This document provides an introduction to protozoology, the study of protozoa. It discusses the key characteristics of protozoa including their morphology, occurrence in different habitats, modes of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, life cycles, classification, medical importance as pathogens, mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment with antiprotozoal agents. The document serves as an overview of protozoa with a focus on those that are medically relevant.
E. histolytica causes a range of diseases in humans. It can cause asymptomatic intestinal infection or symptomatic amebic colitis characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pain. Rarely, it can cause a severe, fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon. It is also known to cause amebic liver abscess when trophozoites spread from the intestine to the liver via the portal vein. E. histolytica exhibits a complex life cycle alternating between the infective cyst form and the invasive trophozoite form.
This document provides information on protozoans, including their structure, life cycles, reproduction, and diseases they can cause. Some key points:
- Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that exist in almost every habitat and include both free-living and parasitic species.
- They have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Parasitic protozoa range in size but are generally less than 50 micrometers.
- Life cycles typically involve different infectious stages like trophozoites and cysts. Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or schizogony, or involve sexual stages and hosts.
- Protozoan diseases range from mild to
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
This document summarizes various intestinal protozoa including their trophozoite and cyst stages. It describes:
1) Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, whose trophozoites have a single nucleus and may contain ingested red blood cells. Its cysts are spherical with 1-4 nuclei.
2) Entamoeba coli, a non-pathogenic species found in the large intestine. Its trophozoites are larger than E. histolytica and its cysts contain 8 nuclei.
3) Giardia lamblia, a flagellate protozoan that causes giardiasis. Its trophozoites have a tear-drop
Entamoeba is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle - the motile trophozoite stage that lives in the intestine, and the infective cyst stage that is passed in feces. Infection occurs when cysts are ingested and excyst in the intestine, releasing trophozoites that multiply and may invade the intestinal wall. Symptoms range from asymptomatic carriage to dysentery. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole that target the trophozoite stage. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation to reduce fecal contamination of food and water.
This document provides an introduction to protozoology, the study of protozoa. It discusses the key characteristics of protozoa including their morphology, occurrence in different habitats, modes of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, life cycles, classification, medical importance as pathogens, mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis, and approaches to treatment with antiprotozoal agents. The document serves as an overview of protozoa with a focus on those that are medically relevant.
E. histolytica causes a range of diseases in humans. It can cause asymptomatic intestinal infection or symptomatic amebic colitis characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pain. Rarely, it can cause a severe, fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon. It is also known to cause amebic liver abscess when trophozoites spread from the intestine to the liver via the portal vein. E. histolytica exhibits a complex life cycle alternating between the infective cyst form and the invasive trophozoite form.
This document provides information on protozoans, including their structure, life cycles, reproduction, and diseases they can cause. Some key points:
- Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that exist in almost every habitat and include both free-living and parasitic species.
- They have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Parasitic protozoa range in size but are generally less than 50 micrometers.
- Life cycles typically involve different infectious stages like trophozoites and cysts. Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or schizogony, or involve sexual stages and hosts.
- Protozoan diseases range from mild to
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
This document summarizes various intestinal protozoa including their trophozoite and cyst stages. It describes:
1) Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, whose trophozoites have a single nucleus and may contain ingested red blood cells. Its cysts are spherical with 1-4 nuclei.
2) Entamoeba coli, a non-pathogenic species found in the large intestine. Its trophozoites are larger than E. histolytica and its cysts contain 8 nuclei.
3) Giardia lamblia, a flagellate protozoan that causes giardiasis. Its trophozoites have a tear-drop
Entamoeba is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle - the motile trophozoite stage that lives in the intestine, and the infective cyst stage that is passed in feces. Infection occurs when cysts are ingested and excyst in the intestine, releasing trophozoites that multiply and may invade the intestinal wall. Symptoms range from asymptomatic carriage to dysentery. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole that target the trophozoite stage. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation to reduce fecal contamination of food and water.
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of parasites that can infect humans. It describes three main classes of parasites: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Protozoa are unicellular organisms that can be pathogenic. The document focuses on two pathogenic protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. It provides details on the trophozoite and cyst stages of each organism's lifecycle and how they are transmitted and can cause disease in humans.
1. The document discusses the discovery and characteristics of bacteria, including their cell structures. Bacteria were first discovered in 1676 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek and later studies by Pasteur and Koch linked them to diseases.
