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1. INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF BANGLADESH
CLASS TEST- 1 [KNOWLEDGE LEVEL (ACCOUNTING)]
SAZZAD HOSSAIN CSCA™
ABOUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Components of financial statements
Complete set of financial statements has following 5 components:
 Balance sheet; (financial position at a particular time); (list of asset & liability at a particular time)
 Income statement; (financial performance for a particular period); (income recognized and expense incurred for a
particular period)
 Statement of changes in equity;
 Cash flow statement; and
 Notes to the financial statements.
Period: - for statutory purpose : 1 year
- for management purpose : Monthly/Quarterly/Half-yearly
From 1 January 2010, name of the components of financial statements has been revised as:
 Balance sheet- :Statement of financial position
 Income statement : Statement of comprehensive income
 Cash flow statement : Statement of cash flow
The Companies Act 1994 requires followings as part of financial statements:
 Balance sheet
 Profit & loss account/ Income & expenditure account
2. Elements of financial statements:
BAS-1 identifies 5 elements of financial statement:
 Asset
 Liability
 Equity
 Income
 Expense
Sl. Topic list Text
1. Components of financial statements BAS-1, para-8
2. Elements of financial statements Framework, para 49,70
3. Objectives of financial statements BAS-1, para-7
4. Users of financial statements Manual + Framework, para-9
5. Financial reporting framework Manual
6. Qualitative characteristics of financial statements Manual + Framework, para 24-46
7. Capital and revenue expenditure Manual
8. Capital and revenue income Manual
9. Other capital transactions Manual
10. Why distinctions between capital & revenue item? Manual
11. Measurement of elements of financial statements (additional) Framework, para-100
12. Concept of capital and capital maintenance (additional) Framework, para102-104

2. 3. Objectives/purpose of financial statements:
Is to provide information about the financial position, financial performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise
that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decision.
To meet the objectives financial statements provide information about an entity‟s:
 Assets
 Liabilities
 Equity
 Income and expenses including gain and losses
 Other changes in equity
 Cash flows
4. Users of financial information in financial statements:
 Internal users:
o Directors (operating business effectively; stewardship function; making effective decisions)
o Employees (Career; remuneration; bonus; retirement benefits; employment opportunities)
 External users:
o Shareholders/investors/ (risk & return; management performance; profit; dividend; decision to buy/hold/sell
shares)
o Trade contacts (Suppliers: ability to pay; Customer: secure source of supply)
o Finance providers/lenders (Short-term: liquidity; Long-term: solvency)
o Tax authority (Tax assessment; determining taxation policy)
o Financial analysts/advisors (analyzed date for clients)
o Government agencies (employment opportunities; national statistics; efficient allocation of resources; regulation)
o Public (employment for local people; using local suppliers; environment pollution)
5. Financial reporting framework/Regulation of accounting:
 Legislation (Private plus Public Ltd. Company: the Companies Act 1994; Listed Company: BAS & BFRS/SEC Rules)
 Accounting concept & individual judgment: (Accounting concept: detailed in chap-7; Judgment: valuation of
building; research and development; brand valuation; regulated by BAS)
 BAS and BFRS (Harmonization; Comparability)
 True and fair view/Faithful representation
Who promulgated Accounting standards?
Accounting standards are promulgated by the IASB (International Accounting Standard Board), previously IASC
(International Accounting Standard Committee), and auditing standards are promulgated by the IFAC (International
Federation of Accountants). In Bangladesh: ICAB.
What are the main objectives of accounting standards?
 Harmonization of accounting treatment around the world
 Ensuring comparability of financial statements
Accounting standards described on recognition, measurement and presentation/disclosure of elements of f/s
6. Qualitative chrematistics of financial statements:
4 principal qualitative characteristics are:
 Relevance (evaluating past, present and future event, materiality; timeliness)
 Understandability (information: not incomplete; not too much. User: reasonable knowledge of business; diligent)
 Reliability (free from error; true & fair view; substance over form; prudent; neutral; complete)
 Comparability (consistent basis)
Materiality: information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decision of users taken on
the basis of financial statements. Materiality depends on the size and nature of omission or misstatements.
True & fair view: means faithful representation of the effects of transactions.

