The document discusses different literary theories that can be used to analyze novels, including critical theory, feminist theory, Marxist theory, and psychoanalytical theory. It provides information on key aspects of each theory, such as how feminist critics examine representations of women, how Marxist critics analyze class conflicts and capitalism, and how psychoanalytical critics focus on unconscious motivations. The document also gives examples of how these theories can be applied and provides discussion questions to help teach the theories to students.
The poem "Manggagawa" by Jose Corazon de Jesus depicts the disparity between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower class proletariat in a capitalist society through vivid descriptions of the hard labor of workers and the luxuries enjoyed by the rich. It highlights the oppression and control the bourgeoisie have over wealth production as well as the government, reflecting Marx's theories. In the end, the poem calls loudly for equality and due recognition of the working class's contributions to society and the nation's progress.
Marxist Literary Criticism analyzes literature through a sociological lens, viewing works as products of their historical/material conditions. It sees what we think of as worldviews as actually reflecting the dominant class's ideology. It focuses on class struggles and power dynamics revealed through literature. Key concepts include commodification, conspicuous consumption, dialectical materialism, material circumstances, and reflectionism. Strengths include encouraging close readings, but it is limited in only examining one aspect and potentially threatening/dismissing aesthetic qualities.
The document outlines several literary criticism approaches: Feminist criticism examines gender relations and patriarchy. Marxist criticism views literature through class struggles. New Criticism analyzes language and form separate from history. Moral criticism evaluates a work's moral message. Psychoanalytic criticism investigates psychology and consciousness. New Historicism places a work in its historical context. Reader response focuses on the reader's experience rather than authorial intent. Colonialism criticism addresses power dynamics between colonizers and colonized peoples.
The document discusses literary theory and how different perspectives, or "sunglasses", can lead to different interpretations of the same text. It uses the example of the nursery rhyme "Little Miss Muffet" and shows how a sociologist, militarist, demonstrator, editorial writer, and child would analyze the rhyme differently based on their own lens. Literary theory provides deeper understanding of texts by showing there is no single correct analysis and encouraging readers to think freely about what they read without confinement to one interpretation. The document introduces five major approaches to literary theory: historical criticism, reader-response theory, new criticism, feminist criticism, and Marxist criticism.
Feminist criticism is based on feminist ideology and examines how women are portrayed in literature and subjugated in society. Feminist critics note that female characters are often represented by one of four archetypes - the slave, prostitute, virgin, or prize. These archetypes marginalize women and fail to portray them as complex individuals. When applying feminist criticism, critics consider how female characters view themselves and are viewed by males, looking for stereotypical portrayals and gender power dynamics.
This powerpoint presentation will give us a quick recap on the different literary criticisms. Primarily, this will present us an overview on what Marxist literary criticism is all about and how you apply it in certain situations.
This poem by Jose Corazon De Jesus examines class relations through a Marxist lens. It contrasts the lives of wealthy capitalists who benefit from the labor of workers. The worker ("Manggagawa") toils from birth to death, creating the materials and buildings that uplift society, yet receives little credit or wealth. While the elite "flaunt" their status, the worker remains oppressed. The poem calls for recognizing the worker's dignity and contributions to progress, challenging the inequality of the capitalist system that privileges the bourgeoisie over the proletariat. In its celebration of the worker and indictment of class disparity, the poem employs Marxist concepts of historical materialism and class struggle.
The poem "Manggagawa" by Jose Corazon de Jesus depicts the disparity between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower class proletariat in a capitalist society through vivid descriptions of the hard labor of workers and the luxuries enjoyed by the rich. It highlights the oppression and control the bourgeoisie have over wealth production as well as the government, reflecting Marx's theories. In the end, the poem calls loudly for equality and due recognition of the working class's contributions to society and the nation's progress.
Marxist Literary Criticism analyzes literature through a sociological lens, viewing works as products of their historical/material conditions. It sees what we think of as worldviews as actually reflecting the dominant class's ideology. It focuses on class struggles and power dynamics revealed through literature. Key concepts include commodification, conspicuous consumption, dialectical materialism, material circumstances, and reflectionism. Strengths include encouraging close readings, but it is limited in only examining one aspect and potentially threatening/dismissing aesthetic qualities.
The document outlines several literary criticism approaches: Feminist criticism examines gender relations and patriarchy. Marxist criticism views literature through class struggles. New Criticism analyzes language and form separate from history. Moral criticism evaluates a work's moral message. Psychoanalytic criticism investigates psychology and consciousness. New Historicism places a work in its historical context. Reader response focuses on the reader's experience rather than authorial intent. Colonialism criticism addresses power dynamics between colonizers and colonized peoples.
The document discusses literary theory and how different perspectives, or "sunglasses", can lead to different interpretations of the same text. It uses the example of the nursery rhyme "Little Miss Muffet" and shows how a sociologist, militarist, demonstrator, editorial writer, and child would analyze the rhyme differently based on their own lens. Literary theory provides deeper understanding of texts by showing there is no single correct analysis and encouraging readers to think freely about what they read without confinement to one interpretation. The document introduces five major approaches to literary theory: historical criticism, reader-response theory, new criticism, feminist criticism, and Marxist criticism.
Feminist criticism is based on feminist ideology and examines how women are portrayed in literature and subjugated in society. Feminist critics note that female characters are often represented by one of four archetypes - the slave, prostitute, virgin, or prize. These archetypes marginalize women and fail to portray them as complex individuals. When applying feminist criticism, critics consider how female characters view themselves and are viewed by males, looking for stereotypical portrayals and gender power dynamics.
This powerpoint presentation will give us a quick recap on the different literary criticisms. Primarily, this will present us an overview on what Marxist literary criticism is all about and how you apply it in certain situations.
This poem by Jose Corazon De Jesus examines class relations through a Marxist lens. It contrasts the lives of wealthy capitalists who benefit from the labor of workers. The worker ("Manggagawa") toils from birth to death, creating the materials and buildings that uplift society, yet receives little credit or wealth. While the elite "flaunt" their status, the worker remains oppressed. The poem calls for recognizing the worker's dignity and contributions to progress, challenging the inequality of the capitalist system that privileges the bourgeoisie over the proletariat. In its celebration of the worker and indictment of class disparity, the poem employs Marxist concepts of historical materialism and class struggle.
