Modes of transmission refer to how an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir host to a new host. There are two main modes: direct transmission which does not require intermediates, and indirect transmission which uses intermediates like air, food, water or other animals/vectors. Direct transmission can occur through touching, sexual contact, biting or projection of respiratory droplets. Indirect transmission has three subtypes: airborne transmission using suspended respiratory droplets, vehicle-borne transmission using contaminated objects, and vector-borne transmission using arthropod vectors like mosquitoes or flies. Understanding the different modes of transmission is important for implementing effective prevention and control measures.
This document provides information on portal hypertension and its surgical management. It begins with the history of portal hypertension, describing early anatomists who studied the portal venous system. It then covers the anatomy of the portal system and pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Etiologies of portal hypertension including pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic causes are discussed. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, and general management approaches are summarized. The document concludes by focusing on surgical options for treating portal hypertension including devascularization procedures and liver transplantation.
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized by abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes. The most common causes are gallstones and alcohol. In severe cases, pancreatic enzymes activate prematurely and digest the pancreas. This can lead to systemic inflammatory response and organ failure. Diagnosis is based on abdominal symptoms and blood tests showing elevated pancreatic enzymes. Severity is assessed using criteria like Marshall score and need for ICU care. Treatment involves hydration, pain control, treating the underlying cause, preventing infection, and nutrition support. Surgery is usually not needed for sterile pancreatic necrosis but may be for infected necrosis after 4 weeks.
This document discusses several communicable respiratory infections including chickenpox, measles, influenza, and diphtheria. It defines each disease, describes the causative agent and mode of transmission, outlines clinical features and stages of illness, discusses treatment and prevention methods. Key points covered include that chickenpox is caused by varicella virus transmitted via droplets or lesions, measles causes a characteristic rash and is transmitted via droplets, influenza occurs seasonally and is caused by influenza viruses A/B/C, and diphtheria involves a bacterial toxin and is primarily transmitted via droplets. Prevention strategies for each include vaccination programs and isolation of infected individuals.
This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARIs) which cause 20% of childhood deaths under 5 years old, with pneumonia responsible for 90% of ARI deaths. ARI mortality is highest in children who are HIV-infected, under 2 years old, malnourished, weaned early, from poorly educated families, or with difficult healthcare access. ARIs are classified as upper or lower respiratory tract infections. Treatment depends on classification and severity, ranging from symptomatic treatment at home to hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Prevention involves reducing risk factors through vaccination, nutrition, and treating infections early according to IMNCI guidelines.
Nutritional anemia -Dr JP Singh, Dept, of community medicine, SRMS IMS BareillyJp Singh
This document discusses nutritional anemia, defining it as a disease caused by malnutrition resulting in low hemoglobin levels. It outlines the main types of nutritional anemia including deficiencies in iron, folate, vitamin B12, and protein. The document provides details on the prevalence, causes, signs, symptoms and treatments of different forms of nutritional anemia with a focus on iron deficiency anemia. It discusses nutritional anemia prevention programs in India that provide iron and folic acid supplementation targeted at pregnant women, lactating women, and children aged 1-12 years.
1. The document summarizes guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis, including diagnosis, etiology, risk stratification, initial management, role of ERCP, antibiotics, nutrition, and surgery.
2. Key points include diagnosing based on abdominal pain and elevated serum amylase/lipase, identifying gallstones and alcohol as common causes, and aggressively hydrating patients while considering nutrition via enteral feeding in severe cases.
3. Surgery is only recommended for gallstone pancreatitis patients without ongoing inflammation or fluid collections in order to prevent recurrence.
Modes of transmission refer to how an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir host to a new host. There are two main modes: direct transmission which does not require intermediates, and indirect transmission which uses intermediates like air, food, water or other animals/vectors. Direct transmission can occur through touching, sexual contact, biting or projection of respiratory droplets. Indirect transmission has three subtypes: airborne transmission using suspended respiratory droplets, vehicle-borne transmission using contaminated objects, and vector-borne transmission using arthropod vectors like mosquitoes or flies. Understanding the different modes of transmission is important for implementing effective prevention and control measures.
This document provides information on portal hypertension and its surgical management. It begins with the history of portal hypertension, describing early anatomists who studied the portal venous system. It then covers the anatomy of the portal system and pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Etiologies of portal hypertension including pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic causes are discussed. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, and general management approaches are summarized. The document concludes by focusing on surgical options for treating portal hypertension including devascularization procedures and liver transplantation.
