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Similar to Qing dynasty of china, choson dynasty of korea, and the muromachi and edo periods of japan
Qing dynasty of china, choson dynasty of korea, and the muromachi and edo periods of japan
- 1. Qing Dynasty ofChina, Choson Dynasty of Korea, and the Muromachi and Edo Periods of Japan
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- 3. The Manchu People ●Descendants of the Jurchen people, with a distinctive language but similar hairstyles ○ Men shaved their forehead and grew out the back into a long pigtail called a queue, after the conquest all Chinese men had to have this hairstyle ● Lived in dispersed communities in Manchuria, not nomadic, but a strong hierarchical and tribal society ● Traded with the Mongols, the Koreans, and the Ming Chinese ● Nurhaci, a tribal leader who united the Manchus and created a political organization that united all of Manchuria together in the late 16th century ○ Banners: a military company lead by a hereditary captain, 24 in all.
- 4. Rise of theQing Dynasty ● Nurhaci declared war on the Ming in 1616 and took Liaodong province before he died in 1626. ● His son Hong Taiji unified the old Jin state with a Chinese-style bureaucracy, renamed the Qing State ● His brother Dorgon became regent after his death, and allied himself with a Ming general to liberate Beijing. After entering China, many Ming generals allied themselves with the Manchus and they conquered the remaining Ming factions by 1683
- 5. Qing Golden Age ●Kangxi Emperor ○ Spoke and read Chinese, attracted Ming loyalists to his cause ○ Toured the south and compiled a Ming Dynasty history ○ Defeated a major rebellion and captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet ○ Signed a treaty with Russia, defining borders, allowing trade and missionaries ○ Retained Civil Service Exams ● Yongzheng Emperor ○ Tighten central control, rationalized the tax system ● Qianlong Emperor ○ Conquered Xinjiang ○ Sought to impress his subjects, learned Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, Uighur, Tibetan, and Tangut languages ○ Patron of Buddhism and Confucianism ○ Patron of the arts, including calligraphy, poetry, and prose ○ Quick to respond to sedition
- 6. Life in QingChina ● Bannermen became a hereditary caste above others in society ○ Did not farm, received rents in silver and grain ○ Chinese were forced out of the system when it become too large ○ Preferential treatment in the Civil Service Exams and in the courts ○ Discouraged from embracing Chinese culture ● Morality became an issue ○ Laws against homosexuality became harsh ○ Theaters were closed and novels banned ○ Widow chastity became the norm ○ Confucians turned to Han commentaries on the Classics, or just the classics ● Economically diverse ○ One of the most prosperous eras in Chinese history, but wealth did not always trickle down ○ Peasants in the south rented land, but had large profits; the opposite was true in the north ○ Farmers often sold off their land when in debt ○ Qing government kept famines in check with a system of granaries and relief efforts
- 7. Decline ● Secret societiesand ethnic minorities began to rebel against Qing rule, weakening the Qing military ● China’s standard of living fell behind Europe’s ● China’s trade system was still a system of tribute ● Qing China dealt with Europe through the port of Guangzhou, where European powers engaged in trade wars to have control of trade with China ○ China exported valuable luxuries to Europe: porcelain, tea, silk, etc, but wanted only silver in return ○ This lead to a major trade imbalance, particularly with England, who gained control over trade with China by 18th century ○ England began trading opium with China, addicting many and forcing China to outlaw the trade
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- 9. Rise of theChoson Dynasty ● After the assassination of King Kongmin, Confucianists rallied behind general Yi Songgye, and declared himself Emperor in 1392, going by the name of T’aejo ○ This relatively bloodless transition kept most of the power structure and the aristocracy intact ● His successors were some of the most successful rulers in Korean history ○ T’aejong built the new capital in Hanjong, now known as Seoul, strengthened his military and took back property from Buddhist temples and monasteries, to provide his heir with a strong tax base ○ Sejong improved the military even further, defeated a powerful group of pirates on Tsushima Island, between Korea and Japan and extended his power north to the Yalu and Tumen rivers through conquest and colonization ■ He also dispersed