This document summarizes a presentation on Marxism theory. It defines Marxism as a social and economic theory originated by Karl Marx focusing on the struggle between capitalists and workers. It discusses key aspects of Marxist theory including the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, major Marxist critics like Jameson and Eagleton, and applying Marxist film analysis to movies like Titanic and Avatar. Examples are given of how these movies depict class struggles and can be interpreted through a Marxist lens.
This document discusses various perspectives on whether Marxism is still a relevant theory for understanding world politics. It summarizes views from Stephen Walt, Bova, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and Robert Halliday. Walt argues Marxism was discredited before the Cold War ended, but his view of Marxism is oversimplified. Bova and Halliday believe certain aspects of Marxism, such as its structural analysis of conflict, remain relevant. Wood argues this is the best time to reexamine Marxism given capitalism's global reach. The document also outlines some key tenets of historical materialism and discusses how Marxism provides insights into state behavior and conflicts in world politics.
Feminist literary criticism examines how literature represents women and gender, and how patriarchal power structures influence literary works and their interpretation. It launched in the 20th century with works like Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own and Kate Millett's Sexual Politics. Key ideas include that patriarchy oppresses women economically, politically, socially and psychologically through ideology, and defines women in opposition to male norms. Feminist criticism aims to promote gender equality by raising awareness of these issues in literature and representation.
The document provides an agenda and information about a class on literary theory and feminist criticism. It discusses intrinsic and extrinsic theories, with intrinsic theories focusing on the text itself and extrinsic theories examining external factors like the author's context. Feminist criticism is introduced as concerned with exposing patriarchal influences and misogyny. It aims to develop a female literary tradition and increase awareness of gender in language and style. The document outlines the three waves of feminism and provides context on theorists like Mary Wollstonecraft and Alice Walker. It also presents assumptions of New Criticism versus feminist criticism and potential questions feminist critics may ask of literary texts.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher who developed influential social and political theories about capitalism and class struggle. Some key aspects of Marxist theory discussed in the document are:
- Society is divided into classes based on relationships to economic systems like capitalism.
- Ideology perpetuates existing power structures by making them seem natural.
- Works of art and media reflect the class interests of their time and can challenge or maintain the status quo.
- Material conditions directly impact people's lives and analyzing these is important for understanding society and enacting positive change.
Feminist criticism examines how women are portrayed and treated in literature through a patriarchal lens. It focuses on how female characters are often reduced to stereotypes like the slave, temptress, virgin, or prize that fail to represent real female complexity and agency. A feminist critique asks how female and male characters view women, whether portrayals are stereotypical, the power dynamics between genders, and how this influences the work's themes and society's treatment of women.
This document provides an agenda and content for an EWRT 1C class on literary theory and feminist criticism. It begins with an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic literary theories. It then discusses feminist criticism, noting its focus on exposing patriarchal influences and misogyny in literature. The document outlines the three waves of feminism and objectives of feminist criticism. It also analyzes Andrew Marvell's poem "To His Coy Mistress" from a feminist perspective.
Marxist literary criticism maintains that a writer's social class and prevailing ideology influences what they write. Marxist critics analyze how economic conditions shape social existence and consciousness, and thus literature. They explore how a work represents class structures and relations, and how social and economic forces from the author's time period are reflected in the literature. The goal is to understand ideology and social conditions through literary analysis.
The document discusses various approaches to feminist criticism of literature. It begins by defining feminism and outlining its three waves. It then discusses feminist literary criticism, including analyzing how literature portrays women and gender roles. It outlines several types of feminist criticism like radical feminism, liberal feminism, and socialist feminism. It also summarizes different methods for critiquing literature from a feminist perspective, such as examining the depiction of women by men or employing the madwoman thesis.
Fight Club explores political and economic themes through a Marxist lens. The film criticizes consumerism and capitalism, portraying the main character as a drone of society consumed by material goods. The character Tyler Durden represents an alternative, seeking to destroy corporations and social norms. While Tyler's vision involves anarchist ideas like dissolving government and unequal social classes, the film also shows his methods ultimately fail, leaving questions about what system might truly succeed.
This document provides definitions of key terms related to Marxist theory such as utopia, dystopia, Marxism, and communism. It then lists questions that Marxist theory aims to address such as the role of class systems and social conflicts in works of fiction. The document suggests analyzing characters' attempts to overcome oppression and whether solutions to problems ignore social influences. Examples of Disney films that demonstrate Marxist ideas are provided like how The Lion King portrays characters, conflicts and resolutions related to class.
Marxist criticism by Dr Digambar M. GhodkePratikGhodke6
Karl Marx developed a methodology for analyzing social organization scientifically and viewed human history as a series of class struggles between the oppressed and oppressors. Marxist ideology sees political evolution leading from feudalism to bourgeois capitalism and eventually to socialism and communism. Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat labor force, growing poorer over time until revolt leads to restructuring. True communism involves the underclasses owning the means of production, not the government. Marxist literary theory analyzes how literature reflects social institutions and class struggles, serving ideological functions. The Marxist critic examines how works portray class relations and oppression.
Critical Race Theory (CRT) examines how race and racism influence American society. It traces how racism has manifested through history in areas like law, literature, and film. CRT scholars seek to understand how systemic racism affects victims and how they represent themselves in response. They also aim to confront and challenge beliefs and practices that enable racism to persist, in order to work toward liberating society from systemic racism and inequality.
Marxism began in the 19th century as a way for the working classes to change their circumstances. It offers a social, political, economic, and cultural understanding of reality, society, and individuals. Key figures like Marx, Engels, Gramsci, and Althusser developed Marxist literary theory to analyze how texts reflect class struggles and societal conflicts through an examination of ideology, symbols, and the relationship between economic conditions and social institutions. The goal of Marxist criticism is to uncover how literature reinforces the ideology of the dominant bourgeoisie class and oppresses the proletariat.
Judith Butler argues that gender is a performance rather than a stable identity. Laura Mulvey's theory of the "male gaze" describes how women are typically objectified in media for the viewing pleasure of male audiences. Queer theory challenges rigid definitions of sexuality and gender identities, arguing they are socially constructed and fluid. Stuart Hall believes cultural identity is an ongoing process shaped by history and power relations, rather than a fixed attribute, and that media can propagate moral panics and manipulate representations of race.
