Korea has a long history of over 5,000 years with influences from China and Japan. It was divided in the 20th century but has since grown its economy to become the 12th largest in the world. Korean culture such as K-pop and TV dramas have also spread globally in recent decades through the Korean Wave. Korea has contributed many innovations throughout history such as inventing the world's first metal printing type, woodblock printing, and alphabet known as Hangul.
Korea has a long history of over 5,000 years. Major periods include the Three Kingdoms period followed by Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Korea experienced Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945. It is now divided between North and South Korea. South Korea has seen rapid economic growth and is a global cultural exporter, especially of pop culture through the Korean Wave. Korea has contributed significant cultural achievements including the invention of the Korean alphabet Hangul, exquisite ceramics and art, Buddhist philosophy and architecture.
Korea has a long history dating back over 5,000 years. Major periods include the Three Kingdoms period in which states like Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla emerged, followed by periods of rule by the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Korea was occupied by Japan from 1910 to 1945. Today, South and North Korea remain divided. South Korea has seen rapid economic growth and its culture has gained global popularity through the Korean Wave. Korea has contributed significant cultural achievements including inventions like hangul, the Korean alphabet, and intangible cultural heritage recognized by UNESCO.
Korea has a long history dating back thousands of years. It was originally comprised of three kingdoms - Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Silla eventually unified the peninsula under its rule. The Goryeo dynasty then took over and established Korea's name. During the Joseon dynasty, Confucianism and the Korean alphabet were adopted. Korea suffered invasions from Japan and Manchu China before becoming annexed by Japan in 1910. After World War 2, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel, eventually leading to the establishment of North and South Korea and the Korean War.
South and North Korea were historically one nation that was divided after World War II along the 38th parallel. The division split families and established South Korea as aligned with the US and its capitalist system, while North Korea aligned with the Soviet Union and adopted communism. The Korean language and ethnic identity are shared between the two countries, though their governments, economic systems, and relationship to one another have been strongly divided since the Korean War in the 1950s.
Japan ruled Korea directly from 1905 to 1919, suppressing Korean culture and identity. During this time, Korea experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization but Koreans were also forced into harsh labor. By 1945, Korea had become the 2nd most industrialized nation in Asia under Japanese rule but at great human cost. After World War 2, Korea was divided into the Soviet-backed North and US-backed South, leading to ongoing tensions that erupted into the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, resulting in massive casualties among Koreans, Chinese, and Americans before a ceasefire.
Korea has a long history and was once unified as a single country. It is now divided into two states - North and South Korea, separated along the 38th parallel. North Korea follows a communist system under the authoritarian rule of the Kim family while South Korea is a democratic republic and capitalist economy. Christianity has a significant presence in both Koreas, introduced in the 16th century, though it faces restrictions in North Korea.
North Korea is an authoritarian communist state located in East Asia. It has a population of around 25 million and is led by Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un. The government is highly centralized around the ruling Workers' Party of Korea and emphasizes Juche ideology and self-reliance. North Korea has a command economy, universal healthcare and education, but strict controls over society and its isolated cultural development.
Korea is a peninsula located in East Asia that is divided into two countries - North Korea and South Korea. The peninsula is almost covered by mountain ranges running north to south and separated by narrow valleys. Korea has a long history and was once united as one country until it was divided after World War 2 into Soviet-occupied North Korea and U.S.-occupied South Korea, which eventually led to them becoming two separate nations with opposing political ideologies. Both North and South Korea have experienced periods of authoritarian rule from military leaders that aimed to modernize their countries but also suppressed political dissent.
Korea has a long history of over 5,000 years. Major periods include the Three Kingdoms period followed by Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Korea experienced Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945. It is now divided between North and South Korea. South Korea has seen rapid economic growth and is a global cultural exporter, especially of pop culture through the Korean Wave. Korea has contributed significant cultural achievements including the invention of the Korean alphabet Hangul, exquisite ceramics and art, Buddhist philosophy and architecture.
Korea has a long history dating back over 5,000 years. Major periods include the Three Kingdoms period in which states like Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla emerged, followed by periods of rule by the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Korea was occupied by Japan from 1910 to 1945. Today, South and North Korea remain divided. South Korea has seen rapid economic growth and its culture has gained global popularity through the Korean Wave. Korea has contributed significant cultural achievements including inventions like hangul, the Korean alphabet, and intangible cultural heritage recognized by UNESCO.
Korea has a long history dating back thousands of years. It was originally comprised of three kingdoms - Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Silla eventually unified the peninsula under its rule. The Goryeo dynasty then took over and established Korea's name. During the Joseon dynasty, Confucianism and the Korean alphabet were adopted. Korea suffered invasions from Japan and Manchu China before becoming annexed by Japan in 1910. After World War 2, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel, eventually leading to the establishment of North and South Korea and the Korean War.
South and North Korea were historically one nation that was divided after World War II along the 38th parallel. The division split families and established South Korea as aligned with the US and its capitalist system, while North Korea aligned with the Soviet Union and adopted communism. The Korean language and ethnic identity are shared between the two countries, though their governments, economic systems, and relationship to one another have been strongly divided since the Korean War in the 1950s.
Japan ruled Korea directly from 1905 to 1919, suppressing Korean culture and identity. During this time, Korea experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization but Koreans were also forced into harsh labor. By 1945, Korea had become the 2nd most industrialized nation in Asia under Japanese rule but at great human cost. After World War 2, Korea was divided into the Soviet-backed North and US-backed South, leading to ongoing tensions that erupted into the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, resulting in massive casualties among Koreans, Chinese, and Americans before a ceasefire.
Korea has a long history and was once unified as a single country. It is now divided into two states - North and South Korea, separated along the 38th parallel. North Korea follows a communist system under the authoritarian rule of the Kim family while South Korea is a democratic republic and capitalist economy. Christianity has a significant presence in both Koreas, introduced in the 16th century, though it faces restrictions in North Korea.
North Korea is an authoritarian communist state located in East Asia. It has a population of around 25 million and is led by Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un. The government is highly centralized around the ruling Workers' Party of Korea and emphasizes Juche ideology and self-reliance. North Korea has a command economy, universal healthcare and education, but strict controls over society and its isolated cultural development.
Korea is a peninsula located in East Asia that is divided into two countries - North Korea and South Korea. The peninsula is almost covered by mountain ranges running north to south and separated by narrow valleys. Korea has a long history and was once united as one country until it was divided after World War 2 into Soviet-occupied North Korea and U.S.-occupied South Korea, which eventually led to them becoming two separate nations with opposing political ideologies. Both North and South Korea have experienced periods of authoritarian rule from military leaders that aimed to modernize their countries but also suppressed political dissent.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of society in North Korea, including:
1. Social organization is based on principles of collectivism and self-reliance.
2. Religion is tightly controlled by the state, with some influence from Korean shamanism, Cheondoism, and Buddhism.
3. The government is an authoritarian single-party state led by the Workers' Party of Korea, with Kim Jong-un as Supreme Leader.