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized by abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes. The most common causes are gallstones and alcohol. In severe cases, pancreatic enzymes activate prematurely and digest the pancreas. This can lead to systemic inflammatory response and organ failure. Diagnosis is based on abdominal symptoms and blood tests showing elevated pancreatic enzymes. Severity is assessed using criteria like Marshall score and need for ICU care. Treatment involves hydration, pain control, treating the underlying cause, preventing infection, and nutrition support. Surgery is usually not needed for sterile pancreatic necrosis but may be for infected necrosis after 4 weeks.
This document discusses several communicable respiratory infections including chickenpox, measles, influenza, and diphtheria. It defines each disease, describes the causative agent and mode of transmission, outlines clinical features and stages of illness, discusses treatment and prevention methods. Key points covered include that chickenpox is caused by varicella virus transmitted via droplets or lesions, measles causes a characteristic rash and is transmitted via droplets, influenza occurs seasonally and is caused by influenza viruses A/B/C, and diphtheria involves a bacterial toxin and is primarily transmitted via droplets. Prevention strategies for each include vaccination programs and isolation of infected individuals.
This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARIs) which cause 20% of childhood deaths under 5 years old, with pneumonia responsible for 90% of ARI deaths. ARI mortality is highest in children who are HIV-infected, under 2 years old, malnourished, weaned early, from poorly educated families, or with difficult healthcare access. ARIs are classified as upper or lower respiratory tract infections. Treatment depends on classification and severity, ranging from symptomatic treatment at home to hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Prevention involves reducing risk factors through vaccination, nutrition, and treating infections early according to IMNCI guidelines.
Nutritional anemia -Dr JP Singh, Dept, of community medicine, SRMS IMS BareillyJp Singh
This document discusses nutritional anemia, defining it as a disease caused by malnutrition resulting in low hemoglobin levels. It outlines the main types of nutritional anemia including deficiencies in iron, folate, vitamin B12, and protein. The document provides details on the prevalence, causes, signs, symptoms and treatments of different forms of nutritional anemia with a focus on iron deficiency anemia. It discusses nutritional anemia prevention programs in India that provide iron and folic acid supplementation targeted at pregnant women, lactating women, and children aged 1-12 years.
1. The document summarizes guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis, including diagnosis, etiology, risk stratification, initial management, role of ERCP, antibiotics, nutrition, and surgery.
2. Key points include diagnosing based on abdominal pain and elevated serum amylase/lipase, identifying gallstones and alcohol as common causes, and aggressively hydrating patients while considering nutrition via enteral feeding in severe cases.
3. Surgery is only recommended for gallstone pancreatitis patients without ongoing inflammation or fluid collections in order to prevent recurrence.
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection caused by an RNA virus that primarily infects the human gastrointestinal tract. While most infections are asymptomatic, the virus can infect the central nervous system in rare cases, potentially causing paralysis or death. India eliminated polio through extensive polio vaccination programs including routine immunization and periodic national immunization days. The last case of polio in India was reported in 2011, and India was declared polio-free in 2014.
Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology & PreventionRizwan S A
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- The global and regional burden of diabetes and trends over time.
- The types and epidemiological features of diabetes.
- Strategies for prevention, including lifestyle interventions and pharmacological approaches.
- Evidence from studies demonstrating the effectiveness of prevention strategies.
- The need for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention efforts to reduce the human and economic costs of diabetes.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new pathogens or new variants of old pathogens. Re-emerging diseases are those that were previously controlled but have returned. Factors responsible include population growth, travel, antibiotic overuse, and environmental changes. Examples of emerging diseases discussed are Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and Lassa fever. Malaria and dengue are provided as examples of re-emerging diseases. Public health actions to address these diseases include surveillance, research, information sharing, and strengthening public health systems.
Introduction of Communicable and Tropical DiseasesChanda Jabeen
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to communicable and tropical diseases. It discusses:
- The definition of communicable diseases as illnesses that can be directly or indirectly transmitted between humans, animals, or the environment.
- Dynamics of disease transmission, known as the "chain of infection," which involves a source/reservoir of the disease, modes of transmission (direct or indirect), and a susceptible host.
- Modes of transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, vectors that can transmit mechanically or biologically, and airborne transmission.
- Key terms like carriers, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors.
The document aims to educate students on communicable disease
Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by H. pylori infection, autoimmune disease, or other factors like radiation or chemotherapy. Symptoms are less severe than acute gastritis and include nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. There are different types of chronic gastritis defined by their location and cause, with type B typically caused by H. pylori infection in the stomach antrum and type A caused by an autoimmune response affecting the stomach fundus and body. H. pylori infection is diagnosed through tests like the urea breath test or biopsy and treated with antibiotic therapy.