In this Presentation I talk about the Marxism
this the special reference of Chakrahvyuh movies song.
Definition of Marxism
The Communist Manifesto
Das Capital
Basic Principle
Dialectical Aspect in Marxism
Assumption
Ideology
Questions
Feminist criticism focuses on exploring how women have been denied social power and rights of expression. It analyzes works through frameworks like patriarchy, egalitarianism, and essentialism. Early feminist criticism examined men's treatment of women in fiction, then focused on women writers' place in literary history. There were three phases of women's novels: writing like men, polemics against patriarchy, and embracing women's perspectives. Approaches include analyzing male treatment of women; discovering women's literary traditions; how creative powers were channeled into madness; and French feminist theories of a separate female language.
Marxist literary criticism is a method that examines texts through a Marxist lens by focusing on issues of social class, power, and economic relationships. A Marxist critic analyzes how a work portrays class relations and social conflicts, as well as whether oppressed groups are able to overcome their oppression. Key concepts in Marxist criticism include the proletariat and bourgeoisie, with the proletariat representing the working class who are exploited under capitalism for the benefit of the bourgeoisie, or middle/upper classes.
CARESS-REPORTING about Literary CriticismReyTinajora
The document provides an overview of various approaches to literary criticism, including formalism and close reading, Marxist criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic theory, postcolonial criticism, and integrating critical theory into pedagogy. It defines each approach and provides examples of questions critics may ask and suggested texts to analyze using that lens. The importance of literary criticism is that it expands one's worldview, helps understand literature better, provides opportunities for new writing styles, and supports critical thinking skill development.
Feminist literary criticism analyzes how women are portrayed in texts and how these representations are often insufficient and oppressive. There are several types of feminist criticism, including liberal, Marxist, psychoanalytic, and minority feminisms. Feminist critics seek to uncover patriarchal assumptions, question gender norms and power imbalances between men and women, expand representations of women, and recover works by female authors. They aim to understand how gender roles are socially constructed and how language can marginalize women.
This document summarizes a presentation on Marxism theory. It defines Marxism as a social and economic theory originated by Karl Marx focusing on the struggle between capitalists and workers. It discusses key aspects of Marxist theory including the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, major Marxist critics like Jameson and Eagleton, and applying Marxist film analysis to movies like Titanic and Avatar. Examples are given of how these movies depict class struggles and can be interpreted through a Marxist lens.
This document discusses various perspectives on whether Marxism is still a relevant theory for understanding world politics. It summarizes views from Stephen Walt, Bova, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and Robert Halliday. Walt argues Marxism was discredited before the Cold War ended, but his view of Marxism is oversimplified. Bova and Halliday believe certain aspects of Marxism, such as its structural analysis of conflict, remain relevant. Wood argues this is the best time to reexamine Marxism given capitalism's global reach. The document also outlines some key tenets of historical materialism and discusses how Marxism provides insights into state behavior and conflicts in world politics.
Feminist literary criticism examines how literature represents women and gender, and how patriarchal power structures influence literary works and their interpretation. It launched in the 20th century with works like Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own and Kate Millett's Sexual Politics. Key ideas include that patriarchy oppresses women economically, politically, socially and psychologically through ideology, and defines women in opposition to male norms. Feminist criticism aims to promote gender equality by raising awareness of these issues in literature and representation.
The document provides an agenda and information about a class on literary theory and feminist criticism. It discusses intrinsic and extrinsic theories, with intrinsic theories focusing on the text itself and extrinsic theories examining external factors like the author's context. Feminist criticism is introduced as concerned with exposing patriarchal influences and misogyny. It aims to develop a female literary tradition and increase awareness of gender in language and style. The document outlines the three waves of feminism and provides context on theorists like Mary Wollstonecraft and Alice Walker. It also presents assumptions of New Criticism versus feminist criticism and potential questions feminist critics may ask of literary texts.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher who developed influential social and political theories about capitalism and class struggle. Some key aspects of Marxist theory discussed in the document are:
- Society is divided into classes based on relationships to economic systems like capitalism.
- Ideology perpetuates existing power structures by making them seem natural.
- Works of art and media reflect the class interests of their time and can challenge or maintain the status quo.
- Material conditions directly impact people's lives and analyzing these is important for understanding society and enacting positive change.
Feminist criticism examines how women are portrayed and treated in literature through a patriarchal lens. It focuses on how female characters are often reduced to stereotypes like the slave, temptress, virgin, or prize that fail to represent real female complexity and agency. A feminist critique asks how female and male characters view women, whether portrayals are stereotypical, the power dynamics between genders, and how this influences the work's themes and society's treatment of women.
This document provides an agenda and content for an EWRT 1C class on literary theory and feminist criticism. It begins with an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic literary theories. It then discusses feminist criticism, noting its focus on exposing patriarchal influences and misogyny in literature. The document outlines the three waves of feminism and objectives of feminist criticism. It also analyzes Andrew Marvell's poem "To His Coy Mistress" from a feminist perspective.
Marxist literary criticism maintains that a writer's social class and prevailing ideology influences what they write. Marxist critics analyze how economic conditions shape social existence and consciousness, and thus literature. They explore how a work represents class structures and relations, and how social and economic forces from the author's time period are reflected in the literature. The goal is to understand ideology and social conditions through literary analysis.
The document discusses various approaches to feminist criticism of literature. It begins by defining feminism and outlining its three waves. It then discusses feminist literary criticism, including analyzing how literature portrays women and gender roles. It outlines several types of feminist criticism like radical feminism, liberal feminism, and socialist feminism. It also summarizes different methods for critiquing literature from a feminist perspective, such as examining the depiction of women by men or employing the madwoman thesis.
Fight Club explores political and economic themes through a Marxist lens. The film criticizes consumerism and capitalism, portraying the main character as a drone of society consumed by material goods. The character Tyler Durden represents an alternative, seeking to destroy corporations and social norms. While Tyler's vision involves anarchist ideas like dissolving government and unequal social classes, the film also shows his methods ultimately fail, leaving questions about what system might truly succeed.