This document discusses the globalization of Korean identity and culture in the 21st century. It examines the Korean diaspora that emerged from Japanese colonial rule, as well as more recent migration trends like foreign brides moving to Korea and the rise of the Korean Wave exporting Korean pop culture globally. The document also explores how globalization has impacted definitions of Korean identity and led to both inclusive and resistant perspectives on what it means to be Korean.
The Tonghak Rebellion of 1894 in Korea was a nearly successful peasant revolution against the aristocratic order and weak king, sparked by religious and cultural tensions. The rebellion was led by the Tonghak religious movement, which combined indigenous Korean beliefs with elements of Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and shamanism. It promoted ideals of equality, democracy, and nationalism. After facing repression, the Tonghak movement organized large demonstrations and delegations to demand reforms. However, the king invited Chinese troops to crush the rebels, validating the faction calling for open rebellion. The rebellion then grew in size as it marched toward Seoul, seeking to end foreign influence and corruption.
Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War, a traveling exhibition for libraries, was organized by the National Constitution Center and the American Library Association Public Programs Office. The traveling exhibition has been made possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War is based on an exhibition of the same name developed by the National Constitution Center.
This powerpoint presentaion is about everything that went on in the 1950's. In this presentation we will explore all the major events that happened during this society changing decade. This is part of my A Level Media Coursework, so I hope it helps you.
Enjoy!
The document provides instructions for writing an introductory paragraph for a research paper in 3 steps. It discusses using Bob Dylan, Muhammad Ali, and Malcolm X as topics to write about the 1960s. The introductory paragraph uses a Dylan quote to summarize the decade as a period of great social and cultural change in the US. It then states popular music, sports, and the civil rights movement underwent dramatic changes and presents 3-part thesis statements about how Dylan, Ali, and Malcolm X each revolutionized their fields.
The document summarizes various aspects of 1950s culture in the United States, including developments in education, suburban life, fashion, inventions, and healthcare. Key events included the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that mandated desegregation of public schools, the rise of suburbia and mass-produced housing, the introduction of new synthetic fabrics and shorter skirt lengths in fashion, and innovations such as the microwave oven, DNA discovery, and polio vaccine.
The document discusses divided families between North and South Korea and efforts to reunite them over several decades. It notes that as North Korea initially outpaced South Korea economically, it called for exchanges including on divided families, while Red Cross talks on this issue ended without agreement. Later, South Korea caught up economically and many Koreans immigrated to the US. Telethons in South Korea reunited some families, while a Canadian man began reunions of Korean Americans with family in North Korea after contacting his sister there. The late 1980s-early 1990s saw a period of active reunification advocacy and travel between the two Koreas for reunions, but North Korea later ended visits by Korean Americans due to domestic complaints.
World War 2 had a large impact on California, increasing racial segregation and banning Japanese immigration while also spurring military training across the state and boosting patriotism after Pearl Harbor. The war accelerated technological advancement in California, including the development of semiconductors and early computers that paved the way for Silicon Valley, as well as advances in genetics research and the founding of the Church of Scientology in Los Angeles in 1954.
The document summarizes the Jesuit Relations, which provided accounts of various Native American nations' customs, habits, and cultures from a Jesuit perspective. It discusses some of the first published Jesuit Relation by Father Paul Le Jeune about the Montagnious Indians and their beliefs. It also describes the well-documented Huron nation, their peculiar language and beliefs in a sky deity. The Jesuits aimed to convert Native Americans to Catholicism and observed their perspectives on animals, natural occurrences, and the cosmos to draw comparisons to Christian principles.
South Korean culture is characterized by martial arts like taekwondo, popular sports like soccer and baseball, and unique musical genres. Taekwondo originated in Korea and became important for the military after WWII. Soccer and baseball are both widely popular spectator sports. Traditional Korean pop music like trot influenced the development of modern K-pop, which features talented young stars and has spread throughout Asia. Court dances were originally performed for royalty and featured tightrope walking and other entertainment.
The 1950s saw the emergence of teenagers as a distinct demographic group with their own interests and spending power. Teenagers enjoyed new forms of music like rock and roll and pursued leisure activities such as attending drive-in movies and sock hops. However, society still emphasized traditional gender roles, expecting girls to learn housekeeping skills to become wives and mothers. The decade was also characterized by political events like McCarthyism and the civil rights movement, with the Supreme Court ruling to desegregate schools in 1954.
Miles Davis was a highly influential jazz trumpeter who introduced modal jazz in the 1950s, moving away from bebop's rapid chord changes. His 1959 album "Kind of Blue" featuring John Coltrane pioneered this new modal approach. John Coltrane further developed modal jazz in the 1960s with albums like "A Love Supreme" that featured extended improvisation outside of the standard harmonic modes. Ornette Coleman introduced "free jazz" in the 1960s which emphasized group interplay and expression over traditional harmony.
The 1960s saw the rise of rock music in both Britain and America. In Britain, bands like The Beatles and The Rolling Stones came to dominate the music scene, with The Rolling Stones scoring a number one hit with "I Can't Get No Satisfaction". In America, Motown music originating from Detroit became popular, with artists such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and Smokey Robinson releasing hits. Motown hits included "Respect" by Aretha Franklin and "Please Mr. Postman" by The Marvelettes. Music from both genres came to define the era and catered to the post-war "Baby Boom" generation.
The Tang Dynasty ruled from 618-907 AD. It was an important dynasty because the previous Sui Dynasty had bankrupted the state treasury through war and construction projects. The Tang Dynasty brought a period of peace and prosperity under Emperor Taizong's rule. During the Song Dynasty from 960-1279 AD, advances in technology like gunpowder and printing occurred. The Song Dynasty saw the flourishing of art and culture but the territory controlled became smaller than present-day China after the Jurchen people defeated the Song and established the Jin Dynasty.
In 2013, the Korean beauty market has shown strong growth by 9.1% increase from the last year and its ability to respond quickly to consumer demand through new ingredients and innovative technologies. They have improved their distribution system and restructured the management of their sales channels from traditional stores into specialist retailers for customer convenience and competitive pricing.
The document discusses the history and development of drama films over several decades from the 1940s to the 1980s. It notes that early drama films in the 1940s were mainly melodramas in silent films, with one of the first being The Grapes of Wrath. Drama films in the 1950s featured more well-known actors and focused on character relationships and development. Politically driven dramas focusing on war emerged in the 1960s. The 1970s saw some of the most famous drama films made, including modern directors' first films and more sports dramas like Rocky. Drama films in the 1980s emphasized highly emotional themes and some incorporated science fiction elements.