2. Bacteria have diverse morphologies and sizes but generally lack organelles. Their cells contain genetic material, ribosomes, and may have a cell wall, capsule, flagella or fimbriae. Cell walls differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
3. Important groups discussed include Archaea, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma (wall-less bacteria) and L-forms (wall-less derivative bacteria). Characteristics, structures and differences between
This document summarizes three genera of amoeba - Entamoeba, Endolimax, and Iodamoeba. It describes the species within each genus, including their morphology, life cycles, pathogenic nature, modes of transmission, and other characteristics. Key points include that Entamoeba gingivalis and Endolimax nana are commensal organisms in humans, while Entamoeba polecki and Iodamoeba buetschlii can cause infection but are generally nonpathogenic. Transmission for the cyst-forming species requires ingestion of the cyst stage, which can survive outside the host.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their structure, classification, life cycles, reproduction, and nutrition. Some key points:
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Many cause asymptomatic or mild infections in humans.
- They have complex internal structures like organelles and can move using flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Major groups include Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa.
- Life cycles include active feeding trophozoite stages and protective cyst stages. Reproduction is mainly asexual binary fission but some have sexual cycles.
- All protozoa eat preformed organic materials through
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is CELL Discovery Types structure and F...Home
Cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. It was first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 under a microscope where he saw compartments in cork and named them 'cells'. Key parts of the cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus. Cells can be either prokaryotic with no nucleus or eukaryotic with a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Cells come in different shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions depending on their type.
1. The document discusses protozoa, which are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can infect humans. It focuses on different types of protozoa including amoebae.
2. It describes the life cycle and characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery. E. histolytica has three stages - trophozoite, precyst, and cyst - and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
3. It also discusses non-pathogenic Entamoeba coli and free-living amoebae like Naegleria fowleri that can cause opportunistic infections in humans.
This document provides information on non-pathogenic and pathogenic amoebae. It discusses the key features of six non-pathogenic amoebae - Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Entamoeba gingivalis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmani, and Blastocystis hominis. It also covers two pathogenic free-living amoebae - Naegleria fowleri, which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, and Acanthamoeba, which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. For each organism, it
Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries & Only 1% of filtrate urine.
Reabsorbed substances not lost in the urine, but are carried by the peritubular capillaries to the venous system → heart
Some reabsorption is passive & most is active transport
Parasites of Public Health Importance AAF 2021.pptxFeniksRetails
This document provides an overview of parasites of public health importance. It begins by defining key terms like parasite and parasitism. It then classifies parasites by their location in the host (ecto- or endoparasites) and discusses different types of host relationships. The document covers the taxonomy and classification of important parasite phyla like protozoa and helminthes. It describes modes of acquisition, disease mechanisms, and life cycles of major parasitic infections including malaria, amoebiasis, and African trypanosomiasis.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell and include protists, bacteria, and viruses.
Protists such as amoebas, euglenas, and paramecia are eukaryotic organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Bacteria are prokaryotic and can be found almost everywhere on Earth. Viruses are non-cellular and can only reproduce inside host cells.
This document provides information on bacterial morphology and classification. It describes the key structures of bacterial cells including the cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. It outlines the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cell walls. Classification systems are discussed ranging from the early two kingdom system to the current three domain system. The document contrasts characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document discusses protozoa and includes the following key points:
1. It provides diagrams of different types of protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and heliozoans.
2. It discusses the life cycles, modes of nutrition, and environmental factors affecting various protozoa.
3. It explains the importance of protozoa in soil fertility, wastewater treatment, and breaking down pollutants like oil spills by grazing on bacteria.
This document discusses the protozoan Balantidium coli, which causes the disease balantidiasis. It belongs to the phylum Ciliophora and infects the large intestine of humans and other mammals. It has two stages, a trophozoite stage that actively feeds and divides, and a cyst stage that is resistant and transmits the infection via fecal-oral route. Symptoms include dysentery and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites in stool samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracyclines and metronidazole. Control relies on improved sanitation and water treatment to prevent transmission.
This document provides information about the basic structure and types of eukaryotic cells and fungi. It describes the key organelles in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. It also discusses the morphology, reproduction, and classification of fungi, including different types of hyphae, spores, and the five main classes of fungi.
This document summarizes eukaryotic microorganisms called protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled, motile organisms that live in aquatic environments. They include important human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria and dysentery. Protozoa reproduce asexually through fission or budding. Some can also undergo sexual reproduction through processes like conjugation. Amoebas are a phylum of protozoa that can cause the disease amoebiasis via the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which is transmitted through cysts in feces and causes intestinal infections or liver/lung disease.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of parasites that can infect humans. It describes three main classes of parasites: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Protozoa are unicellular organisms that can be pathogenic. The document focuses on two pathogenic protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. It provides details on the trophozoite and cyst stages of each organism's lifecycle and how they are transmitted and can cause disease in humans.