This document provides definitions of key terms related to Marxist theory such as utopia, dystopia, Marxism, and communism. It then lists questions that Marxist theory aims to address such as the role of class systems and social conflicts in works of fiction. The document suggests analyzing characters' attempts to overcome oppression and whether solutions to problems ignore social influences. Examples of Disney films that demonstrate Marxist ideas are provided like how The Lion King portrays characters, conflicts and resolutions related to class.
Marxist criticism by Dr Digambar M. GhodkePratikGhodke6
Karl Marx developed a methodology for analyzing social organization scientifically and viewed human history as a series of class struggles between the oppressed and oppressors. Marxist ideology sees political evolution leading from feudalism to bourgeois capitalism and eventually to socialism and communism. Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat labor force, growing poorer over time until revolt leads to restructuring. True communism involves the underclasses owning the means of production, not the government. Marxist literary theory analyzes how literature reflects social institutions and class struggles, serving ideological functions. The Marxist critic examines how works portray class relations and oppression.
Critical Race Theory (CRT) examines how race and racism influence American society. It traces how racism has manifested through history in areas like law, literature, and film. CRT scholars seek to understand how systemic racism affects victims and how they represent themselves in response. They also aim to confront and challenge beliefs and practices that enable racism to persist, in order to work toward liberating society from systemic racism and inequality.
Marxism began in the 19th century as a way for the working classes to change their circumstances. It offers a social, political, economic, and cultural understanding of reality, society, and individuals. Key figures like Marx, Engels, Gramsci, and Althusser developed Marxist literary theory to analyze how texts reflect class struggles and societal conflicts through an examination of ideology, symbols, and the relationship between economic conditions and social institutions. The goal of Marxist criticism is to uncover how literature reinforces the ideology of the dominant bourgeoisie class and oppresses the proletariat.
Judith Butler argues that gender is a performance rather than a stable identity. Laura Mulvey's theory of the "male gaze" describes how women are typically objectified in media for the viewing pleasure of male audiences. Queer theory challenges rigid definitions of sexuality and gender identities, arguing they are socially constructed and fluid. Stuart Hall believes cultural identity is an ongoing process shaped by history and power relations, rather than a fixed attribute, and that media can propagate moral panics and manipulate representations of race.
In this Presentation I talk about the Marxism
this the special reference of Chakrahvyuh movies song.
Definition of Marxism
The Communist Manifesto
Das Capital
Basic Principle
Dialectical Aspect in Marxism
Assumption
Ideology
Questions
Feminist criticism focuses on exploring how women have been denied social power and rights of expression. It analyzes works through frameworks like patriarchy, egalitarianism, and essentialism. Early feminist criticism examined men's treatment of women in fiction, then focused on women writers' place in literary history. There were three phases of women's novels: writing like men, polemics against patriarchy, and embracing women's perspectives. Approaches include analyzing male treatment of women; discovering women's literary traditions; how creative powers were channeled into madness; and French feminist theories of a separate female language.
Marxist literary criticism is a method that examines texts through a Marxist lens by focusing on issues of social class, power, and economic relationships. A Marxist critic analyzes how a work portrays class relations and social conflicts, as well as whether oppressed groups are able to overcome their oppression. Key concepts in Marxist criticism include the proletariat and bourgeoisie, with the proletariat representing the working class who are exploited under capitalism for the benefit of the bourgeoisie, or middle/upper classes.
CARESS-REPORTING about Literary CriticismReyTinajora
The document provides an overview of various approaches to literary criticism, including formalism and close reading, Marxist criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic theory, postcolonial criticism, and integrating critical theory into pedagogy. It defines each approach and provides examples of questions critics may ask and suggested texts to analyze using that lens. The importance of literary criticism is that it expands one's worldview, helps understand literature better, provides opportunities for new writing styles, and supports critical thinking skill development.
Feminist literary criticism analyzes how women are portrayed in texts and how these representations are often insufficient and oppressive. There are several types of feminist criticism, including liberal, Marxist, psychoanalytic, and minority feminisms. Feminist critics seek to uncover patriarchal assumptions, question gender norms and power imbalances between men and women, expand representations of women, and recover works by female authors. They aim to understand how gender roles are socially constructed and how language can marginalize women.
The document discusses the topics of an English writing class, including questions about an essay assignment, an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic literary theories, and an in-depth exploration of feminist criticism and theory. It provides details on the key assumptions and goals of feminist criticism, how it analyzes the portrayal and roles of women in literature, and how it has evolved through the three waves of feminism.
Literature – Critical Theory & Critical Perspectives Wh.docxsmile790243
Literature – Critical Theory & Critical Perspectives
What is literary or critical theory? What is meant by “critical perspective”?
The terms ―literary theory‖ and ―critical theory‖ refer to essentially the same fields of study. They
both address ways of looking at literature beyond the typical plot-theme-character- setting
studies. Just as a PERSPECTIVE is a way of looking at something, a CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE is a
way of criticizing or analyzing literature. Your CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE is the view you bring to the
literature you read.
How and why did literary theories develop?
We all know that different people will experience the same event differently. It follows, then,
that different people will approach the same literary text differently. One person may be
offended by a character’s actions, while another finds them comic. One reader is energized
by a story’s political implications, while another is awed by the same story’s philosophical bent.
Literary theories emerged as ways to explain different people’s views and responses to
literature. Rather than insisting that one view is the best or correct view, literary theory attempts
to find value in all views that are based on a careful study of the literature.
What are the benefits of studying a work from more than one critical perspective?
There are several benefits:
One of the views is likely to affirm your perspective and speak to what you see in the
literature you are studying.
Studying a view different from yours—not to disagree with it, but to understand it—helps
you understand those who hold that view.
Studying a work from more than one view gives you a deeper understanding of the
author’s work and a better appreciation for the richness of it.
What does studying a work from multiple critical perspectives involve?
Essentially, all you have to do to study a work from more than one critical perspective is to put
your own view on hold and entertain the other view. Although you may be a staunch green-
thinker, you now ask yourself, ―What would a yellow-thinker see in this work?‖
What does studying a work from multiple critical perspectives not involve?
First and foremost, studying a work from multiple critical perspectives does not require that you
agree with any of the perspectives you study. You are not being asked to become a yellow-
thinker, only to consider—without criticism and judgment—what a yellow-thinker would see in
the text. Second, studying a work from multiple critical perspectives does not require that you
blend or merge two or more perspectives into a single interpretation. Some of the points of
some of the theories are actually mutually exclusive and cannot be reconciled. While
examining a work from the feminist perspective, you do not need to take into account what a
Marxist would find. You would examine each perspective independently.