HDTV provides higher quality digital video broadcasts compared to analog television. It offers improved resolution, reduced noise and ghosting, and additional audio/data services. HDTV transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts and its adoption is growing. Key aspects include higher pixel counts, different display technologies like plasma and DLP, and higher frame rates that reduce motion blur compared to standard definition. HDTV connectivity requires components that support digital signals and higher resolutions. Its impact includes increased spending on equipment and production quality.
The document discusses the history and global spread of the Korean cultural wave known as "Hallyu". It began in the late 1990s in East Asia with the popularity of Korean TV dramas and has since expanded globally in three waves through K-pop music artists. Hallyu now has over 830 fan clubs in over 80 countries with 6 million members and Korean artists are adapting their music and videos for Western audiences.
Trade in cultural goods - A case of the Korean wave in AsiaZelda Gin
This document summarizes a study on the Korean Wave, which is the increasing influence of Korean culture abroad through exports of movies, TV shows, music, and other cultural goods. The study uses a gravity model and data on Korean cultural exports from 2001-2011 to analyze the determinants of Korean cultural exports to countries in Asia. It finds that an import country's GDP per capita and economic size are positively associated with cultural imports from Korea, while distance and cultural ties like overseas Korean populations have little impact. This suggests that while cultural trade follows patterns of general trade, the Korean Wave's success was also driven by Korea's own economic rise rather than only cultural proximity.
1) Social networks have found success in Japan through anonymity, mobile accessibility, and social games.
2) While foreigners have struggled to break into the Japanese social network market, domestic networks like Mixi and Line have grown rapidly by understanding Japanese preferences.
3) The Japanese enjoy sharing videos, illustrations, and commenting on friends' updates more so than photos, suggesting content should align with these interests to engage users.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of society in North Korea, including:
1. Social organization is based on principles of collectivism and self-reliance.
2. Religion is tightly controlled by the state, with some influence from Korean shamanism, Cheondoism, and Buddhism.
3. The government is an authoritarian single-party state led by the Workers' Party of Korea, with Kim Jong-un as Supreme Leader.
This document discusses the globalization of Korean identity and culture in the 21st century. It examines the Korean diaspora that emerged from Japanese colonial rule, as well as more recent migration trends like foreign brides moving to Korea and the rise of the Korean Wave exporting Korean pop culture globally. The document also explores how globalization has impacted definitions of Korean identity and led to both inclusive and resistant perspectives on what it means to be Korean.
The Tonghak Rebellion of 1894 in Korea was a nearly successful peasant revolution against the aristocratic order and weak king, sparked by religious and cultural tensions. The rebellion was led by the Tonghak religious movement, which combined indigenous Korean beliefs with elements of Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and shamanism. It promoted ideals of equality, democracy, and nationalism. After facing repression, the Tonghak movement organized large demonstrations and delegations to demand reforms. However, the king invited Chinese troops to crush the rebels, validating the faction calling for open rebellion. The rebellion then grew in size as it marched toward Seoul, seeking to end foreign influence and corruption.
Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War, a traveling exhibition for libraries, was organized by the National Constitution Center and the American Library Association Public Programs Office. The traveling exhibition has been made possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War is based on an exhibition of the same name developed by the National Constitution Center.
This powerpoint presentaion is about everything that went on in the 1950's. In this presentation we will explore all the major events that happened during this society changing decade. This is part of my A Level Media Coursework, so I hope it helps you.
Enjoy!
The document provides instructions for writing an introductory paragraph for a research paper in 3 steps. It discusses using Bob Dylan, Muhammad Ali, and Malcolm X as topics to write about the 1960s. The introductory paragraph uses a Dylan quote to summarize the decade as a period of great social and cultural change in the US. It then states popular music, sports, and the civil rights movement underwent dramatic changes and presents 3-part thesis statements about how Dylan, Ali, and Malcolm X each revolutionized their fields.
The document summarizes various aspects of 1950s culture in the United States, including developments in education, suburban life, fashion, inventions, and healthcare. Key events included the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that mandated desegregation of public schools, the rise of suburbia and mass-produced housing, the introduction of new synthetic fabrics and shorter skirt lengths in fashion, and innovations such as the microwave oven, DNA discovery, and polio vaccine.
The document discusses divided families between North and South Korea and efforts to reunite them over several decades. It notes that as North Korea initially outpaced South Korea economically, it called for exchanges including on divided families, while Red Cross talks on this issue ended without agreement. Later, South Korea caught up economically and many Koreans immigrated to the US. Telethons in South Korea reunited some families, while a Canadian man began reunions of Korean Americans with family in North Korea after contacting his sister there. The late 1980s-early 1990s saw a period of active reunification advocacy and travel between the two Koreas for reunions, but North Korea later ended visits by Korean Americans due to domestic complaints.
World War 2 had a large impact on California, increasing racial segregation and banning Japanese immigration while also spurring military training across the state and boosting patriotism after Pearl Harbor. The war accelerated technological advancement in California, including the development of semiconductors and early computers that paved the way for Silicon Valley, as well as advances in genetics research and the founding of the Church of Scientology in Los Angeles in 1954.
The document summarizes the Jesuit Relations, which provided accounts of various Native American nations' customs, habits, and cultures from a Jesuit perspective. It discusses some of the first published Jesuit Relation by Father Paul Le Jeune about the Montagnious Indians and their beliefs. It also describes the well-documented Huron nation, their peculiar language and beliefs in a sky deity. The Jesuits aimed to convert Native Americans to Catholicism and observed their perspectives on animals, natural occurrences, and the cosmos to draw comparisons to Christian principles.
South Korean culture is characterized by martial arts like taekwondo, popular sports like soccer and baseball, and unique musical genres. Taekwondo originated in Korea and became important for the military after WWII. Soccer and baseball are both widely popular spectator sports. Traditional Korean pop music like trot influenced the development of modern K-pop, which features talented young stars and has spread throughout Asia. Court dances were originally performed for royalty and featured tightrope walking and other entertainment.
The 1950s saw the emergence of teenagers as a distinct demographic group with their own interests and spending power. Teenagers enjoyed new forms of music like rock and roll and pursued leisure activities such as attending drive-in movies and sock hops. However, society still emphasized traditional gender roles, expecting girls to learn housekeeping skills to become wives and mothers. The decade was also characterized by political events like McCarthyism and the civil rights movement, with the Supreme Court ruling to desegregate schools in 1954.
