RMG firmsinBangladesh have been facing enormous pressure from international
buyers for compliance with their codes of conduct and it needs to concentrate to improve the
working environment in factories (Haider, 2007). Workers have limited choice of job environment
due to highunemploymentrate (Sarker1997). Moreover,labourturnoveringarmentindustryisvery
high as well (Sarker 1997). A study has found that 74 percent in knit factories, 68 percent in woven
enterprises, and 81 percent in sweater factories do not provide appointment letter to the workers
(Rahman,Bhattacharyaand Moazzem, 2008). Though still in Bangladesh labour cost in the cheapest
leading the competitive advantage over in the RMG sector of Bangladesh (in Bangladesh) due to
shortage of skilled labour force, the wage rate has increased comparing to other competing
countries. However,itfinallyreduces Bangladesh’s competitive advantage in terms of labour costs
as Bangladesh is going to lag-behind from the competition. As Garment industry of Bangladesh is
labourintensive,potentiallabourforce is essential to face the upcoming competition in this sector.
Competitivenessinthe RMGsector dependsonthe productivity of RMG workforce (Abdullah 2009).
Workingenvironmentandjobsatisfactionare the twoprimaryfactorsthat influencethe productivity
inthe RMG sector(Abdullah2009). By increasing job satisfaction and improving work environment,
RMG manufacturing companies can increase productivity. Competitiveness in the RMG industry
depends on enhancing workers productivity that depends on improving working environment and
job satisfaction. By giving workers Job satisfaction giving worker’s psychological comfort and
incentives working environment can be peaceful. Soothing working environment increases the
mental motivation.The factorieswithlowerproductivityhave workers with low job satisfaction and
poor workingcondition.However,jobsatisfactionhasmore influenceonthe productivity of workers
compared with working condition (Abdullah 2009)
Involvingrelativelyalarge numberof people, laborunrestisasocial problem.Itseemstobe a global
happeningfromEast to West,Northto South .Regardlessof the inspiringproceed inlivingstandards
inthe westernindustrializingcountriesoverthe nineteenthcentury',includingthe enactmentof
selectedsocial reformmeasures .
In Western Europe, labor unrest reached its climax during the period 1975-1979: up to 21 million
strikersfor114 millionworkersoralmosttwostrikers for every ten workers. As regards the number
of workers involved, Italy is far ahead of the other countries with an average of over 7 million
workers(may be the worker in Paris were more aggressive than others) on strike per year for the
entire period (1970-93) which symbolizes almost 55 per cent of the western European workforce
4. involvedinindustrial agitation (Aligisakis, 1997:78-79). The situation of labor unrest arc found in all
countries where people work for others in paid employment.
The export-orientedapparel industryof Bangladesh, commonly knownasreadymade garment(RMG)
occupies a unique position in economy of Bangladesh as it’s the main contributor of the foreign
earnings of the country. It is the main exporting industry, which experienced an extraordinary
enlargementduringthe lastthree decades.Bytaking benefitof cheaplaborandquota-based market
inthe USA andEU underthe condition of Multi FiberArrangement(MFA) of GATT, it accomplished a
highprofile intermsof economicgrowthof the country.The industrystartedits unassuming journey
inlate 1970s and enjoyed anunexpected rise from 30 enterprises in 1980 increased to 4825 in 2008.