What are the most common or popular critical theories?
T ...
This document provides an agenda and overview of topics for a class on literary theory. It discusses several theoretical approaches including formalism, Marxism, structuralism, poststructuralism/deconstruction, new historicism, ethnic studies, gender studies, cultural studies, psychoanalytic criticism, and feminist criticism. For some of these approaches, it lists typical questions critics employing that approach may ask of a text. These include questions about symbols, themes, ideologies, social contexts, characters, and psychological elements in the works. It also covers key concepts and questions from deconstruction, feminist, psychoanalytic, and New Criticism approaches.
Critical theories emerged to question and challenge mainstream international relations theories. These alternative approaches differ in their ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Two examples of critical theories discussed are feminism and constructivism. Feminism examines how gender is constructed and impacts power relations. It highlights the exclusion and invisibility of women in mainstream international politics scholarship.
Feminism has many definitions and variations that have developed over time. Some of the main types discussed in the document include Amazon feminism, which focuses on women's physical strength and equality. Marxist feminism sees women's oppression as tied to capitalism. Socialist feminism agrees women's oppression is universal but takes different forms in different contexts. Liberal feminism argues for equal legal rights and access within existing political and economic systems like capitalism. Radical feminism sees women as an oppressed class and aims to dismantle the system of male domination. The document concludes that views of gender are complex and change over time, so arguments should not be oversimplified.
This document provides an overview of a class discussion on feminist literary theory and criticism. It discusses the key focuses of feminist criticism, including examining how literature reinforces or undermines the oppression of women. It also summarizes different waves of feminism and provides context on the poet Andrew Marvell and his poem "To His Coy Mistress", which the class will analyze using a feminist lens.
Important note 5 to 6 slides in power point form very Imp.docxterirasco
Important note: 5 to 6 slides in power point form
very Important notes
explain or write every slides in your own way more than 4 to 5 sentences.
please write a small notes around 10 sentences for overall explaining the presentation,
Requirements:
Approximately 5-6 slides
Every slide should have some sort of graphic
Evaluation Criteria
Delivery
Organization
Language
Visual Element
Central Message
Things to Avoid:
Large blocks of text
The topics of the short story is The Yellow wallpaper
An analysis of the short story from one of the areas of critical theory we examined in class: Feminism, Psychoanalytic, Marxism, New Historicism, Archetypal, etc.
According to my story its more related to feminism.
Feminist criticism
is concerned with "...the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforce or undermine the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women" (Tyson). This school of theory looks at how aspects of our culture are inherently patriarchal (male dominated) and "...this critique strives to expose the explicit and implicit misogyny in male writing about women" (Richter 1346). This misogyny, Tyson reminds us, can extend into diverse areas of our culture: "Perhaps the most chilling example...is found in the world of modern medicine, where drugs prescribed for both sexes often have been tested on male subjects only" (83).
Feminist criticism is also concerned with less obvious forms of marginalization such as the exclusion of women writers from the traditional literary canon: "...unless the critical or historical point of view is feminist, there is a tendency to under-represent the contribution of women writers" (Tyson 82-83).
Common Space in Feminist Theories
Though a number of different approaches exist in feminist criticism, there exist some areas of commonality. This list is excerpted from Tyson:
1. Women are oppressed by patriarchy economically, politically, socially, and psychologically; patriarchal ideology is the primary means by which they are kept so
2. In every domain where patriarchy reigns, woman is other: she is marginalized, defined only by her difference from male norms and values
3. All of western (Anglo-European) civilization is deeply rooted in patriarchal ideology, for example, in the biblical portrayal of Eve as the origin of sin and death in the world
4. While biology determines our sex (male or female), culture determines our gender (masculine or feminine)
5. All feminist activity, including feminist theory and literary criticism, has as its ultimate goal to change the world by prompting gender equality
6. Gender issues play a part in every aspect of human production and experience, including the production and experience of literature, whether we are consciously aware of these issues or not (91).
Typical questions:
How is the relationship between men and women portrayed?
What are the power relationships between men and ...
This document provides an overview of Marxist literary criticism. It discusses how Marxist criticism analyzes literature through a Marxist theoretical lens by exploring how economic and social structures influence ideology and culture as portrayed in literary works. For example, a Marxist reading of a novel may examine how the narrative reinforces or challenges social hierarchies and economic inequalities. It also outlines some of the key thinkers in Marxist theory like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and defines important Marxist concepts such as class, alienation, base, and superstructure that are prioritized in Marxist criticism.
This document provides an agenda and background information for an EWRT 1C class discussing literary theory, specifically feminist criticism. It begins with an overview of intrinsic and extrinsic literary theories, defining intrinsic as focusing on a work's essence in isolation and extrinsic as relating a work to its external context. It then discusses feminist criticism, which examines how literature reinforces or undermines the patriarchal oppression of women. It provides context on the waves of feminism and objectives of feminist criticism, including developing a female literary tradition.
Literary Theories: A Sampling of Literary LensesJivanee Abril
Literary Theories: A Sampling of Literary Lenses
This is merely an introduction to theory so I am just going to provide you with a few of the more common schools of criticism. Remember most of these theories are quite detailed so this is just a very brief overview of their main ideas and some theories have been combined to keep things simple.
A review of different Literary Readings (perspectives) Leonie Krieger
This document provides an overview of different literary perspectives and frameworks for analyzing literature, including Marxist, feminist, and capitalist lenses. It discusses how literature reflects the ideas and power structures of its culture. It also examines the key concepts of different economic systems like capitalism and socialism, and how they relate to literary analysis through perspectives like Marxist criticism which focuses on social class struggles. Feminist criticism examines the portrayal of women and challenges patriarchal assumptions.
Elit 48 c class 5 post qhq composed vs comprisedjordanlachance
1. The document discusses feminist criticism, lesbian and gay criticism, and queer theory. It explains that feminist criticism examines how literature reinforces the oppression of women, while lesbian/gay criticism addresses sexism and heterosexism.
2. Queer theory views sexuality as fluid rather than defined by categories like heterosexual and homosexual. It asserts that sexuality is influenced by factors like race and class and cannot be defined by biological sex or gender roles.