Miles Davis was a highly influential jazz trumpeter who introduced modal jazz in the 1950s, moving away from bebop's rapid chord changes. His 1959 album "Kind of Blue" featuring John Coltrane pioneered this new modal approach. John Coltrane further developed modal jazz in the 1960s with albums like "A Love Supreme" that featured extended improvisation outside of the standard harmonic modes. Ornette Coleman introduced "free jazz" in the 1960s which emphasized group interplay and expression over traditional harmony.
The 1960s saw the rise of rock music in both Britain and America. In Britain, bands like The Beatles and The Rolling Stones came to dominate the music scene, with The Rolling Stones scoring a number one hit with "I Can't Get No Satisfaction". In America, Motown music originating from Detroit became popular, with artists such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and Smokey Robinson releasing hits. Motown hits included "Respect" by Aretha Franklin and "Please Mr. Postman" by The Marvelettes. Music from both genres came to define the era and catered to the post-war "Baby Boom" generation.
The Tang Dynasty ruled from 618-907 AD. It was an important dynasty because the previous Sui Dynasty had bankrupted the state treasury through war and construction projects. The Tang Dynasty brought a period of peace and prosperity under Emperor Taizong's rule. During the Song Dynasty from 960-1279 AD, advances in technology like gunpowder and printing occurred. The Song Dynasty saw the flourishing of art and culture but the territory controlled became smaller than present-day China after the Jurchen people defeated the Song and established the Jin Dynasty.
In 2013, the Korean beauty market has shown strong growth by 9.1% increase from the last year and its ability to respond quickly to consumer demand through new ingredients and innovative technologies. They have improved their distribution system and restructured the management of their sales channels from traditional stores into specialist retailers for customer convenience and competitive pricing.
The document discusses the history and development of drama films over several decades from the 1940s to the 1980s. It notes that early drama films in the 1940s were mainly melodramas in silent films, with one of the first being The Grapes of Wrath. Drama films in the 1950s featured more well-known actors and focused on character relationships and development. Politically driven dramas focusing on war emerged in the 1960s. The 1970s saw some of the most famous drama films made, including modern directors' first films and more sports dramas like Rocky. Drama films in the 1980s emphasized highly emotional themes and some incorporated science fiction elements.
HDTV provides higher quality digital video broadcasts compared to analog television. It offers improved resolution, reduced noise and ghosting, and additional audio/data services. HDTV transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts and its adoption is growing. Key aspects include higher pixel counts, different display technologies like plasma and DLP, and higher frame rates that reduce motion blur compared to standard definition. HDTV connectivity requires components that support digital signals and higher resolutions. Its impact includes increased spending on equipment and production quality.
The document discusses the history and global spread of the Korean cultural wave known as "Hallyu". It began in the late 1990s in East Asia with the popularity of Korean TV dramas and has since expanded globally in three waves through K-pop music artists. Hallyu now has over 830 fan clubs in over 80 countries with 6 million members and Korean artists are adapting their music and videos for Western audiences.
Trade in cultural goods - A case of the Korean wave in AsiaZelda Gin
This document summarizes a study on the Korean Wave, which is the increasing influence of Korean culture abroad through exports of movies, TV shows, music, and other cultural goods. The study uses a gravity model and data on Korean cultural exports from 2001-2011 to analyze the determinants of Korean cultural exports to countries in Asia. It finds that an import country's GDP per capita and economic size are positively associated with cultural imports from Korea, while distance and cultural ties like overseas Korean populations have little impact. This suggests that while cultural trade follows patterns of general trade, the Korean Wave's success was also driven by Korea's own economic rise rather than only cultural proximity.
1) Social networks have found success in Japan through anonymity, mobile accessibility, and social games.
2) While foreigners have struggled to break into the Japanese social network market, domestic networks like Mixi and Line have grown rapidly by understanding Japanese preferences.
3) The Japanese enjoy sharing videos, illustrations, and commenting on friends' updates more so than photos, suggesting content should align with these interests to engage users.
Drama is a story meant to be performed on stage rather than read. It contains literary elements like plot, theme, characters, and dialogue; technical elements like scenery, costumes, and lighting; and performance elements like acting, vocal delivery, and facial expressions. Aristotle was the first to identify key elements of drama over 2000 years ago, including plot, theme, characters, thought, music/rhythm, and spectacle. While some elements have evolved, like replacing music/rhythm with conventions and adding genre and audience, Aristotle's analysis remains influential in understanding drama.
Samsung was founded in 1938 in Korea and initially traded dried fish and vegetables. It has since expanded into many industries including electronics, machinery, chemicals and financial services. Samsung Electronics, established in 1969, is now a global leader in mobile phones, TVs, displays and semiconductors. Through innovation, partnerships, pricing strategies and a large R&D budget, Samsung has become one of the largest multinational conglomerates in the world.
Samsung is the leading smartphone manufacturer with a 22.3% global market share. It focuses on differentiation by offering high-quality products with innovative features at lower prices than competitors like Apple. Samsung targets various customer segments including professionals, young people, and average consumers. Its marketing strategy involves product differentiation, competitive pricing, extensive advertising, and online and retail sales channels. After almost going bankrupt pursuing a cost leadership strategy, Samsung shifted to focus on both differentiation and cost leadership through vertical integration. This combined strategy allows it to deliver unique products at lower prices than competitors.
Explanation by ni putu puspita history and culture of koreasman 2 mataram
This document provides an overview of the history, culture, and religions of Korea. It discusses Korea's location between China and Japan and interactions with those countries. The document outlines Korea's dynastic history from ancient kingdoms to the Joseon dynasty. It also summarizes key aspects of Korean culture like language, arts, dance, music, dress, food, and traditional religions like shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and the later introduction of Christianity.
The document provides information about Korean literature and culture. It discusses the geography of the Korean peninsula and its division into North and South Korea. It then summarizes some key aspects of each country, including their education systems, languages, cuisines, sports, music, traditional clothing, architecture, and historical dynasties. The document also outlines the development of Korean literature from early classical works to its flourishing in modern times, noting influence from Buddhism, Confucianism and periods of colonial rule and war.
Explanation by ni putu puspita history and culture of koreasman 2 mataram
Korea is located between China and Japan and has been influenced by both neighbors. The Korean people are descendants of migrants from Siberia and their language is considered language isolate. Korea has a long history with various dynasties ruling the country from 2333 BC to 1910 AD when Korea became a Japanese colony. Traditional Korean culture includes arts like painting and ceramics, dances, unique styles of dress, cuisine like kimchi, and the Korean alphabet Hangul. Major religions practiced in Korea are shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity.