Almost the average growth rate of this sector was over 20% by the last two decades. This single
sector alone earns about 80% of yearly foreign exchange of the country. GDP contribution reaches
13% in fiscal year 2009-2010. No single sector could accelerate the industrialization process in the
country as the RMG sector could d since independence. RMG sector has created employment
opportunityforabout3.5 millionpeople where mostof themare uneducatedandunskilled. Majority
persons of the garment workers are female. Garment sector has been able to relieve the country
fromthe burdenof joblessness andatthe same time add to the empowerment of women to a good
extent. Consequently, this sector is playing a vital role in socio-economic development of the
country.But thissectoris strugglingwithanumberof problems. Clashbetweenownersandworkers,
shortage of gas and electricity, labor unrest, poor port facility, poor infrastructure, lead time
complexities, conspiracy of home and abroad, moving competitors in the quota free international
marketare some of themwhichare posinga huge threatto itsendurance.Nowadays,laborunrestin
the RMG sector hasbeena realityof serious anxiety.Electronic and print media cover news of labor
unrest in RMG sector in one place or another across the country almost every day. Setting up new
minimum wage for the garment workers and issue of implementing the new wage structure have
beenthe maincausesof recentlaborunrestsacross the country.The conflicttakesshape of violence
and wreckage. The agitated workers come to the street and go storming on vehicles and garment
factories. However,the attackedfactoryis declaredclosed andmany labour leaders are arrested by
the law enforcers, many workers lose jobs or undergo from uncertainty; losing interest in the
uncertainty, the international buyers cancel their orders and divert to another market. There is
ultimately a deadlock situation in the industry. Because of the hard working capacity of the labour
force the growth of RMG sector in Bangladesh is amazing. Rashid, (2010) observes, “It is a story of
success, of winning against all odds by the hard labouring manpower. Here in the history of the
nation is with the flourished of the RMG sector. It is the ultimate story of the nation, which has
vowed to overcome all the barriers with limited resources and immense fervour. It never could be
mentionedas“Veni Vidi Vici." rather, it is a tale of sweating, a tale of rising, from the starting small
and finally finding the glory. But by labour unrest this glory is being diminished day by day in this
sector. This study is designed to unearth the causes of labour unrest and search the areas where
Public-Private Partnership can work to address the problem.
Recently, labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh has been a matter of serious concern. RMG
sector,withinthree decades,ithasbeenaflourishingsectorafterstartingthe modestjourneyin late
1970s (Sarker1997). Contributionof the RMG sectorinnational economy is the major portion of our
foreign earnings. It is the largest sector of employment in Bangladesh where around 4 million of
workers are working, most of who are landless, poor, uneducated and unskilled women from the
rural areas of the country (Chowdhury Golam Hossan February 2012). A huge investment is there
5. with best expertise and some expert man power support from the others countries like India Sri
Lanka, Philippines, Thailand and China. RMG sector has able to change the socio-economic
development of the country in a certain extend (Bhuiyan 2012). But, unfortunately, this sector is
infestedwithanumberof problemswhichare threateningthe very existence of this industry. Labor
unrestisthe main of the serious problems. To unearth the causes of labor unrest in the RMG sector
of Bangladesh ismaybe easybutthe solutions of the same are not easy. It also attempts to address
the problem from public-private cooperation perspective.
Through a private entrepreneurship, the RMG sector of Bangladesh has emerged in this country.
However, itisnotthe farawayfromgovernment orpublicconcern.Inall respect,itis a huge industry
for thiscountry. It requiresacollective effort to solve the existing problems. Cooperation between
public and private sectors can be a better option to solve the problem immediately. As the sector
involves stakeholders from both public and private sector, it is somewhere easier to involve the
society welfare team therein to address the problems. The team will motivate them easily.
Causes of labor Unrest:
1. Poor payment: in comparison with others countries, Bangladeshi Readymade Garment
workers are ill-paid. From the table 1, it is clear that though the garment workers earn the
largestportionof the foreignearnings(about86%),theyare ignoredand comparatively paid
less than half of the oil mills’ workers. More surprisingly, from the table 2, it is clear that
readymade garments workers of the country are paid only $ 0. 22/hour whereas, China
$1.88, India, $0.51 and Pakistan is paying $0.56. Turkey is in the top by paying $2.44
whereas, Bangladesh is in the bottom paying by $.022!
2. Irregular payment: Most of the factories don’t clear workers payment on time in the
readymade garment industry. Different factors are working there. Sometimes, garments
factoriesare short upby capital or cash inflow.On the otherhand,factoriesthatare engaged
insub contract work,hardlycan pay theirworkerspayment timely as the main factories pay
the subcontract factories after the successful shipment after a particular time (Bhuiyan
2012).