land in a more equitable way and commissioned the publication of books on agriculture to improve yields and helped peasant farmers with loans, and reformed the treatment of slaves, though did not eliminate slavery entirely ■ The Hall of Worthies was built under his command, this agency collected documents and books and created the Korean alphabet, as one of Sejong’s goals was to expand learning beyond the elites ○ Sejo removed his nephew from power, but improved the military, stabilized the price of grain, and ordered the completion of a code of laws ■ He also patronized Buddhism over Confucianism, ignoring his advisors and abolishing the Hall of Worthies, leading to a poor reputation among Confucian historians
- 10. Choson Government ● Theearly Choson period was the culmination of Chinese-style centralization in Korea ○ All magistrates in all districts were appointed by the central government ○ The civil service exam became the main route to office, birth was not the only factor ● However, the powerful yangban families still held most of the offices ○ They were the only ones who could afford to prepare for the exams ○ Their rights to property and slaveholding were not challenged ○ Local clerks and sons of yangban concubines were excluded from the exams ● Confucian scholars looked to Ming China for guidance, but felt Korea could be a more perfect Confucian society ○ They stripped power and wealth from Buddhist temples ○ The ruler allowed Confucian thought to flourish due to the emphasis on loyalty and filial piety, but Confucian scholars used their role as advisors to promote their own and their class’ own agendas at the expense of the ruler’s, if necessary ○ Choson rulers did not exercise total authority like Ming or Japanese rulers did
- 11. Life in ChosonKorea ● While power was concentrated in the hands of the yangban families, not every member held power ○ The exams only passed 30 or so applicants per year, so many yangban men would take their families to villages to to make a living, some living just like the farmers they were “higher” than ● Tax reform spread the burden more evenly ○ Village associations (tonggye) were formed and taxes paid by association, with the burden spread among all of the households equally ● A middle class, chung’in, emerged ○ Consisting of clerks, legal specialists, accountants, interpreters and similar occupations, mostly former yangban members who had no hope of earning an office, but were educated enough to fulfill these roles
- 12. ● Literature waspopular, with short sijo and longer sasol sijo and kasa poems being the favorite ○ Men wrote in classical Chinese while women wrote in the Korean script han’gul ○ Famous novels like Ch’unhyang and Nine Cloud Dream were written, along with political accounts written by courtiers ● Oral literature was very popular, the best known tradition being p’ansori, a commoner tradition that appealed to yangban as well. ● Western science, astronomy, and theology was combined into one term, Western learning, and Koreans quickly took to its ideas, while routinely rejecting its more theological ones
- 13. Women in ChosonKorea ● Strict adherence to Confucian practices led to a very different family structure in Choson Korea ○ Rather than focusing on Buddhist burial rites, Confucian ones were followed, making along patrilineal lines important ■ Womens’ names came after brothers’ names in genealogies, and were removed from a family’s genealogy when married and moved to her husband’s ○ Families began adopting sons from outside of the nuclear family to inherit if no son was available ○ Widows did not remarry, as their sons were barred from civil service exams ○ Lower yangban saw strict Confucian observance as a way to show their credentials ● Women would be pressured to conform to these new ideals, and their power existed in the framework of the family, not outside of it ○ However, women’s role in indigenous religion never wavered, with special rites existing for women, and the role of shaman usually held by a woman
- 14. Dynastic Decline and JapaneseInvasion ● Before Japan invaded in the 16th century, the central government began to lose their grip on the yangban class ○ Legally and illegally, they took land from and lent money to the peasants, many of whom became slaves when they could not pay back their loans ○ The state did not record these changes in land ownership or provide relief for the newly enslaved ○ The yangban bribed their way out of military service, and calls for strong bases around the country went unheeded ○ Factionalism grew into a full rebellion at the same time that Hideyoshi was preparing for an invasion of Korea ● The Japanese invasion fell on a weakened Korea and at a time when China could not protect their ally ○ Hideyoshi’s death in 1598 removed the Japanese threat, but left Korea devastated