Explanation by ni putu puspita history and culture of koreasman 2 mataram
Korea is located between China and Japan and has been influenced by both neighbors. The Korean people are descendants of migrants from Siberia and their language is considered language isolate. Korea has a long history with various dynasties ruling the country from 2333 BC to 1910 AD. Korean culture is demonstrated through traditions like Korean ceramics, dance, music, food and dress. The major religions in Korea are Korean shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Christianity which were introduced at different times and had varying levels of influence.
Explanation by ni putu puspita history and culture of koreasman 2 mataram
Korea is located between China and Japan and has been influenced by both neighbors. The Korean people are descendants of migrants from Siberia and their language is considered isolated. Korea has a long history with various dynasties ruling the country from ancient times through the early 20th century. Traditional Korean culture includes arts like painting and ceramics, dances, unique styles of dress, cuisine featuring rice and side dishes like kimchi, and the Korean alphabet Hangul. Major religions practiced in Korea today are Buddhism, Christianity, and Korean shamanism.
Early Korean History and Culture by Albert ParkJini Shim
Presented at the 2017 Korean History and Culture Seminar for American Educators at Korean Cultural Center Los Angeles, hosted by National Korean Studies
South Korea has experienced periods of democratic and autocratic rule since its establishment in 1948 after the division of Korea. It developed rapidly from one of Asia's poorest nations in the 1960s to one of the world's wealthiest today through expansion of education and its strong economy. South Korea has a population of around 50 million people that is largely homogeneous and concentrated in urban areas like the capital city of Seoul.
The document provides an overview of Korean history from 2333 BCE to 1910 CE. It summarizes the major dynasties and kingdoms, including Gojoseon, the Three Kingdoms period, Goryeo Dynasty, Joseon Dynasty, and the Japanese occupation period. Key developments discussed include the spread of Confucianism, Buddhism, the creation of hangul, ceramic and artistic achievements, and conflicts such as the Imjin War and Korea becoming a Japanese colony in 1910. The document uses comparisons to California to provide geographical and population context about Korea.
Korea is a peninsula located in East Asia that is divided into two sovereign states - North Korea and South Korea. The name "Korea" comes from the name of the Korean kingdom of Goryeo which ruled the peninsula in the Middle Ages. In South Korea, the whole peninsula is referred to as Hanguk, while in North Korea it is referred to as Chosŏn. Korea has a long history and was once divided into three kingdoms during the 1st century AD. In the late 14th century, the Joseon Dynasty united much of Korea and established Seoul as the capital. Korea was then occupied by Japan in the early 20th century and divided after World War 2, leading to
Korea is a peninsula located in East Asia that is divided into two sovereign states - North Korea and South Korea. The name "Korea" comes from the name of the Korean kingdom of Goryeo which ruled the peninsula in the Middle Ages. In South Korea, the whole peninsula is referred to as Hanguk, while in North Korea it is referred to as Chosŏn. Korea has a long history and was once divided into three kingdoms during the 1st century AD. In the late 14th century, the Joseon Dynasty united much of Korea and established Seoul as the capital. Korea was then occupied by Japan in the early 20th century and divided after World War 2, leading to
- South Korea has experienced a tumultuous history including Japanese occupation, division after WWII along the 38th parallel, the Korean War, and periods of both democratic and autocratic rule. Its capital and largest city is Seoul.
- Some important South Korean cultural aspects include Buddhism and Christianity as major religions, Korean as the main language, festivals like Seollal and Samjinnal, films like The Admiral: Roaring Currents and Ode to My Father, and cuisine centered around rice, vegetables, meats and kimchi.
- Significant South Korean figures include King Sejong the Great who created the Korean alphabet, and modern leaders Kim Dae-jung, the first South Korean Nobel Peace Prize winner,
The document provides an overview of the geography, climate, history, and people of South Korea. It discusses South Korea's location and borders, coastal lines, climate with four distinct seasons, natural resources including coal and potential for hydropower, and irrigated land areas. It then reviews the early history of Korean kingdoms including Gojoseon, Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Goryeo, and Joseon dynasties. Finally, it mentions regional differences within South Korea and the country's ethnic homogeneity.
This presentation is an introduction to those yearning to learn Korean literature and culture. Also presented here are the literary backgrounds on how Korean undergo the learning English language.
This document provides an overview of Korean history from prehistoric times through the Goryeo dynasty. It describes how the early Koreans migrated to the Korean peninsula around 4000 BCE and engaged in agriculture. It then outlines the three kingdoms period where Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla emerged as independent states influenced by but not controlled by China. Silla eventually unified the peninsula and experienced a golden age under Queen Sondok's rule before declining. The Goryeo dynasty then ruled for nearly five centuries, achieving advances in Buddhism, arts, and inventing movable metal printing type centuries before Gutenberg.
North Korea has a population of 24.8 million and is ruled by Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un under a one-party totalitarian system. The country maintains a closed, centralized economy that focuses on self-sufficiency and follows a policy of Juche ideology. North Korea experienced famine in the 1990s due to loss of trading partners and natural disasters, though the economy has since recovered somewhat through international aid and expanded market activities. The official state ideology is Juche, which emphasizes political and economic self-reliance and is embodied in the leadership of the Kim family.
The document provides an overview of Korean history from 2333 BC to 1 BC, discussing various theories and perspectives. It describes how Old Chosun originated from the Hong-San culture and was one of the Nine Hwans or Yi peoples. Over time, Old Chosun fragmented into multiple states like Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Silla. Archaeological evidence suggests Old Chosun had an advanced civilization but Chinese and Japanese historians have distorted Korean history for political purposes.
Korean Art & Culture
A fascinating publication from the Peabody Essex Museum, explores the Art and culture of Korea including Shamanism, and Buddhism. Contains very nice colour plates.
This is my power point presentation about South Korea for LIT 002 / World Literature.
Contents:
*geography
* brief history
* culture
* traditions
* literature
* landmarks
* economic
* others
South Korea is located in East Asia, occupying the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. It shares land borders with North Korea and sea borders with China and Japan. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with other major cities including Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Incheon, and Ulsan. South Korea has a population of around 49 million and a growing economy that is highly developed and ranks among the top 15 in the world. The country has a long history and was once comprised of independent kingdoms before being united. Key landmarks include palaces, temples, and natural areas like Jeju Island. South Korean culture is reflected in traditions like hanbok clothing, hanji paper
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Korea
1.