3. Lesbian, gay, and queer criticism often rely on textual evidence like homoerotic imagery, same-sex relationships, and subtle cues to suggest a homoerotic atmosphere in a text. A
3 Parts Label the Question #’s that was answeredRead the instruc.docxtamicawaysmith
3 Parts Label the Question #’s that was answered
Read the instructions and questions carefully before you answer.
Part I. Short Essay (60% for Part I, 20% per question). Answer three of the following five questions
(suggested length: 2 paragraphs each; est. time for this section: 35-40 mins).
1. According to Weber and Marx, why do people participate in capitalism? What are the main differences in their views?
2. Marx argued that capitalism has two main types of circulation: C-M-C and M-C-M’. How do these two types of circulation explain the widening inequality between workers (the proletariat) and capitalists (the bourgeoisie)?
3. Marx argued that the economic base of a society is the most important cause of the superstructure (the realm of ideas, culture, and the government). Does Du Bois agree, disagree, or both? How?
4. Smith and Marx both saw the division of labor as a key element of capitalism. Define the division of labor. Describe one way in which Smith and Marx agree about the consequences of the division of labor and one way in which Smith and Marx disagree about the consequences of the division of labor.
5. Marx argues that as capitalism develops, people should gain a clearer understanding of their class interests. Does Weber agree, disagree, or both? How?
PART II. Text Commentary (30%). choose only one of these two texts.
(suggested length: 3-4 paragraphs; est. time: 20-25 mins)
Analyze one of the two texts below. Your analysis should have three parts:
(1) Explain the meaning of each text in your own words.
(2) Analyze its significance to the author’s general theory.
(3) Tell us whether or not you believe this text is relevant for understanding social life today and why.
IIA- FROM W. E. B. DU BOIS, BLACK RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA
“The theory of laboring class unity rests upon the assumption that laborers, despite internal jealousies, will unite because of their opposition to exploitation by the capitalists. According to this, even after a part of the poor white laboring class became identified with the planters, and eventually displaced them, their interests would be diametrically opposed to those of the mass of white labor, and of course to those of the black laborers. This would throw white and black labor into one class, and precipitate a united fight for higher wage and better working conditions. Most persons do not realize how far this failed to work in the South, and it failed to work because the theory of race was supplemented by a carefully planned and slowly evolved method, which drove such a wedge between the white and black workers that there probably are not today in the world two groups of workers with practically identical interests who hate and fear each other so deeply and persistently and who are kept so far apart that neither sees anything of common interest. It must be remembered that the white group of laborers, while they received a low wage, were compensated in part by a sort of public and psychol ...
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This document provides learning objectives and content about patriarchy. The objectives are to understand the meaning of patriarchy, relate feminist thinking to social issues, and develop paragraph writing skills. The document defines patriarchy as power held by men in society and explains how patriarchal ideology benefits men and oppresses women by having men hold positions of power. It discusses how men try to control women through encouraging certain gender roles and behaviors that benefit men. Groups are tasked with considering ways men control women, gender role socialization, and relationships. The document aims to explain patriarchy and how it is perpetuated through gender roles and inequality in areas like employment and relationships.
This document provides an overview of 5 major types of literary criticism: formalism, reader response, archetypal, feminist, and Marxist criticism. It describes the key concepts and approaches of each type of criticism, provides examples of the types of questions critics using each approach may ask, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
This document provides an overview of Marxist and Feminist literary criticism frameworks. It discusses how the Marxist lens examines socioeconomic factors and class structures, and how the Feminist lens analyzes gender roles and the portrayal of women. Key questions and terms are outlined for each approach. Examples of works that could be analyzed using these frameworks are also provided.
This document discusses the representation of youth in contemporary British cinema. It analyzes films like "Harry Brown" and "Eden Lake" that portray teenage hoodies as monsters threatening normality. These films reflect a middle-class fear of the working class. In contrast, "Attack the Block" initially depicts hoodies as monsters but later portrays them sympathetically as heroes. The document discusses how entertainment can offer utopian feelings through elements like energy, abundance, and community. It also references theorists like Gramsci, Giroux, and Hebdige to analyze representations of youth and their relationship to social norms.
The document provides instructions for analyzing representations of class in film and television. It discusses analyzing shots, sound, editing, and mise-en-scene to identify how class is stereotyped. It encourages noting how characters are defined by their class in TV shows. Students are asked to analyze how camera work, editing, sound, and mise-en-scene construct representations of class in a clip from Downton Abbey and compare it to a scene from Shameless.
This document discusses various theories about how audiences engage with and are impacted by media texts. It presents early theories that viewed audiences as passive receivers, versus more active models where audiences seek to engage with and make meaning from media. It also covers effects theories like hypodermic needle theory, cultivation theory, and copycat theory. Additionally, it introduces uses and gratification theory, which examines what needs and gratifications audiences seek from different media, such as cognitive needs, affective needs, tension release, personal identity, and social issues. Reception analysis and ethnography view audiences as active meaning-makers based on their social identities and positions.
This document provides instructions for students to analyze how sexuality is represented in a scene from the film Fingersmith. Students are asked to watch the scene twice, taking notes on the different types of shots, sounds, editing, and music/effects used and how they contribute to the representation of sexuality. They are to discuss their findings and evidence in pairs. The goal is to identify how various techniques are used to potentially stereotype different sexualities and age groups in the media.
This document provides guidance on analyzing representations of age in media through examining shots, sounds, editing, and music/effects in scenes. It instructs the reader to watch a scene from Skins featuring a teenage boy and his father, taking notes on technical elements like shot types and sounds used, and how this representation encourages viewers to side with the teenager over the father character through these techniques.
This document provides instructions for analyzing how people with disabilities are represented in media. It prompts the reader to take a disability awareness quiz, identifies common stereotypes of people with disabilities, and asks the reader to analyze a clip from "Secret Diary of a Call Girl" that features a character with a disability. The reader is asked to note the shots, sounds, editing, and music/effects used in the clip and consider whether the representation is a stereotype or countertype and its potential effect on audiences.