3. Substance over form: transactions are recorded and presented in accordance with the substance & economic reality and not
merely their legal form. Example: Finance lease
7. Capital & revenue expenditure:
 Capital expenditure (long tern asset- non-current asset aged more than 1 year)
- Initial cost: up to final condition and location; for example: legal fee, duties, carriage costs, installation costs.
- Subsequent cost: increase earning capacity/efficiency
Capital expenditure reported to balance sheet
 Revenue expenditure:
- Subsequent cost: subsequent cost with existing earning capacity;
- Depreciation of capital expenditure;
- Repair, maintenance and staff cost of capital expenditure;
- Capital type asset for trading purpose;
- Expenditure for trade purpose: i.e. normal course of business; for example: Raw material, wages and salaries,
selling and distribution, admin cost, finance cost etc.;
Revenue expenditure reported to income statement
8. Capital & revenue income:
 Capital income (sale of non-current asset)
Profit/loss on sale of capital income reported to income statement
 Revenue income:
- sale of goods
- rendering services
- Interest, dividend, royalty income
Revenue income reported to income statement
9. Other capital transactions:
 Increasing capital
 Taking bank loan
 Repaying bank loan
These would not be reported through income statement
10. Why distinction between capital and revenue items important:
o To calculate exact profit for a period
11. Measurement of elements of financial statements
Measurement means: the amount at which elements are recognized in balance sheet and income statement
Elements of financial statements are measured at 5 different ways:
 Historical cost: assets are recorded at the amount expected to be given at the time of acquisition and liabilities are
recorded at the amount expected to be paid on the date of liability occurred.
 Current cost: assets are recorded at the amount of the same asset if acquired currently and liabilities are recorded at
the amount if the liability settled currently.
 Realizable value/ settlement value: assets are recorded at the settlement value after disposal of existing asset and
liabilities are recorded at their settlement value i.e. amount to be paid in normal course of business.
 Present value: assets are recorded at discounted value of future cash inflows and liabilities are recorded at discounted
value of future cash outflow.
 Fair value: fair value is the amount for which assets could be exchanged or liabilities could be settled between
knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm‟s length transaction.

4. 12. Concepts of capital maintenance
 Financial concept: Capital maintenance = (Beginning net asset value/equity-Ending net asset value/equity)
 Physical concept: Capital maintenance = (Beginning productive capacity-Ending productive capacity)
ACCOUNTING EQUATION & FORMAT OF F/S
1. Questions & Answers on “Basics of Financial Statements”
1. Definition: [1 marks for each]
a) Accounting f) Materiality
b) Management stewardship g) Faithful representation
c) Balance sheet h) Capital expenditure
d) Income statement i) Revenue expenditure
e) Substance over form j) Capital income
d) Prudent k) Revenue income
e) Measurement l) Fair value
m) Concept of capital maintenance
[2 marks for each]
2. Mention the components of financial statements as per BAS?
3. Mention the components of financial statements as per Companies Act 1994?
4. How comparatives are shown for interim financial statements?
5. What are the elements of financial statements?
6. Point out the elements of a balance sheet?
7. Point out the elements of an income statement?
8. Which part of financial statements represents financial position at a particular point of time?
9. Which part of financial statements represents financial performance for a particular period?
10. Explain why an entity maintains financial statements?
11. Who are the users of financial statements?
12. Who are internal user and who are external users?
13. What information are required by directors. etc. from financial statements?
14. What is the financial reporting framework for financial statements prepared in Bangladesh?
15. What are the main objectives of „IAS/BAS‟?
16. What 3 major things an accounting standard describe?
17. What are the principal qualitative characteristics of financial statements?
Sl. Topic list Reference
1. Q & A of last class Synopsis
2. Assets & Liabilities - current and non-current distinction Manual+Synopsis
3. Format of Balance sheet & Income statement Synopsis
4. Business entity concept Manual+Synopsis
5. Formation of accounting equation Manual+Synopsis
6. Effect of transactions on equation Manual+Synopsis