2. KOREA
Located between China
and Japan
Continuous cultural and
geopolitcal interactions
with China and Japan
Korean language is
considered “language
isolate”
3. Modern Korea
One of the world’s fastest growing economies
Korean GDP ranked No. 12 in the world
World’s 8th largest exporter
4. Korean Wave (Hallyu): Korean Cultural
Export
since early 1990s
Korean movies, TV dramas, and pop-music are very
popular around the world; rapidly spreading beyond
Asian countries
Korea is among the world’s top ten cultural exporters
“BigBang”
“Girls’ Generation”
“Super Junior”
“Dae-Jang-Gum”
TV drama
“Rain”
“DBSK”
“Wonder Girls”
5. Five Thousand Years of Korean History
Country
Time
2333 B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
1910 - 1945
Japanese rule
1948
Established Republic of Korea in
South, Democratic Peoples Republic in
the North
1950-1953
Korean war
1961
Military coup
1988
Seoul Olympics
6. Go-Joseon
King Dan-gun
established
Go-Joseon in
2333 B.C.
Country
Time
2333 B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
1910 - 1945
Japanese rule
1948
Established Republic of Korea in
South
1950-1953
Korean war
1961
Military coup
1998
Seoul Olympic Game
7. Three
Kingdoms to
Goryeo became
Buddhism
national religion.
Arts and culture
flourished during Shilla
Dynasty.
Country
Time
10th centry B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
Balhae
Goguryeo
Shilla
Baekje
Shilla
Goryeo
8. Joseon
Dynasty
Country
Time
10th centry B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and
Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
Expanded territory boundary up to Yalu river in north.
Confucianism was promoted by government.
Korean alphabet was invented.
Sijo became popular.
9. Japanese Rule
Japan annexed Korea
Country
Time
10th centry B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
by force in 1910.
Balhae (north: 698-926)
Japan in 1938 outlawed 935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
use of Korean language
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
in an attempt to eradicate 1910 - 1945
Japanese rule
Korean national identity.
Deep lament and resentment toward invaders prevailed in
Korean literature and music, along with attempts to grapple
with new, modern forms.
10. Divided Peninsula
In 1945 at Postdam
conference US (Truman),
USSR (Stalin) and UK
(Churchil) decided to
divide Korean peninsula
at 38th parallel without
consulting Koreans.
Country
Time
10th centry B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
1910 - 1945
Japanese rule
1948
Established Republic of
Korea in South
1950-1953
Korean war
1961
Military coup
1988
Seoul Olympics
11. Korean War
North Korea invaded
south by launching
surprise attack on
6/25/50.
United Nations forces
led by US defended
South.
Many Koreans lost or
separated from family
members in both
south and north.
Country
Time
10th centry B.C.
Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
1910 - 1945
Japanese rule
1948
Established Republic of
Korea in South
1950-1953
Korean war
1961
Military coup
1988
Seoul Olympics
12. Modern
Korea
Economic
development plan
began after military
coup in 1961
2009 Korean GDP
ranked No.12 in the
world.
Country
Time
10th centry B.C. Go-Joseon
1st centry B.C.
Three kingdoms
(Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo)
668 – 935 A.D.
Shilla (south: 668-935)
Balhae (north: 698-926)
935 - 1392
Goryeo Dynasty
1392 – 1910
Joseon Dynasty
1910 - 1945
Japanese rule
1948
Established Republic of Korea
in South
1950-1953
Korean war
1961
Military coup
1988
Seoul Olympics
13. Korean Alphabet: Hangul
King Sejong the Great invented
Korean alphabet in 1446.
Alphabet organizes written language
into syllabic units.
14 consonants & 10 vowels
Easy to learn:
"A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the
morning is over; a stupid man can learn them in the space
of ten days”.
From http://library.thinkquest.org/20746/non/info/index.html
14. Hangul (Korean Alphabet)
Purely phonetic alphabet
14 consonants
ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
10 vowels
아야어여오요우유으이
Hangul is a scientific system, invented following the
shapes of vocal organs as they make sounds.
From http://library.thinkquest.org/20746/non/info/index.html
15. Traditional Arts: Painting
Typically use few color, leaving
blank
background blank.
Often combined with poem.
Painters signed their artistic name and
signature stamps.
stamps
16. Korean Ceramics
Celadon with pale jade green glaze and
inlaid pattern was invented in 10th century
during Goryeo dynasty.
17. Korean Dance and Music
Court dance and music
Folk dance and music
19. Korean Food
Cooked rice, main dish, and side dishes
3-12 side dishes
Kimchi
fermented pickled vegetable with or
without hot pepper, hundreds of
variations
Common elements of cooking
soy sauce
soy-bean paste (dyon-jang similar to miso)
hot-pepper paste (go-chu-jang)
sesame oil
Lots of vegetables
21. Korean Shamanism
Shamanism has deep roots in folk beliefs.
Related to the ancient communal worship rites
offered to the gods of heaven.
Participants seek to resolve human problems
through a meeting of humans and the spirits
mediated by the shaman
Shaman is about to perform a
ritual. The shaman wears a
colorful costume, speaks in a
trance as a spiritual oracle, and
sings and dances to music.
22. Korean Buddhism
Introduced to Korea druing three
kingdom era (around 372 A.D.)
Became state religion in three
kingdoms and Goryeo dynasty
Deep influence in every aspect of
Korean life, culture, and arts
Currently about 24% of population
is Buddhist.
Buddha’s birthday is national
holiday in Korea.
23. Korean Confucianism
Joseon dynasty promoted Confucian philosophies
as national philosophy
Complex system, selectively imported from China,
of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasireligious thought.
Became an indispensable component of the Korean
moral system, way of life, and laws
Memorial rite to the kings of
the Joseon Dynasty is
performed at Jong-myo Shrine
24. Korean Christianity
Catholicism was imported into Korea by a Korean
scholar, Yi Seung-hun, who was baptized while
visiting China.
Thousands of Catholics were executed during
government persecution inthe late Joseon dynasty.
103 martyrs were canonized in 1984.
Protestant missionaries came to Korea during
Japanese rule in the early 20th century.
Dedicated to higher education and health care
Catholics and Protestant Christians are more
populous in urban areas and often have higher
education levels.
25. Ingenious Inventions:
Geobukseon (Turtle –Shaped
Warship)
The world first ironclad warship,
Geobukseon (Turtle-shaped
Warship), was built by General Yi
Sun-shin in 1592 during the
Japanese invasion.
The ships had armored and
spiked decks and cannons and
were designed to be highly
maneuverable .
26. UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritages
Seokguram
Grotto and
Bulguksa
Temple
Tripitaka
Koreana
Woodblocks
Depository
Changdeokgung Palace
Gyeongju
Historic Areas
Jongmyo
Shrine of Joseon
Royal Ancestors
Dolmen Sites
in Ganghwa,
Hwasun, &
Gochang
27. UNESCO’s Memory of the World:
Movable Metal Type for Printing
Invented in 13th century (before 1232)
during Goryeo dynasty
The world oldest extant movable metal print book
is the Jikji (Korean Buddhist document), printed in
Korea in 1377.