The document provides information about peritonitis, including:
- Causes of peritonitis including bacterial, chemical, allergic, traumatic, ischemic, and miscellaneous causes.
- Acute bacterial peritonitis can be caused by gastrointestinal perforation, transmural translocation without perforation, exogenous contamination, or hematogenous spread.
- Common microorganisms involved in peritonitis include E. coli, streptococci, bacteroides, clostridium, and klebsiella from gastrointestinal sources, and other microbes from other sources.
- Defense mechanisms against peritonitis include leukocyte-attracting mechanisms, killing mechanisms, sequestration mechanisms
Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is typically transmitted between small mammals and their fleas. It exists naturally in many parts of the world. The document provides details on the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of plague. It summarizes the timeline of plague outbreaks in India, the modes of transmission to humans, diagnostic methods, treatment with antibiotics, vaccination, control of rodents and fleas, and the objectives and procedures for epidemiological investigation of plague outbreaks.
This document discusses communicable diseases and how they spread. It defines a communicable disease as an illness that can be passed from one person, animal, or object to another. Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Pathogens can be spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected person, or through contact with a vector like an insect. The body has natural defenses against pathogens like tears, skin, stomach acids, and saliva. The immune system is the main line of defense, and vaccinations can help prevent the spread of diseases. Some diseases like STDs and HIV/AIDS are discussed in more detail.
This document provides an overview of inguinal hernia. It defines an inguinal hernia as a protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall in the groin region. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal canal and contents. It discusses the causes, types (direct vs indirect), presentations, tests used for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of inguinal hernia. It also summarizes treatment approaches including watchful waiting, truss use, taxis, and surgical options like herniotomy, herniorraphy and hernioplasty.
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis. It provides details on:
- The typical location and attachments of the appendix within the abdomen.
- Common causes of appendicitis including obstruction by fecaliths.
- The progression of symptoms from initial diffuse pain to localized pain in the right lower quadrant as inflammation spreads.
- Diagnostic tests and imaging tools used to identify appendicitis including ultrasound, CT scans and leukocyte scans.
- Surgical and non-surgical treatment options for both uncomplicated and ruptured appendicitis.
Climate change is causing rising global temperatures which can affect vectors and the diseases they transmit in several ways. Higher temperatures can increase vector populations, shorten pathogen incubation periods in vectors, and expand the transmission seasons or geographic ranges of certain diseases. Changes in precipitation patterns from climate change can also impact vectors by altering larval habitats or humidity levels. Models project that 5-30% of parasite species could face extinction due to climate-driven habitat loss, with potentially profound effects on ecosystems since vectors play important regulatory roles and support biodiversity. Diseases spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods already cause millions of cases annually worldwide. Climate change may further drive emergence and reemergence of certain vector-borne diseases as temperatures rise
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
Helminthiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms infecting the body. It is transmitted through fecal-oral contact or skin penetration. Common types include ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm caused by roundworms or tapeworms. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves finding worm eggs in stool samples. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human waste, health education around food and water safety, and mass deworming treatments.
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is known for violent, uncontrollable coughing that makes it hard to breathe. The disease progresses through catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages. In the paroxysmal stage, coughing occurs in intense bursts followed by a distinctive whooping sound. Pertussis is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms and confirmed via lab tests. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria along with measures to prevent complications, which can include respiratory issues, seizures, and brain damage. Vaccination is the best form of prevention.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the Vibrio cholera bacteria. It remains a major public health problem in Pakistan, with cases increasing 24% from 2000-2004 to 2004-2008. Cholera is generally transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy with oral rehydration salts to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Prevention relies on proper sanitation, water treatment, vaccination, and health education.
This document provides an overview of Chikungunya virus, including its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and recommendations. It describes how Chikungunya virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, the associated symptoms of fever and joint pain, and that treatment focuses on symptom relief through rest and anti-inflammatory drugs. Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites and eliminating mosquito breeding sites. Recommendations include public awareness campaigns, vector control measures, and early detection of cases.
- Acute pancreatitis has varying levels of severity from mild to severe cases with high mortality. Nonoperative management is the mainstay involving fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, symptomatic treatment, and monitoring for complications.
- In severe cases, aggressive fluid resuscitation is important to prevent shock while enteral nutrition via nasogastric or nasojejunal tubes is preferred over total parenteral nutrition or prolonged nil per os.
- ERCP is indicated for cholangitis or significant biliary obstruction but not for mild biliary pancreatitis without obstruction. Infected necrosis is best drained after 4 weeks to allow development of fibrous walls.