5. 18. To be relevant what qualities are necessary for an information?
19. To be understandable what qualities are necessary for an information?
20. To be reliable what qualities are necessary for an information?
21. Why identification of capital and revenue items is important?
22. What are the ways for measurement of elements in financial statements?
23. How assets and liabilities under „historical cost system‟ are measured?
24. Under which system „assets and liabilities‟ are measured at a price settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in
an arm‟s length transaction?
25. Capital expenditure is recorded in „income statement‟ and revenue expenditure is recorded in „balance sheet‟. If
wrong, make correct statement.
26. Identify „CapEx‟; „RevEx‟; „Capital income‟ and „Revenue income‟ from following list:[1 marks for each]
a) Invoice value of machine purchased l) Dividend
b) Freight charge of the machine m) Spare parts with enhanced capacity
c) Depreciation of the machine n) Sale of goods
d) Purchase of a building by a „real estate‟ company o) Any administrative, selling & dist. expenses
e) Fees for inspection of the machine by an engineer p) Income from sell on fixed assets
f) Royalty q) Loss on sale of fixed assets
g) Repair & maintenance of the machine within an
existing capacity
r) Import duty charged on imported machine
h) Bank interest s) Add additional 128 mb RAM for office computer
i) Repair & maintenance of the machine within
enhanced capacity
t) Sale of fixed assets
j) Rendering of services u) Sale of land by a „real estate‟ company
k) Spare parts with existing capacity v) Purchase of new computer after replacing old one
within the existing capacity
2. Assets & Liabilities - current and non-current distinction
Current Asset: Current assets are assets those are expected to be converted into cash within 1year.
Non-current Assets: Non-current assets are those assets acquired for long term use and would not be realized into cash within
1 year.
Examples of current and non-current distinctions are presented by way of format of “Balance sheet”
3. Format of “Balance Sheet” and Income Statement”
ABC Company Limited
Income Statement
for the year ended 31 December 2009
Notes 2009 2008
Taka Taka
Sales (net of VAT) - - -
Cost of goods sold - - -
Gross profit - -
Other income - - -
Operating expenses (Administrative, Distribution & Other) - - -
Profit from operation - -
Finance expense - - -
Finance income - - -
Net finance expense - -

6. Profit before contribution to WPPF - -
Contribution to WPPF - -
Profit before income tax - -
Income tax:
Current tax - -
Deferred tax - - -
Profit after tax - -
Earnings per share - - -
ABC Company Limited
Balance Sheet
as at 31 December 2009
Notes 2009 2008
Taka Taka
ASSETS:
Property, plant and equipment - - -
Intangible assets - - -
Investments - - -
Loans and deposits - - -
Deferred tax assets - - -
Total non-current assets - -
Inventories - - -
Trade and other debtors - - -
Advances, deposits and prepayments - - -
Advance income tax - - -
Cash and cash equivalents - - -
Total current assets - -
Total assets - -
EQUITY:
Share capital - - -
Share premium
Retained earnings
Reserves and surplus - - -
Total equity - -
LIABILITY:
Deferred liability - gratuity payable - - -
Deferred tax - liability - - -
Long-term loan - - -
Total non-current liabilities - -
Short term loan - - -
Trade and other creditors - - -
Accrued expenses - - -
Provision for taxation - - -
Provision for royalty - -
Total current liabilities and provisions - -
Total liabilities - -
Total equity and liabilities - -
4. Business entity concept
Business entity concept means- a business is a separate legal entity from its owner. A company may, in its own name, acquire
asets, incur debts, and enter into contracts. If a company‟s assets became insuffient to meet its liabilities, the company as a