- 15. Relationship with ManchuChina ● After the invasion, Korea severed ties with Japan, only to reopen them in 1609 ● The Manchus invaded Korea after the Choson took the Ming Dynasty’s in their conflicts. The Choson were forced to become a Qing tributary before China was conquered, but were allowed their independence ○ The Manchus demanded heavy tribute until the court relaxed their anti-Qing sentiment ○ While most Korean yangban and scholars advocated rigid interpretations of Confucianism and a focus on former Chinese Dynasties, some scholars pushed for a more open view and a more Manchu friendly view, though these were always thinkers in the minority
- 16. 17th and 18thCenturies ● Factionalism ebbed and flowed throughout the latter part of the Choson Dynasty ○ New factions emerged to influence succession ○ Reformers like Yongjo attempted to limit these conflicts, but rebellions ended up splitting the government just as much ○ Chongjo tried to reform by importing Chinese classics and limiting new thinkers like Wang Yanming, Christianity, and popular novels ● Economic Growth ○ Early Choson Korea was an agrarian society, and taxes and commerce were paid for in kind or by labor, many laborers were slaves and villages often had to turn to merchants to pay their tax burden, which was decided based on historical products that may not be produced by the area any more ○ After the invasions, slaves were expected to join the military, and new taxes were adopted, replacing the old system with one in grain that could be sold by the government for its needs, stimulating merchants ○ Cash finally took off in the late 17th century, and improved agricultural methods led to a population boom ○ The 18th century saw another boom in commercialism, which led to a decline in slavery, which worked for the yangban who began renting land to runaway slaves and the government began hiring labor. By the end of the century, the number of slaves would be around 60,000, 1/6th of what it was at the middle part of the Choson dynasty
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- 18. Rise of theAshikaga Clan ● Scheming by Emperor Go-Daigo led to power shifting from the Hojo Clan to the Ashikaga Clan ○ In an attempt to wrest power from the Shogunate back to the Monarchy, Go-Daigo revived offices that reported to the Emperor and placed loyal administrators in those positions ○ This was allowed to continue for three years before the Shogunate tried to force him to abdicate, leading to a revolt and Go-Daigo’s exile ● The conflict that erupted in result of this scheming let opportunists try and take power ○ Ashikaga Takauji turned on the Hojo family in Kamakura, sacking the city ■ Much of the Hojo family committed suicide in the aftermath ○ Takauji set his headquarters in Kyoto to allow his new Shogunate to monitor the actions of the aristocracy more closely
- 19. ● Go-Daigo’s sons,exiled again after Takauji came to power, established a southern court in Yoshino, leading to conflict between clans supporting the heirs of each court ○ This ended when Takauji’s grandson Yoshimitsu, promised to alternate the throne between the two courts, only the break this promise and promote the northern, Kyoto court instead
- 20. Power Structure inthe Ashikaga Shogunate ● The Ashikaga maintained the institution of shugo, military governors who eventually took on the responsibilities of the provincial governors and estate stewards of the Kamakura period. ○ Most were members of the Ashikaga family, some were powerful families in far off places in Japan and were mostly autonomous. ○ The shogun himself was in control of two shugo along with many estates around Japan ○ Ties were maintained through marriages ○ Shugo did not have rights to the land they controlled, tying them to the Shogun ■ These men also spent a lot of their time with the Shogun in Kyoto, leading to their dependence on deputies to run their provinces and further dependence on the Shogun to control their deputies ● Below the shogun was the deputy shogun, a powerful office that came with the richest provinces in Japan ○ Three families usually held the office: Shiba, Hatakeyama, and Hosokawa ○ Quarrels between the shogun and deputy shogun led to destructive conflicts