Diseases Transmitted Through Fecal Oral RouteEmtui
Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route include viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminth infections. Major causes globally and in developing countries include rotavirus, cholera, typhoid, bacterial diarrhea and amoebiasis. Risk factors include lack of access to clean water and sanitation. Prevention strategies center on improving hygiene, water quality and sanitation to break the transmission cycle. Challenges to control include poverty, lack of surveillance and cultural practices.
Zyvac TCV - The Indian Typhoid Conjugate VaccineGaurav Gupta
The document discusses a new typhoid conjugate vaccine called Zyvac-TCV developed by Zydus Vaccines. It provides details of a phase II/III clinical trial conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Zyvac-TCV compared to another licensed typhoid conjugate vaccine. The results showed that Zyvac-TCV was non-inferior in inducing seroconversion and had a comparable safety profile. No serious adverse events were reported for either vaccine. The document concludes that Zyvac-TCV met the immunogenicity and safety endpoints for efficacy.
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection caused by an RNA virus that primarily infects the human gastrointestinal tract. While most infections are asymptomatic, the virus can infect the central nervous system in rare cases, potentially causing paralysis or death. India eliminated polio through extensive polio vaccination programs including routine immunization and periodic national immunization days. The last case of polio in India was reported in 2011, and India was declared polio-free in 2014.
Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology & PreventionRizwan S A
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- The global and regional burden of diabetes and trends over time.
- The types and epidemiological features of diabetes.
- Strategies for prevention, including lifestyle interventions and pharmacological approaches.
- Evidence from studies demonstrating the effectiveness of prevention strategies.
- The need for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention efforts to reduce the human and economic costs of diabetes.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new pathogens or new variants of old pathogens. Re-emerging diseases are those that were previously controlled but have returned. Factors responsible include population growth, travel, antibiotic overuse, and environmental changes. Examples of emerging diseases discussed are Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and Lassa fever. Malaria and dengue are provided as examples of re-emerging diseases. Public health actions to address these diseases include surveillance, research, information sharing, and strengthening public health systems.
Introduction of Communicable and Tropical DiseasesChanda Jabeen
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to communicable and tropical diseases. It discusses:
- The definition of communicable diseases as illnesses that can be directly or indirectly transmitted between humans, animals, or the environment.
- Dynamics of disease transmission, known as the "chain of infection," which involves a source/reservoir of the disease, modes of transmission (direct or indirect), and a susceptible host.
- Modes of transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, vectors that can transmit mechanically or biologically, and airborne transmission.
- Key terms like carriers, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors.
The document aims to educate students on communicable disease
Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by H. pylori infection, autoimmune disease, or other factors like radiation or chemotherapy. Symptoms are less severe than acute gastritis and include nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. There are different types of chronic gastritis defined by their location and cause, with type B typically caused by H. pylori infection in the stomach antrum and type A caused by an autoimmune response affecting the stomach fundus and body. H. pylori infection is diagnosed through tests like the urea breath test or biopsy and treated with antibiotic therapy.
The document provides information about peritonitis, including:
- Causes of peritonitis including bacterial, chemical, allergic, traumatic, ischemic, and miscellaneous causes.
- Acute bacterial peritonitis can be caused by gastrointestinal perforation, transmural translocation without perforation, exogenous contamination, or hematogenous spread.
- Common microorganisms involved in peritonitis include E. coli, streptococci, bacteroides, clostridium, and klebsiella from gastrointestinal sources, and other microbes from other sources.
- Defense mechanisms against peritonitis include leukocyte-attracting mechanisms, killing mechanisms, sequestration mechanisms
Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is typically transmitted between small mammals and their fleas. It exists naturally in many parts of the world. The document provides details on the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of plague. It summarizes the timeline of plague outbreaks in India, the modes of transmission to humans, diagnostic methods, treatment with antibiotics, vaccination, control of rodents and fleas, and the objectives and procedures for epidemiological investigation of plague outbreaks.
This document discusses communicable diseases and how they spread. It defines a communicable disease as an illness that can be passed from one person, animal, or object to another. Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Pathogens can be spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected person, or through contact with a vector like an insect. The body has natural defenses against pathogens like tears, skin, stomach acids, and saliva. The immune system is the main line of defense, and vaccinations can help prevent the spread of diseases. Some diseases like STDs and HIV/AIDS are discussed in more detail.
This document provides an overview of inguinal hernia. It defines an inguinal hernia as a protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall in the groin region. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal canal and contents. It discusses the causes, types (direct vs indirect), presentations, tests used for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of inguinal hernia. It also summarizes treatment approaches including watchful waiting, truss use, taxis, and surgical options like herniotomy, herniorraphy and hernioplasty.