1. The document discusses the discovery and characteristics of bacteria, including their cell structures. Bacteria were first discovered in 1676 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek and later studies by Pasteur and Koch linked them to diseases.
2. Bacteria have diverse morphologies and sizes but generally lack organelles. Their cells contain genetic material, ribosomes, and may have a cell wall, capsule, flagella or fimbriae. Cell walls differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
3. Important groups discussed include Archaea, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma (wall-less bacteria) and L-forms (wall-less derivative bacteria). Characteristics, structures and differences between
This document summarizes three genera of amoeba - Entamoeba, Endolimax, and Iodamoeba. It describes the species within each genus, including their morphology, life cycles, pathogenic nature, modes of transmission, and other characteristics. Key points include that Entamoeba gingivalis and Endolimax nana are commensal organisms in humans, while Entamoeba polecki and Iodamoeba buetschlii can cause infection but are generally nonpathogenic. Transmission for the cyst-forming species requires ingestion of the cyst stage, which can survive outside the host.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their structure, classification, life cycles, reproduction, and nutrition. Some key points:
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Many cause asymptomatic or mild infections in humans.
- They have complex internal structures like organelles and can move using flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Major groups include Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa.
- Life cycles include active feeding trophozoite stages and protective cyst stages. Reproduction is mainly asexual binary fission but some have sexual cycles.
- All protozoa eat preformed organic materials through
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is CELL Discovery Types structure and F...Home
Cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. It was first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 under a microscope where he saw compartments in cork and named them 'cells'. Key parts of the cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus. Cells can be either prokaryotic with no nucleus or eukaryotic with a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Cells come in different shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions depending on their type.
1. The document discusses protozoa, which are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can infect humans. It focuses on different types of protozoa including amoebae.
2. It describes the life cycle and characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery. E. histolytica has three stages - trophozoite, precyst, and cyst - and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
3. It also discusses non-pathogenic Entamoeba coli and free-living amoebae like Naegleria fowleri that can cause opportunistic infections in humans.
This document provides information on non-pathogenic and pathogenic amoebae. It discusses the key features of six non-pathogenic amoebae - Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Entamoeba gingivalis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmani, and Blastocystis hominis. It also covers two pathogenic free-living amoebae - Naegleria fowleri, which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, and Acanthamoeba, which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. For each organism, it
Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries & Only 1% of filtrate urine.
Reabsorbed substances not lost in the urine, but are carried by the peritubular capillaries to the venous system → heart
Some reabsorption is passive & most is active transport
Parasites of Public Health Importance AAF 2021.pptxFeniksRetails
This document provides an overview of parasites of public health importance. It begins by defining key terms like parasite and parasitism. It then classifies parasites by their location in the host (ecto- or endoparasites) and discusses different types of host relationships. The document covers the taxonomy and classification of important parasite phyla like protozoa and helminthes. It describes modes of acquisition, disease mechanisms, and life cycles of major parasitic infections including malaria, amoebiasis, and African trypanosomiasis.
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motility is provided by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. They ingest food and can reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding or sexually through conjugation or gamete fusion. Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease malaria in humans. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquito and human hosts. In humans it evades the immune system by hiding in the liver and red blood cells, where it consumes hemoglobin and reproduces asexually.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and summarizes key information about parasitic protozoans. It describes the life cycles of various protozoans including their modes of reproduction (e.g. fission, budding), hosts, and transmission. Representative parasitic protozoans are grouped by their structures and include flagellates like Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, amoeboid forms like Entamoeba histolytica, ciliates like Balantidium coli, and sporozoans like Plasmodium species which cause malaria. Details are provided on the life cycles and pathogenesis of several important protozoan parasites.
Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell and include protists, bacteria, and viruses.
Protists such as amoebas, euglenas, and paramecia are eukaryotic organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Bacteria are prokaryotic and can be found almost everywhere on Earth. Viruses are non-cellular and can only reproduce inside host cells.
This document provides information on bacterial morphology and classification. It describes the key structures of bacterial cells including the cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. It outlines the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cell walls. Classification systems are discussed ranging from the early two kingdom system to the current three domain system. The document contrasts characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document discusses protozoa and includes the following key points:
1. It provides diagrams of different types of protozoa including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and heliozoans.
2. It discusses the life cycles, modes of nutrition, and environmental factors affecting various protozoa.
3. It explains the importance of protozoa in soil fertility, wastewater treatment, and breaking down pollutants like oil spills by grazing on bacteria.
