1) The document discusses the social hierarchy in Joseon Korea following periods of war, with the royal house at the top followed by yangban, chungin, sangmin, and cheonmin at the bottom. 2) It describes the emergence of the Sarim school in the 16th century as a driving force of Confucianization in Joseon. 3) By the late 16th century, political factions had developed representing different ideological positions and policy debates, with the main groups being Easterners, Westerners, Northerners, and Southerners.