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis. It provides details on:
- The typical location and attachments of the appendix within the abdomen.
- Common causes of appendicitis including obstruction by fecaliths.
- The progression of symptoms from initial diffuse pain to localized pain in the right lower quadrant as inflammation spreads.
- Diagnostic tests and imaging tools used to identify appendicitis including ultrasound, CT scans and leukocyte scans.
- Surgical and non-surgical treatment options for both uncomplicated and ruptured appendicitis.
Climate change is causing rising global temperatures which can affect vectors and the diseases they transmit in several ways. Higher temperatures can increase vector populations, shorten pathogen incubation periods in vectors, and expand the transmission seasons or geographic ranges of certain diseases. Changes in precipitation patterns from climate change can also impact vectors by altering larval habitats or humidity levels. Models project that 5-30% of parasite species could face extinction due to climate-driven habitat loss, with potentially profound effects on ecosystems since vectors play important regulatory roles and support biodiversity. Diseases spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods already cause millions of cases annually worldwide. Climate change may further drive emergence and reemergence of certain vector-borne diseases as temperatures rise
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
Helminthiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms infecting the body. It is transmitted through fecal-oral contact or skin penetration. Common types include ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm caused by roundworms or tapeworms. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves finding worm eggs in stool samples. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human waste, health education around food and water safety, and mass deworming treatments.
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is known for violent, uncontrollable coughing that makes it hard to breathe. The disease progresses through catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages. In the paroxysmal stage, coughing occurs in intense bursts followed by a distinctive whooping sound. Pertussis is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms and confirmed via lab tests. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria along with measures to prevent complications, which can include respiratory issues, seizures, and brain damage. Vaccination is the best form of prevention.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the Vibrio cholera bacteria. It remains a major public health problem in Pakistan, with cases increasing 24% from 2000-2004 to 2004-2008. Cholera is generally transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy with oral rehydration salts to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Prevention relies on proper sanitation, water treatment, vaccination, and health education.
This document provides an overview of Chikungunya virus, including its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and recommendations. It describes how Chikungunya virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, the associated symptoms of fever and joint pain, and that treatment focuses on symptom relief through rest and anti-inflammatory drugs. Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites and eliminating mosquito breeding sites. Recommendations include public awareness campaigns, vector control measures, and early detection of cases.
- Acute pancreatitis has varying levels of severity from mild to severe cases with high mortality. Nonoperative management is the mainstay involving fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, symptomatic treatment, and monitoring for complications.
- In severe cases, aggressive fluid resuscitation is important to prevent shock while enteral nutrition via nasogastric or nasojejunal tubes is preferred over total parenteral nutrition or prolonged nil per os.
- ERCP is indicated for cholangitis or significant biliary obstruction but not for mild biliary pancreatitis without obstruction. Infected necrosis is best drained after 4 weeks to allow development of fibrous walls.
Diseases Transmitted Through Fecal Oral RouteEmtui
Diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route include viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminth infections. Major causes globally and in developing countries include rotavirus, cholera, typhoid, bacterial diarrhea and amoebiasis. Risk factors include lack of access to clean water and sanitation. Prevention strategies center on improving hygiene, water quality and sanitation to break the transmission cycle. Challenges to control include poverty, lack of surveillance and cultural practices.
Zyvac TCV - The Indian Typhoid Conjugate VaccineGaurav Gupta
The document discusses a new typhoid conjugate vaccine called Zyvac-TCV developed by Zydus Vaccines. It provides details of a phase II/III clinical trial conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Zyvac-TCV compared to another licensed typhoid conjugate vaccine. The results showed that Zyvac-TCV was non-inferior in inducing seroconversion and had a comparable safety profile. No serious adverse events were reported for either vaccine. The document concludes that Zyvac-TCV met the immunogenicity and safety endpoints for efficacy.
To dagers kurs i konflikthåndtering for å gi opplæring og styrke kompetansen til de ansatte i arbeidet med utfordrende kunder, atferd og situasjoner. Kurset er utviklet iht.bedriftens behov.
Hva er empati. Hva er empatisk kommunikasjon. Hvordan kommunisere på en empatisk måte. Hva betyr fravær av empati - kan vi se empati på SPECT? Empatisk ift. 4 goder vaner- modellen til bruk i klinisk kommunikasjon for LIS3 - leger i spesialisering. Bruke av klinisk kommunikasjon i veiledning. Spesialistutdanning for leger FKM. Kommunikasjonskurs for leger i spesialisering og overleger. Spesifikk ros og spørrende ris.