This document discusses the protozoan Balantidium coli, which causes the disease balantidiasis. It belongs to the phylum Ciliophora and infects the large intestine of humans and other mammals. It has two stages, a trophozoite stage that actively feeds and divides, and a cyst stage that is resistant and transmits the infection via fecal-oral route. Symptoms include dysentery and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites in stool samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracyclines and metronidazole. Control relies on improved sanitation and water treatment to prevent transmission.
This document provides information about the basic structure and types of eukaryotic cells and fungi. It describes the key organelles in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. It also discusses the morphology, reproduction, and classification of fungi, including different types of hyphae, spores, and the five main classes of fungi.
This document summarizes eukaryotic microorganisms called protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled, motile organisms that live in aquatic environments. They include important human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria and dysentery. Protozoa reproduce asexually through fission or budding. Some can also undergo sexual reproduction through processes like conjugation. Amoebas are a phylum of protozoa that can cause the disease amoebiasis via the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which is transmitted through cysts in feces and causes intestinal infections or liver/lung disease.
Similar to LAB 1 Protozoa Protozoa Protozoa .pptx (20)
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
2. Parasitology : is the study of relationships
between parasites and their host , all parasitic
organisms are eukaryotes .
Parasites : are living organisms, which depend
on a living host for their nourishment and survival
.
parasites can be classified as: (Ectoparasite
inhabit only the body surface of the host without
penetrating the tissue e.g. lice, ticks) or
(Endoparasite which lives within the body of the
host e.g. malaria, giardia ).
parasites may be simple unicellular protozoa or
complex multicellular metazoa.
3. Host : an organism, which harbors the
parasite and provides nourishment and is
relatively larger than the parasite .
Definitive host: the organism in which the
adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite
lives.
4. Intermediate host : the organism in which the
parasite lives during a period of its development
only.
Vector: a living carrier that transports a
pathogenic organism from an infected to non
infected host (e.g. the female Anopheles
mosquito that transmits malaria).
5. Host – parasite relationships
Symbiosis: both host and parasite are
dependent upon each other, none of them suffers
any harm from the association.
Commensalism: only the parasite derives
benefit from association without causing any
injury to the host.
parasitism: the parasite derives benefites and
the host is always harmed due to the association.
6. Transmission of parasites
1-Food or water contamination (Round worm,
Amoeba,Giardia).
2-Vectors (Sand fly Leishmaniasis, Tse tse fly
Trypanosomiasis).
3-Sexual contact (Trichomonas).
4-Inhalation of contaminated dust or air Pinworm.
5-Skin penetration (Hook worms, Schistosomes).
7. Structure of protozoa
Nucleus : protozoa contain one nucleus (some
contain more than one in some their life stages)
the nucleus consist of nucleoplasm in which it
contain internal body called nucleolus that
contain DNA & surround by nuclear membrane .
Nucleus is 2 types :
Vesicular types
Compact types
8. Cytoplasm: part outside the nucleus & it
contains a great variety of organelles:
endoplasmic reticulum & ribosomes as in
eukaryotic cells , mitochondria , Golgi apparatus
, contractile vacuoles that stored substances
such as glycogen & food vacuoles .
9. Locomotion of protozoa
There are many types of locomotion:
1- By pseudopodia : like Entamoeba
2 - By flagella: like Trypanosoma & Leishmania.
3- By cilia : like Balantidium.
4-Gliding : like Toxoplasma & Sarcocystis.
10. Flagellum : thread like structure arising from
basal granule or kinetoplast , it consist of central
thread & plasmic sheath .
Cilia : small short structure like flagellum arise
from kinetosome , cilia use for Locomotion ,
Feeding , Sensation.
Pseudopodia : temporary locomotion structure
arising and disappear when use.
11. Feeding of protozoa
There are many type of feeding or nutrition:
1-autotrophic nutrition: in which the
organism is able to live entirely on inorganic
compounds synthesizing its proteins,
carbohydrates & lipids from them.
2-Holophytic nutrition: (plant like) nutrition
in which the organism synthesizes its
carbohydrates by means of chlorophyll.
12. 3-Holozoic nutrition: (animal like) nutrition in
which particulate food is ingested that a
temporary or permanent mouth (cytosome)
temporary opening may be formed by
pseudopods .
4-Saprozoic nutrition: by osmosis or
diffusing across the cell wall.
13. Or by pinocytosis , in which fluid may be
pinched off thru temporary openings in the body
wall.
Excretion is by contracted vacuoles through
cell membrance by diffusion or by cytopage.
14. Reprodaction of protozoa
There are 2 types of reproduction
1- Asexual:
A- Binary fission: most common when the
mother cell divided longitudinally (nucleus &
cytoplasm divided) Trypanosoma in flagellates &
amoebal & ciliates .