78 years prior to Gutenburg’s metal type printing
28. UNESCO’s Memory of the World:
Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka
Koreana
Woodblocks for printing Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures)
81,258 pieces of woodblocks
Took 16 years to complete the project (1236-1251)
Woodblocks were treated by a special process for long-
term preservation
29. UNESCO’s Memory of the World:
Bulguksa and Seok-gu-ram
Bulguksa,
Constructed in 751 AD during Shilla
kingdom
Main temple, gates, stone pagodas,
bridges are all architectural
masterpieces
Seokguram Grotto
Granite sanctuary for stone
Buddha
Wearing a serene smile of
benevolence
30. UNESCO’s Memory of the World
Hunmin-Jeongum Manuscript: Korean Alphabet
Joseon Wangjo Sillok: The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
Jikji (Vol II): Baegun Hwasang Chorok Bjuljo: “Anthology
of Great Buddhist Priests’ Zen Teachings”: The first
printed book using movable metal type
Uigwe: The Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty
Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of Eastern
Medicine
Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and
Miscellaneous Buddhist Scriptures: World oldest printing
woodblocks
Seugjeongwon Ilgi: The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat
Editor's Notes
Korea is a peninsula located between China and Japan. Some consider the Korean language as one a “language isolate”, a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical relationship with other languages; others note possible links to Altaic, or Japanese.
South Korea is a developed country and has had one of the world's fastest growing economies from the early 1960s. Korean GDP ranked No. 12 in the world. As of 2009, South Korea is the world's eighth largest exporter.
Well known Korean brands include Samsung, Hyundai, LG, and Kia motors.
Click the pictures to watch music videos and excerpts from TV dramas.
The Korean Wave (Hallyu, 한류, 韓流) refers to the increased popularity of South Korean culture around the world since 1990s. The term was coined in China in mid-1999 by Beijing journalists surprised by the fast growing popularity of South Koreans and South Korean goods in China. South Korea is among the world's top ten cultural exporters and the Korean wave began with the export of Korean TV dramas such as “Autumn Fairy Tale”, “Winter Sonata”, “Dae Jang Geum” (Jewel in the Palace), and “Princess Hours” across East and Southeast Asia. The growing success of Korean dramas was soon matched by Korean movies, popular music, food and language. While popular throughout Asia, the Korean Wave's influence is most visible in China, Japan and Southeast Asia, spreading to the Middle East and Russia.
The Korean Wave is rapidly expanding beyond Asia through the internet and has a substantial presence in North, Central and South America, and is increasingly becoming popular in the United States and Canada. It is gathering positive interest in North Africa. Currently, the Korean wave is starting to hit Europe (including United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany), New Zealand, and Australia.
The history of Korea dates back almost 5,000 years. The country started modernization and economic development in the late nineteenth century, a process blocked by Japanese colonial annexation in 1910. Rapid economic and industrial development began again in the 1960s.
According to Korean mythology King Dan-gun was the founding father of Go-Joseon; his father was the son of a deity and his mother, a woman transformed from a bear. The Story of Dan-gun from the 13th century Remnants of the Three Kingdoms explains that a tiger and a bear prayed to be transformed into humans. The deity instructed them to eat only garlic while avoiding sunlight by staying in a cave for 40 days. Tiger could not stand it and left the cave before 40 days. The bear stayed in the cave for 40 days and became a woman, Woong-nyeo (in Korean it means bear woman) and married Hwan-woong, son of the deity. Woong-nyeo may have been a princess of a tribe worshiping bear, Hwan-woong, perhaps a prince of a strong tribe.
Go-Joseon was divided into three kingdoms, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Shilla. Shilla unified the peninsula by forming an alliance with Chinese Tang dynasty and attacking Goguryeo simultaneously. Descendants of Goguryeo established Balhae in the northern territory. Unified Shilla prospered with splendid artistic and cultural achievements for nearly 300 years. Gyeongju historic area , capital of the Shilla kingdom (57 BC – 935 AD), is a superb showcase of the kingdom’s achievements in arts, science, architecture, and landscape design. The area was designated as UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage in 2000.
Buddhism was introduced to Korea during the 4th century and later became a state religion from late three kingdoms to Goryeo dynasty. Most of the national treasures of South Korea are Buddhist artifacts.
Lee Sung-gye overthrew Goryeo dynasty and established Joseon. He expanded territory to Yalu river. Current boundary between China and North Korea, Yalu river and Doo-man river, was established at this time. The fourth king, Sejong (1418-1450) brought many innovations to government, most famously Hangul, the Korean phonetic alphabet.
Japan modernized its army in late 19th century and built a strong military power. In early 20th century Japan invaded Korea and northern China. In its effort to eradicate Korean culture and identity, Japan in 1938 banned the use of the Korean language in schools, forced Koreans to abandon Korean names and change them to Japanese names. While many made such changes, however reluctantly, others, like the poet, Buddhist monk and resistance leader Han Yong-un (1879-1945). Korean resistance movement groups fought the Japanese in Korea and northern China. Koreans in Shanghai, the US and elsewhere in exile sought to gsin support to free Korea from Japanese rule, but in vain.
Surrender of Japan to the Allied Forces in August 1945 ended the Japanese occupation of Korea. Korean peninsula was divided at 38th parallel by Allied Forces (US, USSR and UK). Two competing provisional governments were formed: Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea, also known as, Korea) in the south, backed by US, while the Democratic Peoples Republic Korea (DPRK, also known as North Korea) was established in the north under the supervision of the USSR with support also from communist China.
Armistice agreement was signed by UN, North Korea, and China in 1953 dividing Korea North and South at the 38th parallel. This was one of the bloodiest wars in human history. Total estimated military casualties were about 1.5 million (including 37,000 US soldiers); civilian casualties were about 2.5 million. Korean literature and music at this time reflect feelings of deep sorrow and hopelessness.
Korea (South Korea) is a developed country and it has one of the world's fastest growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. Korean GDP ranked No. 12 in the world. Koreans call this rapid transformation the “Miracle on the Han River.” The growth surge was achieved by concentrating on labor-intensive manufactured exports. As of 2009, South Korea is the world's eighth largest exporter.
Hangul is the only alphabet in the whole world invented by one person. It is a purely phonetic alphabet with 10 vowels and 14 constants.
Koreans used Chinese characters before the invention of Korean alphabet. The majority of Koreans were effectively illiterate before the invention of Hangul.
In explaining the need for the new script, King Sejong explained that the Korean language was different from Chinese; using Chinese characters to write was so difficult for the common people that only privileged aristocrats, usually male, could read and write. Hangul was designed so that even a commoner could learn to read and write.
"Hunmin Jeong-eum Explanation and Examples“ explains the design of the consonant letters according to “articulatory phonetics” and the vowel letters according to the principles of “yin and yang” and “vowel harmony”.