- 21. Trade at Homeand Abroad ● Improvements in agriculture lead to population growth and commercial expansion ○ Estates split into villages, each run by a manager who would report to many overlords and represented the villagers under them, while a committee of villagers would handle administrative duties in the village ● Ming China coins become the currency of choice, though kind and barter did not disappear ● Commercial centers begin to develop, leading to internal trade and further exchange of goods, information, and ideas, though travel was limited by authorities ● Guilds begin to develop-fees paid to a patron gave these guilds a monopoly over a trade and the right to travel freely in pursuit of their trade
- 22. ● Kyoto functionedas the center of economic power as well, with all branches of power (Court, Shogunate, and Religious) playing roles in trade and finance ● Through trade, but also through piracy and smuggling, overseas trade developed with Korea, China, Vietnam, and the Ryukyuan Islands
- 23. Family Life underAshikaga Rule ● Splitting family property among all children led to a serious weakening in a family’s power ○ Families began to name a single heir ○ Women began to move into her husband’s household rather than remain at home or starting her own residence ○ Thus removing them from the possibility of inheritance, though women who held property continued to manage it while remaining in her husband’s household ● Marriage ties became more public, stronger, and permanent ○ Alliances were cemented with marriages and betrothal gifts and the wedding itself become more ceremonial ○ The wife became property of the husband, and crimes against her were crimes against him instead ○ While losing her autonomy in the economic sphere, she gained more stability in the domestic sphere ■ Children by concubines became her children and domestic affairs entirely her domain
- 24. ● Women’s affairsat court become more administrative as well ○ Women began running their households, including the Emperor’s ○ Women also served as secretaries for high ranking members of court and of the Shogunate
- 25. Development of MarginalClasses ● While marginal classes had always existed in Japan, these groups began to be more permanent and more marginalized in this period ● Poor, indebted families may sell themselves into a form of slavery that could last for generations ● Leprosy was seen as a karmic punishment from past lives ● “Riverbank” people, whose work was deemed unclean (butchers, tanners, undertakers, even policemen) were marginalized to unwanted land,
- 26. Religious Life ● ZenBuddhism began to play an even larger role in Japanese aesthetics and politics ○ In order to set themselves apart from the court, Ashikaga shoguns began to patronize Zen sects, especially the Rinzai sect, by building temple complexes and adding pagodas to existing complexes ○ A temple ranking system developed by the Shogunate led to monks jockeying for position in these rankings, and the benefits that came with a high rank ○ A hierarchy of Rinzai priests was also developed, with the chief priest becoming an advisor to the Shogun ● Power and influence led the Rinzai sect to move away from its Zen roots, and began to adapt the type of esotericism popular with the aristocracy ● Yoshida Shinto developed in response to the rise of Buddhism and the Buddhist-Shinto merging of beliefs, which promoted the worship of kami themselves, not as buddhas or bodhisattvas, and
- 27. Civil War ● OninWar of 1467 to 1477 began a period of over 100 years of almost continuous conflict ○ Yoshimasa appointed his brother as his heir, then his wife gave birth to a son, who he then named as his heir. Shugo sided with both heirs and began fighting in 1467 ○ Eventually the Shogunate lost control over the shugo, and many shugo lost control over their retainers ● Conflict spread elite culture around the nation, spurred innovation in military organization and village life
- 28. ● However, abreakdown in the central authority led to the breakdown of the estate system, destroyed temples, moneylenders and guilds, and left small domains and villages to fend for themselves ○ A system of local leagues, or ikki, developed to protect common interests: like debt amnesty, crime prevention, protection, firefighting, etc. ■ The Lotus League impacted urban areas, believed in the power of the Lotus Sutra and that commoners and their masters were on the same level ● They set up a commoner-run city government in Kyoto, only to be slaughtered by supporters of the Shogun after a short time ■ A series of One-Mind Leagues also developed, adhering to the True Pure Land sect of Buddhism and rejecting all hierarchies ● Linked by temples and teachers, they believed that all were equal in the eyes of Amida Buddha and some of these leagues held out against the coming Warlord-era for nearly one hundred years