15. B- Multiple fission: its also called schizogony
, in which the nucleus divides repeadelly ,
cytoplasm gathers around each nucleus & then
cytoplasm divides . The dividing cell is known as
aschizont. Each nucleus called merozoite .
C– Budding: in which a small daughter
individual is separated off from the side of the
mother & then grows to full size .
16. 2- Sexual:
A–Conjugation: Tow individuals come
together temporarily & fuse along part of their
length . Exchange of genetic material . Occurs
among ciliates.
B–Syngamy: connection between male
gametes & female gametes or macrogametes to
form zygote. The process of gamete formation
called gametogony.
17. AMOEBIASIS
Amoebas primitive unicellular microorganisms with
a relatively simple life cycle which can be divided
into two stages:
Trophozoite – actively motile feeding stage.
Cyst – resistant, infective stage.
18. Their reproduction is through binary fission, e.g.
splitting of the trophozoite or through the
development of numerous trophozoites within
the mature multinucleated cyst.
Motility is accomplished by extension of
pseudopodia (false foot).
19. Entamoeba histolytica
Disease name : Amebic dysentery or
Amebiasis.
Site of infection : Large intestine.
pathogenic ameba have two stages Trophozoite
(vegetative and diagnostic stage ) and Cyst (
infective and diagnostic stage ) .
20. Morphology of trophozoite:
Trophozoite of E. histolytica is (15-60)
micrometer in diameter, has a single nucleus
with a small centrally placed karyosome .
The nuclear chromatin is evenly distributed
along the periphery of the nucleus .
The fine granular endoplasm may contain
ingested RBCs.
In the case of dysentery, however, RBCs may
be visible in the cytoplasm, and this feature
is diagnostic for E. histolytica.
22. Morphology of cyst:
Cyst of E. histolytica is (10-20) micrometer in
diameter and contain one to four nuclei.
Chromatoid bodies are usually present in young
cysts as elongated bars with bluntly rounded
ends.
Glycogen is usually diffuse, but in young cysts it
is often present as a concentrated mass, staining
reddish brown with iodine.
25. Life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica :
Infection occurs by ingestion of cysts on focally
contaminated food or hands. The cyst is resistant
to the gastric environment and passes into small
intestine where it decysts.
The metacyst divides into four and then eight
amoebae which move to the large intestine.
The organisms encyst for mitosis and are passed
through with feces.(there are no intermediate or
reservoir host).
28. Symptoms : including diarrhea with blood
and mucus, fever and dehydration.
Laboratory diagnosis:
1-Laboratory diagnosis by finding the
characteristic cysts in an iodine stained or
formolether concentration method or a
permanent stained preparation.
Direct microscopy should be done by mixing a
small amount of the specimen in 0.9% sodium
chloride solution.
2-The tests of indirect fluorescent antibody test
(IFAT), or (ELISA) .
29. Control
Treatment: Metronidazole.
Prevention:
Amoebiasis is difficult to eradicate because of
the substantial human reservoir of infection.
The only progress will be through improved
standards of hygiene and better access to clean
water.
Cysts are destroyed by boiling, but chlorine and
iodine sterilizing tablets are not always effective.
30. Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba coli are anon-pathogenic ameba with
world wide distribution. Its life cycle is similar to
that of E. histolytica but it does not have an
invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells.
31. Morphology of trophozoite:
Trophozoite is larger than of E. histolytica
ranging from (15-50) micrometer in diameter .It
exhibits blunt pseudopodia with sluggish
movement.
A permanently stained preparation shows a
nucleus with a moderately large eccentric
karyosome with the chromatin clumped on the
nuclear membrane.
The cytoplasm appears granular containing
vacuoles with ingested bacteria and other food
particles.
33. Morphology of cyst:
Cyst of E.coli is (15-30) micrometer in diameter
and contain (1-8) nuclei with irregular peripheral
chromatin, karyosomes not central.
Chromatoid bodies are not frequently seen but
when present they are usually splinter-like with
pointed ends.
Glycogen is usually diffuse but in young cyst is
occasionally found as a well defined mass, which
stains reddish brown with iodine.
37. However, the cysts are remarkably variable in
size.
The mature cyst (with more than four nuclei) is
the distinctive stage to differentiate E. coli from
the pathogenic E .histolytica.
Entamoeba coli is transmitted in its viable cystic
stage through fecal contamination.
Ε. coli is non-pathogenic and produces no
symptoms.
38. Specific treatment is not indicated since this
amoeba is non-pathogenic.
The presence of E .coli in stool specimen is
evidence for fecal contamination.
Prevention depends on better personal hygiene
and sanitary disposal of human excreta.