This document provides instructions for analyzing how people with disabilities are represented in media. It prompts the reader to take a disability awareness quiz, identifies common stereotypes of people with disabilities, and asks the reader to analyze a clip from "Secret Diary of a Call Girl" that features a character with a disability. The reader is asked to note the shots, sounds, editing, and mise-en-scene used in the clip and consider whether the representation is a stereotype or countertype and its potential effect on audiences.
This document discusses analyzing title sequences in films. It provides questions to consider when analyzing titles such as whether they are static or moving, the font style, color, and background images. Students will work in groups to create title sequences for their film projects using these elements to convey the thriller genre. They will present their titles and discuss their creative choices. Finally, students will analyze representation of mental illness in a film scene for a directed study task.
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This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of large and small film institutions. It asks students to:
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2) Watch a video clip about the potential pitfalls of having a film financed by a large production company.
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This document discusses the distribution and marketing of films. It begins by asking how a Hollywood production company would have distributed films to a Bristol cinema before digital distribution. It then provides information about answering exam questions on how media products are produced and distributed. Key concepts of convergence and synergy are defined. Convergence refers to the combining of previously separate industries using similar technologies. Synergy describes corporations marketing media products across platforms to maximize profits. Examples of convergence and synergy in film distribution and marketing are requested.
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The document discusses editing techniques used in film to achieve different effects. It defines various editing terms like continuity editing, shot-reverse-shot, jump cuts, and cross-cutting. It explains how editing can be used to construct reality, show the passage of time, depict simultaneous events, disrupt expectations, and control pace and rhythm. The goal is to familiarize the reader with media terminology related to editing and how it impacts the mood, tone, and overall effects of a film.
Thrillers aim to create suspense and excitement for audiences through tension and anticipation. Common conventions include a hero/villain dynamic, puzzles or investigations that drive the narrative, plot twists, and tension-building climaxes. Thrillers also employ stylistic techniques like low-key lighting, tracking camera shots, close-ups, flashbacks, and quick editing to heighten tension and draw viewers into the story. Famous examples like Jaws, The Sixth Sense, Vertigo, and Memento demonstrate how these conventions are used.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
4. Agree or Disagree? ·A novel has lots of potential meanings but only the ones which the author intended are valid
5. Agree or Disagree? ·A novel has different meanings for the people who read it at the time it was written than for people reading it a hundred years later
9. Feminist Analysis In groups you will have to read the notes on your theory and then produce a poster to present to the rest of the class, detailing what you have learned and teaching them your theory. Marxist Analysis Psychoanalytical analysis
10. The struggle of women for social, political, and economic equality What are feminists trying to liberate themselves? Feminists believe that men are privileged that women should fight for equality
11. A Brief History of Feminism - Mary Wollstonecraft – A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) - Feminism 19th Century (First Wave) Women’s suffrage - Feminism – After WWI I (Second Wave) Reproductive rights - Feminism in the 60s and 70s – Modern Movements.....
12. Religion ·Women clergy, rabbis ·Greater equality in participation Economic/ Labor ·More women in the workplace ·More men at home Language ·Ms. v. Mrs. ·Gender inclusive language (he/ she) (humanity v. mankind) Effects of Feminism
13. Feminism’s Goal ·Change the degrading view of women ·Help make all women realize that they are “significant” ·Make all women see that each woman is a valuable person possessing the same privileges and rights as every man ·Women must define their voices
14. What Students Can See With Feminist Theory ·How students view female characters and deal with the author’s treatment of those characters ·How students evaluate the significance of the female in terms of her influence on the literary work ·How students decipher and manipulate patterns in text, especially with the treatment of women
15. What’s Wrong With This Picture ·Feminist critics wish to show society the errors of ways of thinking concerning women ·Literature and society have frequently stereotyped women as angels, barmaids, bitches, whores, brainless housewives, or old maids ·Women must break free from such oppression and define themselves
16. How To Apply ·The female psyche and its relationship to writing. Freud and Lacan are decent references.(hint, hint) ·Culture. Analyzing cultural forces (such as importance and value of women’s roles in a given society), critics investigate how society shapes a woman’s understanding of herself, her society, and her world.
17. Feminist Literary Theory Essential Questions/ Points: -Develop/ identify female tradition of writing -Interpret texts from a female’s point of view so it is not lost in the male’s -“Rediscovering” older texts -Resisting sexism in literature -Increase awareness of sexual politics of language and style
18. What Feminist critics do: ·(1) Rethink the canon—the accepted “greats” of all-time—to include women authors, poets, directors, actors ·(2) Examine representations of women in literature and film by male and female authors & moviemakers ·(3) Challenge representations of women as “Other”, as “lack”, as part of “nature” (whereas, men are part of “culture” and better than “natural” or “emotional”) ·(4) Raise the question of whether men and women are “essentially” different because of biology, or are socially constructed as different (subjugating women as “worse” than men in the important ways)
19. A Feminist critic would analyze Twilight. These pictures depict her as: insecure, submissive, dependent, reliant, protected, main but lesser, sustained by, accessory, strong because of, empowered by, obedient, even slavish
20. What women want..? ·Immortality ·Different/unique ·Romance ·Wealth ·Super physical powers ·Protection ·Being fought over (werewolf vs. vampire fight over Bella)
21. An Important Suggestion One does not have to believe in feminism to use it as a critical lens. The bottom line is that it is a way of looking at texts from a different perspective, whether you are a male or female
22. Marxism Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) were the joint founders of this school of thought. Together they wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848). Marx claimed that a classless society will prevail – as capitalism replaced feudalism, socialism will replace capitalism leading to a classless society (pure communism). Marxists look for concrete, scientific, logical explanations of the world. Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism informed by the philosophy or the politics of Marxism. Its history is as long as Marxism itself, as both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels read widely (Marx had a great affection for Shakespeare, as well as contemporary writings like the work of his friend Heinrich Heine). In the twentieth century many of the foremost writers of Marxist theory have also been literary critics, from Georg Lukács to Fredric Jameson.
24. Marxist Critics ·Apply the economic/social principles and ideas of Karl Marx to film and the film industry. ·Believe that society is based on a dialectic (or conflict) between employers (capital) and employees (labor). The ruling class and workers struggle for economic power. ·Believe that the values of capitalism, such as the primacy of profit and consumerism, infuse all aspects of our society.
25. Marxist Critics ·See the individual as a product of society’s value system (The individual is constructed by class and society.) ·Emphasize the role of class and labor as they analyze films.