From http://library.thinkquest.org/20746/non/info/index.html
Hangul writing system reflects the characteristic of the sounds... each letter of Hangul was made with the shapes of the vocal organs in mind.
From http://library.thinkquest.org/20746/non/info/index.html
Most paintings’ background is left blank, allowing space for the viewer’s imagination. Signature of painter and seal in red ink are part of the painting. Often painters use multiple seals and seal engraving is an art itself. Calligraphy is an important part of the Korean painting.
Elegant jade-green celadon became a signature pottery of Goreyo dynasty perfecting the technique in mid 12th century. The inlaying technique of incising patterns on the surface of the vessel was an unique invention of Goreyo craftsman. In the entire world at the time, only China and Korea possessed the technology necessary to produce the celadon ceramic ware.
Click the title “Korean Dance and Music” to watch collage of Korean Dance.
Please click the pictures to watch video clips of Korean dance performances.
Court dancers often accompanied by an ensemble of Korean instruments. Some are slow and elegant (upper left), while others may start slow but tempo accelerates toward ending.
Upper right is Korean fan dance.
Folk dance and music are frequently played by farmers, after harvest or at the field to cheer up the famers at work. Percussion instruments are important parts of folk music. Farmers dance (bottom left) shows performers wearing hats with long tapes spinning. The performers spin the tapes by rotating their heads while playing small hand-drums and gongs. Gang-gang-suwol-rae (bottom right) was performed by young women under the bright full-moon festival at the first harvest known as Chu-seok (equivalent to Thanksgiving day in US). Click this picture and watch “Three-drum dance”.
Click Upper left Queen’s picture and watch a clip of Korean TV drama. Watch a variety of Korean dress worn by different class of people.
Click upper right “Woman’s picture and watch Korean dress fashion show at the 2009 Miss Korea pageant.
Frequently commoners wore white color, while the nobles and royalties wore colorful silk. Ancient Chinese called Koreans as “people who love to wear white clothes”.
Upper right: elegant Korean dress for upper class woman
Bottom right: young boy of upper class
Bottom middle: commoner man wearing horse tail hat speaking to noble woman in her study
Bottom left: wedding couple at wedding ceremony.
Upper left: dress of the Queen
More side dishes were served for more affluent people, while less were served for poor people.
Kimchi is fermented vegetables. Typical kimchi is made of Korean cabbage with hot pepper. Numerous variations of kimchi exist such as kimchi made with cucumber, radish, turnip, or green onions. Some kimchi is prepared without hot-pepper.
Pictures on left shows many side dishes; picture on right is Bi-bim-bap, rice with several vegetable and beef toppings served with hot-pepper paste and sesame oil.
Korea is one of few countries where Buddhism and Christianity coexist with almost equal strength.
Worldwide distribution of religion: Christianity (catholics + protestants + others) 33%, Buddhism 6%, Islam 21%, Hinduism 14%, no religion 16% (in 2005 from www.adherents.com)
Three elements are seen as essential to a “goot” (Korean shamanistic ritual): the spirits as the object of folk beliefs, the believers praying to those spirits, and the shaman mediating between the spirits and the believers.
Buddhism is a philosophy and religion, brought to Korea almost 1800 years ago. The principles of Buddhist teaching are deeply rooted in the way of life among Koreans regardless of their religion.
Many national treasures in art and architecture are Buddhism related, such as, Buddhist temple buildings or statues of Buddha.
Joseon dynasty adopted Confucianism as its ruling ideology. Important Korean Confucian ceremonies are “coming of age at age 15 years”, marriage, death, and the anniversary of an ancestor’s death. Among these, funerals had the greatest effect on people’s lives. The funeral was a way of expressing one’s innermost feelings, and its conduct and atmosphere depended on the degree of intimacy or formality in the relationship between the living and the deceased. The Joseon promoted a revised form of Confucianism,calld Neo-Confucianism, that had also been developed in China. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scholars developed and promoted the emergence of Silhak, or Practical Learning, which some see as an early step toward modern social and scientific practices.
Korea is the only country where Catholicism was brought in by a native missionary, Kim Dae-Gun, who went to a seminary in Macao. Rev. Kim returned to Korea as an ordained priest and was executed during persecution along with thousands of other fellow Catholics. The monument for martyrs is at the site of execution, Jul-Doo-San (meaning “mountain of beheading”).
Protestant evangelists came to Korean during the Japanese colonial occupation. They operated high schools, colleges, and hospitals and gained strong influence among better educated young people.
Currently, Korean missionaries, the world’s second largest group after Americans, are working in more than 150 countries.
Recognized as a breakthrough in military technology, Geobukseon replicas are on exhibit in a number of national museums, including the War Memorial of Korea, the War Memorial Museum in the U.S., the National Maritime Museum in England and historical museums in China, Germany and other countries.
Six historic sites in Korea have been accepted in the UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage listing.
To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must possess outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.
Selection criteria:
1. to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
2. to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
3. to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or 4. to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;
5. to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
6. to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
7. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
8. to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
9. to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features;
10. to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;
11. to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.
The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations.
Baegun hwasang chorok buljo jikji simche yojeol (Jikji) contains the essentials of Zen Buddhism compiled by priest Baegun in late Goryeo period. The book was printed in two volumes. The first volume is still missing and the second volume is kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale of France.
UNESCO Memory of the World (http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22953&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html)
The Temple of Haeinsa, on Mount Kaya, is home to the Tripitaka Koreana, the most complete collection of Buddhist texts, engraved on 80,000 woodblocks between 1237 and 1248. The buildings of Janggyeong Pangeon, which date from the 15th century, were constructed to house the woodblocks, which are also revered as exceptional works of art. As the oldest depository of the Tripitaka, they reveal an astonishing mastery of the invention and implementation of the conservation techniques used to preserve these woodblocks. This project was an expression of pious devotion of king and its people to Buddha.
-Left: woodblock
-Center: aerial view of Hae-in-sa Temple
-Right: inside of depositories
UNESCO World Heritage (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737)
Established in the 8th century on the slopes of Mount T'oham, the Seokguram Grotto contains a monumental statue of the Buddha looking at the sea in the bhumisparsha mudra position. With the surrounding portrayals of gods, Bodhisattvas and disciples, all realistically and delicately sculpted in high and low relief, it is considered a masterpiece of Buddhist art in the Far East. The Temple of Bulguksa (built in 774) and the Seokguram Grotto form a religious architectural complex of exceptional significance.
UNESCO World Heritage (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/736)
Seven treasurers from Republic of Korea have been registered in UNESCO’s Memory of the World registry program is aiming at preservation and dissemination of valuable archive holdings and library collections worldwide.