- 29. Rise of theWarlords ● A new hierarchy was created by military men, called daimyo ○ Unlike the shugo of the early Muromachi period, these men ruled by military force ○ With borders protected by natural barriers rather than produced at a whim, their domains were small but secure ○ The daimyo fought wars with each other, married their children off to form larger domains, and formed alliances. The larger the territory, the more samurai, footmen, and farmers the daimyo could count on. Samurai and village leaders swore loyalty to their daimyo, samurai received land and/or a stipend, the village leaders were protected from other warlords ○ Daimyo were responsible for the effectiveness of their land: they surveyed it to maximize productivity, forced laborers to stay on the land assigned to them, traded with one another and promoted trade within their domains ■ They were also the justice of their domain, and created laws to suit their agendas
- 30. The Three Unifiers ●The rise of the daimyo lead to Japan’s reunification by the military might of three men ● Oda Nobunaga: slew his family to claim sole possession of his lineage, gather up masterless samurai to serve him and with his small force and military intelligence, took Kyoto, deposed the Ashikaga Shogun, and installed himself as Shogun ○ Destroyed the Buddhist temples on Mt. Hiei and Enryakuji, killing many monks, and wage war on the ikko leagues ○ Betrayed by a general before he could unite Japan, he and his son committed suicide
- 31. ● Toyotomi Hideyoshi:a commoner who avenged Nobunaga and conquered or forced the other daimyo to swear fealty to him ○ He used the monarchy to validate his rule and was named Taiko, or regent ○ Desired order and stability, he ensured that no one would rise from the common ranks to the top as he did, by surveying all of Japan for arable land and assigning family names to each plot and forbidding commoners from wearing swords ○ Attempted to conquer Korea, but failed, and he died soon after his second invasion
- 32. ● Tokugawa Ieyasu:A member of Hideyoshi’s five-member council that was created to assist his son after his death ○ Kept his followers close by making them completely dependent on him for rewards, kept his kin close by giving them his original family name, while he took a new one ○ Grew the Kanto plain (Edo, now Tokyo) into his own administrative center ○ Fought battles he knew he could win, and in doing so neutralized or won over most of his rivals ○ The Battle of Sekigahara consolidated power in his hands, the last battle in Japan (and the last one fought by Japan until the 1800’s) was the Shimabara Christian Rebellion, in which the last of the ikki
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- 34. Tokugawa Society ● Inorder to prevent the destructive conflicts of the previous hundred years, the Tokugawa Shogunate enforced a strict, orderly society with the new capital Edo as the center ○ Primogeniture (inheritance by the eldest male son) was required for the samurai- class, which was the top of societal order (the Monarchy was “above” society in Kyoto) ○ Farmers were next in society, followed by Artisans and Merchants, who were the bottom-class (though they were the wealthiest) ■ The Tokugawa Period is where the fixed outcaste later known as burakumin (village people) would become set and hereditary ● The majority of these people were those who dealt with death-tanners, butchers, undertakers, executioners, other occupations-prostitutes, actors and other entertainers along with the poor and disabled, were in this outcaste, but would not be known as “burakumin” ■ In principle, no one was allowed to change classes or marry outside of their class, though in practice things were not so clear cut ○ Priests, monks, and doctors were an important class outside of the class
- 35. ● Villages continuedto have one family with the hereditary “headman” title, while other landholding families known as honbyaskusho would make up the village council and make decisions for the village, and the village together would be responsible for paying taxes ● Villages made up the building blocks of each of the domains ruled by a daimyo, of which there were several classes ○ Fudai: hereditary retainers, chief advisors to the Shogun ○ Tozama: rivals or peers to Ieyasu, they were the most powerful of the daimyo ○ Hatamoto: lords with domains smaller than 10,000 koku (a unit of measure) ○ All daimyo and the Shogun would have bannermen that were paid from