3. Overwork;readymade garmentsectoristhe arenawhere overworkisconsideredasasimple
phenomenon by the employers that the workers have to do it normally. Most of the time,
workers have tendency to do the same by different types of motivation. As our people are
emotional andthe factorysupervisingpeople caneasilymotivate thembytheirsweetwords.
Sometime, workers have to do the works as the employers imposed them to work by
threating them to fire from job, if the shipment is failure or for other difficulties (Haider
2007, June 01) (Bhuiyan 2012).
4. Physical &Mental harassment:Garmentsworkersare harassedbytheirsupervisors mentally
and even physically in different issues. There are some compliance issues regarding their
worksinthe factories.Hardlyare theyallowedtouse toiletsinthe midst of the work though
it may there be emergency in some cases. Some of the factories male and female workers
use same toilet by the ignorance of the authority concern.
5. Abuse:Abuse isverycommoninthe garmentindustry.Most of the time female workers are
abused by the co-workers or immediate supervisors (A. A. Mustafizur Rahman 2006).
6. Workers’rightsare violatedbythe authorityasthere isabsence of compliance as a whole in
the production area.
6. Absence of holiday & leave: In the readymade garment sector hardly there is leave for the
workers.Evensometimes,theycannotable the government holidays though it is their right
as human being. Supervising people sometimes, argue to set the job for the shipment
emergencyand to facilitate the workers by overtime payment. Some of the factories there
are goodplanningwithleave andholidaysnowadayswhichare comparativelyverynarrow in
the figure.
7. Working Environment: Readymade garment sector is the sector of sweatshop which is
historicallyhatredforitsputridworkingenvironment.Thisisthe age of globalization, hence,
garmentsectorrequiresthe well compliance workingenvironment to maximize the workers
right issues and to upheld the human right consequently. It’s natural that, sometimes the
supervisingpeople considerthe garmentsworkernotbetterthana slave thoughsome of the
factories are going to improve the working environment.
Recommendations:
Garment sector is the main bread earner of the country. To eliminate the barriers are mostly
required if we want to earn $ 50.00 billion by 2021. Following are the recommended outlines to
improve the situation.
1. Labor rights should be emphasized by the owners and supervisors of the readymade
garmentindustries.Still now in most of the factories there are no job letters confirmed by
the authority (Bhuiyan2012), whichismostlyneededforthe workersand others. In the job
letter, every things should be specifically written to be followed by the both parties
(workers and authority of the readymade garment factories).
2. Abuse and harassments of the workers should be stopped and the government should
followupthe allegations. Center for crisis solution should be set up by the government to
ensure the labor right according to the existing labor law of the country.
3. Workers payment should there be on time so that the workers can set their mind in the
work with motivation and dedication. Some of the garments (say Standard Group) have
takenverygoodstepslike rationingsupports,provident fund, gratuity and group insurance
for the workers. There is no record of labor unrest in the industry as the workers think to
develop the company is the ultimate development of themselves. Our concern is that, if
some of the companies can do this why not by the others?
4. Buyers or customers of the readymade garment industries should increase their wages or
CM as theyare payinginthe othercountries,like India,Vietnam, China, etc. Unfortunately,
the buyers are threatening to the garment owner to increase the wages of the garments
workers instead increasing the same from their side (Chowdhury Golam Hossan February
2012).
5. Revivifications of the garments sector (which is on the process after the Rana Plaza
accident) is mostly required to heightened the working facilities of the workers. Factories
relocationismostlyrequiredinsome cases as there is very limited facilities comparatively
others countries’ garment sector.
7. 6. Thoughit isveryearnestlyrequired by the opinions of others, but I am not in this situation
to supportthe otherexpertsalongwiththe buyersthattrade unions of the workers are the
main solution here to set the labor right. We have many failure sections due to only trade
unionsinthiscountry. Bangladesh railway, Bank sector, Bangladesh Jute Mills are the vital
examplesof failure orruindue to the anarchy of the trade unions. The leaders of the trade
unionsare linked with the empowered political parties and always able different types of
facilities without rendering the assigned responsibilities.