7. separate entity becomes „insolvent‟. However, the owners of the company are not usually required to pay the debts from their
own private resources.
Exception: the concept is not applicable for “Sole tradership” and “Partnership” business.
5 Formation of Accounting Equation
Accounting Equation:
ASSET = EQUITY/CAPITAL + LIABILITY
EQUITY/CAPITAL = ASSET - LIABILITY
LIABILITY = ASSET - EQUITY/CAPITAL
6. Effect of transactions on equation
1. Initial investment by owner/shareholder (Tk.
100,000)
10. Payment for creditors/accounts payable
2. Introduction of further capital (Tk. 50,000) 11. Receipt of cash on debtor/accounts receivable
3. Issue of share against machinery/any asset (Tk.
35,000)
12. Investment (Tk. 8,000)
4. Acquisition of equipment/any assets on credit(Tk.
5,000)
13. Loan from banks etc. (Tk. 10,000)
5. Acquisition of equipment/any assets on credit (Tk.
2,000)
14. Issuance of debenture (Tk. 5,000)
6. Purchase of raw material for cash (Tk. 15,000) 15. Drawings/dividend (Tk. 2,000)
7. Factory overhead (Tk. 3,000) in cash. 16. Purchase of supplies for cash of Tk. 300. During the year
supplies for an amount of Tk. 250 were used.
8. Admin, selling and distribution expenses (Tk.
5,000)
17. Depreciation of equipment was Tk. 35,000
9. Sale of all goods/ services on credit(Tk. 25,000) 18. Proceeds from sale of equipment Tk. 25,000
ASSETS = CAPITAL + LIABILITY
No. Cash & Cash
equivalents
Receivable Inventories/
Supplies
Plant,Property &
Equipment
Investments Paid up
capital
Retained
earnings
Loan Debenture Creditors/
Accounts
payable
1. 100,000 - - - - = 100,000 - + - - -
2. 50,000 - - - - = 50,000 - + - - -
3. - - - 35,000 - = 35,000 - + - - -
4. - - - 5,000 - = - - + - - 5,000
5. - - - 2,000 - = - - + - - 2,000
6. (15,000) 15,000 = - +
7. (3,000) - 3,000 - - = - +
8. (5,000) - - - - = - (5,000) + - - -
9. - 25,000 (18,000) - - = - 7,000 + - - -
10. (7,000) - - - - = - - + - - (7,000)
11. 25,000 (25,000) - - - = - - + - -
12. (8,000) 8,000 = +
13. 10,000 - - = + 10,000
14. 5,000 = + 5,000
15. (2,000) = (2,000) +
16. (300) 300 = +
(250) = (250) +
17. - - - (35,000) = (35,000) +
18. 25,000 (7,000) = 8,000 +
Total = +

8. LEDGER, DOUBLE ENTRY, DISCOUNT & VAT ACCOUNTING
1. Ledger and its format
 Ledger: summarization, analysis
 Format: chronological order, properly dated, particulars, debit, credit, cumulative total
(daily/weekly/monthly/yearly)
 Ledger book: manual/computerized
 T format: Left side-debit, Right side-credit
2. Nominal ledger & Subsidiary ledger (Receivable/Payable ledger)
 Nominal ledger vs. subsidiary ledger: nominal: all transaction by nature; subsidiary: breakdown of
receivable & payable control ledger for each individual customer & supplier (personal account) nominal:
total; subsidiary: detailed
 Example
3. Double entry bookkeeping
 Rule: dual effect, every debit has credit
4. Duality concept
 Every transaction has two equal but opposite effect
 Recorded twice in the ledger account
5. Basic rules of debit-credit (double entry)
Sl. Topic list Reference
1. Ledger and its format Manual+Synopsis
2. Nominal ledger & Subsidiary ledger (Receivable/Payable ledger) Manual+Synopsis
3. Double entry bookkeeping Manual+Synopsis
4. Duality concept Manual+Synopsis
5. Basic rules of debit credit (double entry) Manual+Synopsis
6. Accounting for discount Manual+Synopsis
7. Accounting for VAT Manual+Synopsis