- 36. Developments in TokugawaJapan ● Land reclamation and irrigation projects increased arable land by 45% ○ This land was used more effectively with better techniques and new varieties of rice ○ Corn, sweet potato, tobacco and other cash crops like cotton, silk, and sugar increase farmers’ wealth ○ Farmers also began creating products like cloth, ceramics, and other products ● Edo was built up quickly, depleting forests and causing major flooding ● New products like cotton cloth improved the lives of women and revolutionized clothing and bedding ● With new wealth and less work, families began shrinking, if an heir died, adoption was prevalent ● While livelihoods increased in rural areas, most of the capital
- 37. Urban Life ● Edowas designed to protect the Shogun’s interests, with moats, several walls and easily defended bridges ● Next to the castle lived the Shogun’s vassal daimyos and his retainers, followed by wealthy daimyo. ● Massive growth in urban population occurred during the 17th century, mostly in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka ○ These urban populations increased the market for reading and other forms of entertainment ● Pleasure zones, made famous in woodblock prints, offered theaters and brothels in separate areas from the rest of the city ○ Samurai were banned from these zones, so they often dressed as commoners to take part
- 38. Tokugawa Government ● Thesystem of government became known as bakufu ○ The senior councillors were rotated on a monthly basis and were limited to the most powerful daimyo ○ Their assistants handled the shogun’s retainers ○ Administrative positions were limited to the hatamoto and took care of financial matters ■ There were always more hatamoto than available positions, which made balancing the budget difficult ○ Each daimyo would also have a large bureaucracy for their individual holdings ● The bakufu system along with each daimyo’s system developed into the largest bureaucracy that Japan had seen pt o this point ● Women in these families would maintain households, oversee ceremonies, and exchange gifts with the court and the other daimyo families
- 39. ● Shogunate decreeskept power in their hands ○ Daimyo could only keep a certain number of guns, could not plot against the Shogun or marry without the Shogun’s permission ○ Daimyo were required to contribute men and money to government projects and to spend at least half of their time in Edo, and his wife and heir had to live in Edo ■ These requirements kept the daimyo involved in local and national affairs, loyal to the shogun, and stimulated trade, travel, and cultural exchange ○ The Shogun kept the right to relocate daimyo as he saw fit ○ The Shogunate built up the national highway system with post stations and checkpoints to ensure that the Shogun’s decrees were being followed ■ Bridges were forbidden over major rivers, coastal trade routes were developed, mines were nationalized, coins were minted ■ Christianity and foreigners were forbidden, though a trade port was opened to the Dutch in Nagasaki ■ Three daimyo were allowed to trade with neighboring nations: Satsuma with the Ryukyus, Tsushima with Korea, and Matsumae with the Ainu and the north.
- 40. Foreign Relations ● Foreignerswere not allowed outside of a small section of the port in Nagasaki, and only the Dutch were allowed in that section ● The Ryukyu Islands (now known as Okinawa) were invaded by the Satsuma in 1609, and a puppet kingdom was set up by that clan ● The Ainu (a native ethnic minority, similar to Native American tribes in the US) in what is now called Hokkaido were suppressed by the Matsumae clan and trade between the two groups eventually devolved into an exploitative contract labor situation
- 41. 18th Century Decline ●The previous period, known as the Genroku period, saw excessive spending after years of miserly rule by Ieyasu, and this period led to inflation and devalued currency ● Yoshimune, Shogun starting in 1720, instituted reforms to try and combat these issues, including fixed tax rates, stimulation of rice prices, and reduced government spending ○ However, a famine brought these reforms to an end
- 42. ● While thewealthy continued to prosper, rural areas began to decline, leading to protests ○ The headmen, who were suppose to represent the village in the court of each daimyo, often refused to do so to protect their own lives ■ When the headmen refused, mass protests called ikki (same word as in the previous period) brought their issues to the ruling class ○ Famines brought about by volcanic eruptions exposed problems at all levels of society, and schemes and reforms only helped to enrich the top and punished those who pushed for reforms ● Within a hundred years, Japan would be thrown open to the world with world changing effect