26. Society ·The beliefs, attitudes, and values of a society form an ideological base which influences the superstructure of a society, its laws, politics, religion, education, art, literature, film, urban development, etc. ·The ideological base influences the economic base of society, the way the society produces materials, the economic organization of a group: capitalism, socialism, barter and trade.
28. Capitalism ·Capitalism is the ideological base of the United States and much of Western culture. ·Discussion: What are the values and beliefs of capitalism?
29. Exploitation continued . . . ·Profit: driving force of capitalism; private investment and control of profit; money left over after fixed costs and labor costs; many make product (and earn wage); only one makes profit (net proceeds) ·Profit loss: Market saturation, lower demand for product, raise in fixed costs, raise in labor costs, a change in supply and demand can all “eat into” the profit.
30. Exploitation leads to Alienation ·Alienation: a withdrawing or separation of a person or a person's affections from an object or position of former attachment (Merriam-Webster Online) ·Discussion:From whom or what might workers feel alienated from?
31. Employees feel alienated . . . ·From product: soul not in it; not sure what product is; no sense of “ownership” or pride in work ·From self: drug addiction; insanity; lower self-esteem; loss of identity; just a number ·From others: other employees; employers; family ·From time: 9-5; watch the clock; no rest or relax; clock in and out
32. Marxist critics may also analyze . . . ·Marginalization of lower classes · (placed at edge of society socially, economically, and politically) ·Violence between the classes ·Dehumanization of the lower classes ·How all the above is tied to race and racism
33. How to . . . ·Look for evidence of how the values of capitalism influence the characters and society are represented in a film. ·Analyze the conflict between labor and capital in a film. ·Analyze the effects of capitalism in the film. ·Focus on working conditions of workers as represented in a film. · Analyze exploitation of worker as represented in a film. ·Note instances of alienation in a film ·Note the marginalization of lower classes . .
34. Key Terms ·Capitalism: the economic ideological base which values private ownership and profit for individuals ·Labor: employees, workers ·Capital: employers, owners, major investors ·Base: beliefs, attitudes, and values of a society ·Superstructure: laws, politics, education . . . which reflect the base ·Exploitation: the difference between the value of production and what a worker is paid by the owner ·Alienation: the results of capitalism on the worker; the separation between the worker and others due to exploitation on the job. ·Marginalization: placing lower classes and people of color on edges of society socially, economically, and politically
36. Psychoanalytical Analysis ·What they do ·They give central importance to the distinction between the conscious and the subconscious mind. Therefore, the subconscious in a text is what it is really supposed to be about. ·They may pay great attention to unconscious motives and feelings in texts. (Consider anger, resentment, jealousy)
38. The Rationale of Psychoanalytical Literary Criticism ·If psychoanalysis can help us better understand human behavior, then it must certainly be able to help us understand literary texts, which are about human behavior ·Psychoanalytical Criticism shows how human behavior is relevant to our experience of literature
39. Freud’s Theories: The Origins of the Unconscious ·The goal of psychoanalysis is to help us resolve our psychological problems (called disorders or dysfunctions) ·Psychoanalysts focus on correcting patterns of behavior that are destructive ·One of Freud’s most radical insights was the notion that human beings are motivated by unconscious desires, fears, needs, and conflicts
40. What is the Unconscious Mind? ·The unconscious is the storehouse of those painful experiences and emotions, wounds, fears, guilty desires, and unresolved conflicts we do not want to know about ·We develop our unconscious mind at a very young age through the act of repression ·Repression is the expunging of the conscious mind of all our unhappy psychological events ·Our unhappy memories do not disappear in the unconscious mind; rather, they exist as a dynamic entity that influences our behavior
41. Family Conflicts ·The Oedipus Complex: young boys between the ages of 3-6 develop a sexual attachment to their mothers. The young boy competes with his father for his mother’s attention until he passes through the castration complex, which is when he abandons his desire for his mother out of fear of castration by his father. ·The Electra Complex: young girls compete with their mothers for the affection of their fathers. ·Freud believed all children must successfully pass through these stages in order to develop normally. Freud also believed that a child’s moral sensibility and conscious appear for the first time during this stage.
42. Dreams ·Our defense mechanisms do not operate in the same way while we are asleep as they do when we are awake. This is why psychoanalysts are so interested in dream analysis ·When we are asleep, the unconscious mind is free to express itself and it does so in the form of dreams ·Dream displacement: when we use a “safe” person, event, or object as a “stand-in” to represent a more threatening person, event, or object. ·For example, dreaming about a child almost always reveals something about our feelings toward ourselves, toward the child that is still within us and that is probably still wounded in some way.
43. The Meaning of Death ·Freud theorized that death is a biological drive which he referred to as the “death drive” ·The “death drive” theory accounted for the alarming degree of self-destructive behavior Freud observed in individuals ·Our fear of death is closely tied to our fear of being alone, our fear of abandonment, and our fear of intimacy
44. The Meaning of Sexuality ·Sexual behavior is a product of our culture because our culture sets down the rules of proper sexual conduct and the definitions of normal/abnormal sexual behavior ·Society’s rules and definitions concerning sexuality form a large part of our superego. The word superego implies feeling guilty (even though some of the time we shouldn’t) because we are socially programmed to feel guilty when we break a social value (pre-marital sex, for example).
45. The Meaning of Sexuality ·The superego is in direct opposition to the id, the psychological reservoir of our instincts and libido. The id is devoted to gratifying all our prohibited desires (sex, power, amusement, food, etc.) ·Because the id contains desires regulated or forbidden by social convention, the superego determines which desires the id will contain ·The ego plays referee between the id and the superego; it is the product of the conflict we feel between what we desire and what society tells us we cannot have.
46. How to Read a Text using Psychoanalysis ·The job of the psychoanalytical critic is to see which concepts are operating in the text that will yield a meaningful psychoanalytic interpretation. For example: ·You might focus on the work’s representation of oedipal dynamic of family dynamics in general ·You might focus on what work tells us about human beings’ psychological relationship to death or sexuality ·You might focus on how the narrator’s unconscious problems keep appearing over the course of the story.
47. Use the characters in the text! ·A great way to practice psychoanalytical criticism is to analyze the behavior of the characters in the text.