7. Governmentcanensure the future of the garmentworkersbyensuringtheirfuture facilities
like insurance against the job, by distributing the government Khas land or to set up
‘garmentvillage’- aresidential areas. There should be a criteria to distribute the flat to the
workers.Saya workerwhohave 20 years of record of worksuccessfullywill be eligible for a
flat by paying a minimum amount. There should be loan facility for them from the bank.
8. Garments worker are very busy in their work. Hardly have they got time for their kids to
lookaftertheireducation.Onthe contrary,the studentsare the future of the country. Their
academiclife ismostly neglectedthanothers.Our government should set up more schools
inthe residential areas of the garments’ workers of the country so their wards can receive
the education free of cost.
9. Trainingfacilitiesshouldbe increase for the garment workers so that they can devote their
inventivenessandtoincrease the productivity for the ultimate goal of development of the
garment sectors. China, Indonesia, Vietnam even India are the countries where garment
workersskillsare developed by trainings. Garments trainings institute should be set up by
our governmentwhere most recent technologies should be introduces with the garments
workers for their skills development.
Conclusion:
Bangladesh is the hub of Readymade Garment sector. Though there are many potentials for the
sector in this country, there are a lot of problem for the same. Labor unrest is one of them and we
can only address this type of problem by different types of modifications of the sector. Four areas
regarding labor unrest in the RMG sector such as investigating the incidents of labor unrest,
maintaininglawandordersituation,bridginggap between owners and workers and representation
of the work-force inthe decision-making process are identified where public and private sector can
work together to solve the problem. Huge modification is required for the sector to mitigate the
problem immediately.
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Appendix:
Table 01.Sector-wise minimum wage for workers, Source: Daily New Age, 13 Aug, 2010
Sl.No. Sector Minimumwage inTk.
01. Oil-mills 7420
02. Re-rolling 6100
03. Foundry 5100
04. Shipbreaking 4645
05. Ayurvedicunit 4350
06. Pharmaceutical 3645
07. Soap andcosmetic 3300
08. RMG 3000
09. Shrimpprocessingunit 2645
10. Tailoringshop 2350
9. The followingtable showsacomparative studyof perhourlabor wage inmajor RMG exporting
countries.
Table 02.Country-wiseper hour wage of garment workers
Source: The Daily New Age, 13 Aug, 2010
Grade withposts Basic House rent(40% of
Basic)
Medical
Allowance
NetSalary
Grade 1 :
Pattern
Master, Chief Quality
Controlleretc.
Tk.6500 TK.2600 Tk.200 Tk. 9300
Grade 2 : Mechanic,
Electrician,Cutting
Master etc.
Tk.5000 TK.2000 Tk.200 Tk. 7200
Grade 3 : Sample
Machinist,Senior
Machine Operatoretc.
Tk.2870 TK.1148 Tk.200 Tk. 4218
Grade 4 : Sewing
Machine Operator,
QualityInspector,Cutter,
Packer,Line Leader etc.
Tk.2615 TK.1046 Tk.200 Tk.3861
Country Perhour wage (US$)
Turkey 2.44
Mexico 2.17
China 1.88
Pakistan 0.56
India 0.51
Sri Lanka 0.44
Vietnam 0.44
Bangladesh 0.22
10. Grade 5 : JuniorMachine
Operator,JuniorCutter,
JuniorMarker etc.
Tk. 2395 TK.958 Tk.200 Tk. 3553
Grade 6 : Operatorof
General Sewing/
ButtonMachine etc.
Tk.2230 TK.892 Tk.200 Tk. 3322
Grade 7 : Assistant
SewingMachine
Operator,AssistantDry
washingman,Line Iron
man etc.
Tk.2000 TK.800 Tk.200 Tk. 3000