Posisjonering, omdømme og innovasjon. Modeller for å bli arkitekt i eget liv og arbeidsliv. Foredrag for Seema bestilt av Loveleen Brenna. Av Cathrine Barth og Kristin Molvik Botnmark
Hvordan vekke interesse, for så å innfri? Mia Kolbeinsen
Folkehøyskolene. Foredrag som viser Bymiljøetatens jobb i sosiale kanaler. Vi viser eksempler, ulike kommunikasjonsvirkemidler vi benytter, mål vi har satt oss, hvordan vi evaluerer vårt arbeid, samt dialogen.
Hvordan vekke interesse, for så å innfri? Mia Kolbeinsen
Folkehøyskolene. Foredrag som viser Bymiljøetatens jobb i sosiale kanaler. Vi viser eksempler, ulike kommunikasjonsvirkemidler vi benytter, mål vi har satt oss, hvordan vi evaluerer vårt arbeid, samt dialogen.
Hvordan vekke interesse, for så å innfri? Bymiljoetaten
Folkehøyskolene. Foredrag som viser Bymiljøetatens jobb i sosiale kanaler. Vi viser eksempler, ulike kommunikasjonsvirkemidler vi benytter, mål vi har satt oss, hvordan vi evaluerer vårt arbeid, samt dialogen.
Presentasjon av LØFT prosjektet ved Villa Snøringsmoen Montesorribarnehage v. Leder Astrid Schmidt og prosessveileder, Pamela Aasan, PPT Lillesand.
Innlegg på kompetansedag med Barnehagenettverket i Knutepunkt Sørlandet 4.februar 2010
Presentation to a 2,5hr workshop held at the CSP Network Convention, Nottingham march 16th 2015.
How does the transformational leadership underpins sports in Norway.
https://www.iexevents.co.uk/equity/frontend/reg/thome.csp?pageID=30873&eventID=80&eventID=80
Min presentasjon for styret i Akershus idrettskrets. Den viser hvordan lovnormen har påvirket virksomhetsplanens viktigste deler og mål, samt hvordan kommunikasjonstrategien er koblet til virksomhetsplanen.
Klubbens styrearbeid i praksis er et kort kurs som går igjennom de viktigste tingene et styremedlem trenger å vite. Kurset får alltid gode tilbakemeldinger fra deltakerne. Akershus idrettskrets har jevnlig kurs, men kan også komme ut til ditt idrettslag.
2. Mål for dagen
• Hva er typisk for konflikter?
• Rolleavgrensning
• Verktøy
3.
4. Om konflikter
• Konflikter er mer alvorlig enn
uenighet
• Konflikter kan være både åpne og
skjulte
• Konflikter erkjennes i ulik grad av
partene.
• Ensidige - gjensidige konflikter
5. Hva er konflikt?
• Konflikt foreligger når en part
opplever en interessemotsetning i
forhold til en annen part, og dette
utløser negative følelser.
– Interessemotsetning: Motsetninger i mål,
verdier, ønsker, behov eller meninger.
– Varer gjerne over tid og oppleves som
fastlåst.
6. Symptomer på heving av
konfliktnivå
• Fra myke til harde påvirkningsstrategier
• Avsporing - fra sak til person
• Fra få til mange involverte
• Fra avgrenset til omfattende
• Fra å oppnå det jeg ønsker å få til, til å vinne
over den andre, straffe den andre
9. Negative holdninger til
motparten
• Den andres skyld - ansvarsfraskrivelse
• ”Fundamentale attribusjonsfeil”
• Tendens til umenneskliggjøring av
motparten
• Hemninger mot gjengjeldelse minskes
14. Konflikthåndtering
• Forarbeid
– ta stilling til om du kan og bør bidra (rolle,
habilitet)
– sørg for riktig forankring
– begynne å etablere tillit hos alle parter
• Holdning til konflikter
– Vanskelige temaer skal det snakkes om
– Konflikter kan forstås på ulike måter
– Jobb med relasjon til samtlige parter
– Løsningsfokus – lettere å ta på seg ansvar
enn skyld
16. Problemløsningsstrategier
• Ta opp konflikten på en direkte
måte
• Få frem de underliggende interesser
bak partenes standpunkter
• Gjør konflikten om til følgende
problem: “Finnes det måter begge
parters underliggende interesser
kan ivaretas på?”