9.  Elements of financial statements (Asset, liability, equity, income, expense)
 Asset and expense show debit balance
 Liability, equity and income shows credit balance
 Debit balance increase- debit; decrease- credit
 Credit balance increase- credit; decrease- debit
6. Accounting for discount
 Trade discount/volume discount and Cash discount: Allowed & Received
Objective:
 Trade discount: bulk sale, prime customers
 Cash discount: to enhance cash collection
Accounting entry:
 Trade discount: none, because it is known from the invoice price
 Cash discount: Yes, as income/expense
Terms:
 2/10, n/30
 5/14, n/60
Trade and cash discount at a time:
 ABC Company purchases 10 printers originally priced at Tk. 200 each. A 10% discount was negotiated
together with a 5% discount if payment was made within 14 days. Calculate followings:
o Trade discount
o Cash discount
7. Accounting for VAT
 Consumption tax
 Consumer is the ultimate payer
 Manufacturer is responsible for collecting from the consumer
 Rates:
o Zero rated
o Reduced rate (@4%)
o Standard rate (@15%)
 Recoverable and irrecoverable VAT
 Calculating VAT from Gross amount and net amount
o Gross amount: 15/115; 3/23
o Net amount: 15/100
 VAT and discount at a time:
o Invoicing system (List price, invoice price)
o XYZ usually sales goods at Tk. 200 each. It gives a 10% trade discount and 5% cash discount to
its customer.
 Calculate VAT and invoice price
 VAT current account
 Preparation of income statement

10. o Manual math
 VAT journal entries
1. Purchase Purchase Dr.
Input VAT Dr.
Accounts payable Cr.
2. Sale Accounts receivable Dr.
Sales Cr.
Output VAT Cr.
3. Deposit to Govt. VAT current A/C Dr.
Bank Cr.
4. Sales return Sales return Dr.
Output VAT Dr.
Accounts receivable Cr.
5. VAT return submitted VAT current account Dr.
Input VAT Cr.
Output VAT Dr.
VAT current A/C Cr.
 Math: M/S Kabir Traders is a VAT registered trader. It has the following transactions for the month of
January 2009:
o Goods purchased for Tk. 57,500 including VAT
o The above goods has been sold for Tk. 80,500 including VAT
o Tk. 3,000 deposited to Bangladesh Bank
o Out of goods sold Tk. 4,600 has been returned
o VAT return submitted after adjusting the input and output VAT
 Journal entries
 Income statement
 Balance sheet

11. CASH BOOK, BANK STATEMENT, RECONCILIATION
ERRORS, CORRECTION
1. Bank statement, cash book
BANK STATEMENT
PRIME BANK LTD.
DILKUSHA BRANCH
DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
Account: ABC Company Ltd.
Account no.: 1003800960
Print date: 31 December 2009
Date Details Debit Credit Balance
1 December 2009 Balance  756.20 CR
4 December 2009 Cheques  220  976.20 CR
9 December 2009 004450  50  926.20 CR
14 December 2009 004452  10  916.20 CR
16 December 2009 Dhaka City Council (DD)  89  827.20 CR
19 December 2009 Cheques  330  1157.20 CR
24 December 2009 004455  250  907.20 CR
26 December 2009 Bond insurance  122  785.20 CR
30 December 2009 004454  49  736.20 CR
31 December 2009 Bank charges 12.95  723.25 CR
31 December 2009 Rahim Afroz Ltd. 179.75  903.00 CR
ABC COMPANY LTD.
63 DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
CASH BOOK
December 2009
Date Receipts Taka Date Payments Taka
1 Dec. 2009 Balance b/d 756.20 2 July 2009 Table ltd. 50.00
3 Dec. 2009 Superstore Ltd. 220.00 2 July 2009 Broad & Co. 130.00
15 Dec. 2009 M/s Rahim Brothers 330.00 2 July 2009 Gee & Co. 10.00
31 Dec. 2009 Techinfo Ltd. 63.00 8 July 2009 Minter Ltd. 27.50
17 July 2009 Dhaka City Council (DD) 89.00
19 July 2009 Salim Shipbreakers 49.00
25 July 2009 Arc Ltd. 250.00
26 July 2009 Bond insurance 122
31 July 2009 Balance c/d 641.70
Sl. Topic list Reference
1. Cash book, Bank statement Manual+Synopsis
2. Preparing Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS) Manual+Synopsis
3. Errors and omission Manual+Synopsis
4. Correction of errors Manual+Synopsis
5. BAS-8 implication Synopsis