• Søk etter alternative løsninger som
kan tilfredsstille begge parter
• Velg den mest tilfredsstillende
løsning for begge parter
17. Vanlig tankesett i
konfliktpregede situasjoner
• Dette er en kamp jeg må vinne
• Det må være meg som setter premissene i
diskusjonen
• Jeg må for all del unngå å vise
svakhet/sårbarhet
• Jeg må ikke la meg påvirke av motparten
• Den andre er irrasjonell og umulig å påvirke
• Feil må skjules
• Det er viktig å ikke tape ansikt
18. Vanlige tankesett
• Interessene vår er uforenlige
• Valget står mellom et godt
resultat og en god relasjon
• Nyttig å vente å se hva motparten
gjør
19. Nødvendig tankesett i
problemløsningsstrategien
• Jeg må skaffe meg pålitelig informasjon før vi
jeg tar et endelig standpunkt
• Både jeg og den andre parten er påvirkelige
• Det er lov å feile - man kan lære av feil
• Det er vi som har ansvaret for å løse
problemene
• Begge parter må gi for å finne løsning
20. Nyttige tankesett
• Vi har også felles
interesser
• Gode relasjoner er
mulig ved uenighet
• Nyttig å lede i
ønsket retning – ta
initiativet
21. Samarbeidsperspektiv
• En god forståelse av begge parters
interesser
• Evne til å finne kreative løsninger
• Bidra til rettferdige
fremgangsmåter
• Formulere avtaler om
forpliktende samarbeid.
• Tydelig kommunikasjon
• Bidra til en god
samarbeidsrelasjon
22. Samarbeidssutfordringer:
Når det ikke fungerer:
• Ubehag - unngåelse
• Usikkerhet
• Dårligere resultater
• Tapte muligheter
• Forsterkede uenigheter
• Skadede relasjoner eller rykte
23. Vanlige mål på suksess
• Vinne
• Ikke tape
• Opprettholde en relasjon
• Unngå konfrontasjoner
• Vs. Win - Win
24. Syv elementer i
samhandlinger
• Hva er mine interesser?
• Hvilke alternativer ser jeg?
• Hvilke muligheter kan vi samarbeide om?
• Har dette legitimitet?
• Klarer vi å etablere gjensidig forpliktelse?
• Hvordan kan vi utvikle relasjoner?
• Hvordan kommunisere for å få dette til?
25. Øke Samhandlingskraften
• En god BATNA – kontroll over motpartens
• En god forståelse av begge parters
interesser
• Evne til å finne kreative, elegante
muligheter (options)
• Legitimitet, overbevisende
rettferdighetskriterier
• Vel formulerte avtaler om forpliktende
samarbeid.
• Effektiv kommunikasjon
• En god samarbeidsrelasjon
26. Hvorfor samarbeider de
(vi) ikke?
• Negative følelser
• Fastlåste posisjoner
• Misliker noen
• Oppfattet maktulikhet
27. Egne reaksjoner
• Søk perspektiv
• Tre naturlige reaksjoner
• Kjempe
• Flykte
• Fryse
• Utsett reaksjonen din
• Kjøp deg tid
• Hold blikket på gevinsten som er bedre enn
BATNA
29. Innta motpartens
perspektiv
• Sett deg i deres sko
• Lytt aktivt
• Anerkjenn motpartens perspektiv
• Bygg tillit
• Stå opp for dine egne interesser
30. Mekling
1. Kartlegge partenes
virkelighetsopplevelser
2. Kartlegge hvordan problemet merkes
i situasjonen
3. Finn felles grunn/interesser
4. Styre partene mot
løsningsorientering
5. Styre partene til å lete etter positive
sider hos hverandre
6. Lage handlingsplan
31. Grader av ambisjonsnivå
Ambisjonsnivå UtfordringHøyt
Lavt
Budskap avlevert
Overkomme senders
barriere mot å si det
Budskap forstått
Virke tydelig, direkte
og konkret
Budskap akseptert
Å få mottaker til å ta
ansvar for problemet
Budskap akseptert og
motivasjon etablert
Hard på sak, myk på
person. Skape tro på
forandring
Budskap fører til reell
forandring
Løsningsfokus
Takknemlighet og
full helbredelse
32. Utforskende lytting
• Gjør deg interessert i hva den andre
har å si
• Be om den andres syn og reaksjoner
• Sjekk ut om du har forstått den andre
riktig
• Vis deg påvirkbar
• Be den andre utdype sine argumenter
• Be den andre om eksempler og
illustrasjoner
• Få tak i den andres ”indre logikk”
33. • Tenk tilbake på egne erfaringer
med å motta negative
tilbakemeldinger…
– Hvordan reagerer du vanligvis?
– Hva skal til for at du tar
tilbakemeldingen på alvor?
– Tenk på et eksempel der du har fått
en negativ tilbakemelding, og i
ettertid har tenkt at det var nyttig.
• Hva preget den situasjonen?
35. Når vi er under press
• Oppfatter vi mer selektivt, søker å
bekrefte tidligere oppfatning
• Blir mer intolerante overfor
uklarheter, krever klarere svar
• Låser oss i en tilnærmingsmåte til et
problem
• Opplever mer hastverk
• Tenker mer kortsiktig og krisepreget,
mister langsiktig perspektiv
• Får svekket evne til å gjøre finere
distinksjoner, kan tape forståelse av
kompleksitet og nyanser
• Hører mindre og rådfører oss mindre
med andre
• Blir mindre kreative til å finne gode
løsninger
37. Forberedelser
• Hvilket kjennskap har du til
saken? Hvilke fakta baserer du
deg på?
• Habilitet. Er det forhold som
tilsier at jeg ikke skal bidra til å
håndtere denne saken?
• Hva er min rolle i denne saken?
• Har jeg tilstrekkelige kunnskap?
• Hva er hensikten med samtalen?
• Hvordan skal jeg formulere
budskapet?
• Rammer, f.eks. tid og sted
38. Budskap
• Informer om hensikten for samtalen på et
tidlig tidspunkt
• Formulere budskapet klart og tydelig
– Gjenta det om nødvendig
• Ikke la deg avspore baser deg på fakta
• Få tak i den andres intensjon
• Finn begges bidrag, framfor å fordele skyld
• Ha realistiske ambisjoner
39. Følelsesmessige reaksjoner
• De fleste reagerer følelsesmessig
når de får et negativt budskap
• Folk varierer i forhold til hvor
sterke følelser de viser
• Gi rom for reaksjoner, men hold
på innholdet i budskapet
• Hjelp vedkommende til å
analysere budskapet
40. Aksept
• Innebærer at vedkommende har
forstått innholdet i budskapet, og
konsekvensene av dette
• Dette er tidspunktet for gode
tilbakemeldinger
41. Løsninger
• Når det er etablert en dialog
preget av aksept vil man kunne gå
videre til å utforske mulige
løsningsforslag.
• Forsøk å få den andre på banen,
løsningsforslag man påvirker selv
er det mer sannsynlig at blir fulgt
opp
42.
43. Case 1 - ikke en del av
konflikten
Ditt idrettslag har spilt en gutter14-kamp mot et lokalt
motstanderlag. Det var kun fire kamper igjen
av sesongen, og det var ditt idrettslag og motstanderlaget som
konkurrerte om førsteplassen. Ditt
lag vann kampen med 4-3, og sikrer med det førsteplassen.
I etterkant av kampen fikk ditt idrettslag en klage fra
motstanderlaget, via idrettskretsen. I klagen
fremgår det at foreldre og trener fra ditt idrettslag har kommet
med rasistiske ytringer. Daglig leder
har fått noen indikasjoner på at noe skjedde via rykter, og har
hatt et telefonsamtale med treneren.
I den samtalen har treneren avvist hendelsene. Til saken hører
at det ikke er første gangen slike
beskyldninger har rammet treneren, og dette guttelaget.
Oppgaven for daglig leder er å gjennomføre et samtale med
treneren, leder for fotballgruppa og
foreldre.
• Rolle 1 Daglig leder
• Rolle 2 Trenere
• Rolle 3 Forelder 1
• Rolle 4 Foreldre 2
• Øvrige er observatører.
44. Case 2 - del av konfliken som
daglig leder
Idrettslaget X har svært sterke gruppestyrer og et svagt
hovedstyre. En av gruppene har over en tid hatt et ønske
om å satse for å komme opp en divisjon høyere. Det har
gått ut av økonomien, ettersom økonomistyringen ikke
har vært bra nok. Et av hovedstyremedlemmene har i
tillegg trukket seg på grunn av dette. Gruppestyret mener
at det er hovedstyret som har ansvaret for økonomien og
henviser til lovnormen.
Du kommer inn som ny daglig leder og setter ned foten.
Du innkaller til møte for å gå igjennom idrettslagets
økonomi. Etter at innkallingen gikk ut har du hørt at
medlemmer fra den aktuelle gruppen har snakket om deg
som en streber og at du ikke skjønner hvordan lagidrett
fungerer. Det er også blitt ytret mindre pene utsagn om
deg som person.
• Rolle 1 Daglig leder
• Rolle 2 Leder av gruppestyre
• Rolle 3 Styreleder hovedstyret
• Rolle 4 Styremedlem hovedstyret
45. Gruppearbeid
• Trening:
Sett dere inn i de ulike partenes
ståsted.
Rolleavklaring
Planlegg fremgangsmåte
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timeout ved behov.
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