12. 1,369.20 1,369.20
2. Preparing Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS)
Step-1: tick off the items that appear in both cash book and the bank statement.
Step-2: update cash book by the unticked items in the bank statement.
Step-3: the remaining unticked items in the cash book will be the timing difference. This timing difference are
used to prepare BRS.
ABC COMPANY LTD.
63 DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
CASH BOOK [Adjusted]
December 2009
Date Receipts Taka Date Payments Taka
31 Dec. 2009 Balance b/d 641.70
31 Dec. 2009 Rahim Afroz Ltd. 179.75 31 Dec. 2009 Bank charge 12.95
Balance c/d 808.50
821.45 821.45
ABC COMPANY LTD.
63 DILKUSHA C/A
DHAKA-1000
BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT [BRS]
December 2009
Balance as per cash book 808.50
Add: Unpresented cheques:
Broad & Co. 130.00
Minter Ltd. 27.50
157.50
Less: Outstanding lodgment:
Techinfo Ltd. (63.00)
Balance as per bank statement 903.00
3. Errors and omission
Current year
Prior year
4. Correction of errors
5. BAS-8 implication [prior year error]

13. ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & CONVENTIONS
1. ACCOUNTING ASSUMPTIONS
sl. BAS-Framework BAS-1
1. Accrual basis Accrual basis
2. Going concern Going concern
3. - Consistency
4. - Materiality & Aggregation
5. - Off-setting
6. - Comparative information
7. Prudence
8. Substance over form
9. Neutrality
10. Completeness
 Accrual basis:
Under this basis, the effects of transactions and other events are recognized when they occur and nor as cash or
its equivalent is received or paid and they are recorded in the accounting records and reported in the financial
statement of the periods to which they relate.
Example:
 Costs only recognized for that part which is sold (COGS concept comes from accrual basis accounting)
 Provisions maintained
 Accruals of various expenses
 Depreciation
Linked with matching concept:
According to the matching concept, when computing profit, income earned must be matched against the
expenditure incurred in earning it
Linked with going concern assumption:
While it is assumed that company will not run in future, financial statements will be prepared on break-up value
i.e. net realizable value (sales price less selling expenses) basis rather than accrual basis of accounting.
Sl. Topic list Reference
1. BAS Framework Main standard
2. BAS-1 Main standard
3. BAS-8 Main standard

14.  Going concern:
Under this assumption it is assumed that an entity will continue its operation for the foreseeable future (12 months
from balance sheet date). It is also assumed that the enterprise has neither the intention nor the necessity of
liquidation or of curtailing materially the scale of its operations.
Accounting treatment, while going concern is not appropriate:
All items in the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts shall be recorded on break-up value basis i.e. net
realizable value (sales price less selling expenses).
Disclosure requirement in case of going concern problem:
a) Basis on which financial statements have been prepared
b) Reasons why the entity is not considered to be a going concern
c) Nature of the uncertainty
Example:
Indications of going concern assumption: (BSA-570: Going Concern)
Financial  Negative operating cash flows
 Adverse key financial ratios
 Substantial operating losses
 Arrears in discontinuance of operations
 Inability to pay creditors
 Change from credit to cash-on-delivery transaction with suppliers
 Withdrawal of financial support by debtor and creditor
 Negative current assets
Operating  Loss of key management without replacement
 Loss of major market
 Cancellation of license/franchise etc.
 Labor difficulties or shortage of important suppliers
Other  Non-compliance of capital or other statutory requirement
 Changes in legislation
 Consistency:
Items in the financial statements shall be presented and classified consistently year to year. However, in some
cases presentation/classification can be re-arranged.
a) Significant change in nature of operation
b) Change will result clear understanding to user
c) Change in presentation is required by any BAS
Disclosure requirement for inconsistency:
Reason for re-arrangement shall be disclosed by way of notes. Previous year‟s figures shall also be re-arranged.
 Materiality & Aggregation:
Each material item should be presented separately in the financial statement. Immaterial amounts should be
aggregated with amount of similar nature or function.

15. Materiality depends on the size and nature of business. There is no specific rule for calculating materiality.
However, following rule for calculating materiality can be suggested:
Thumb rule 5% of profit before tax
Companies Act 1994 any amount exceeding 1% of total revenue or Tk. 5,000 whichever is higher,
shall be shown in distinct head in the financial statements
 Off-setting:
 Assets and liabilities should not be off-set except when off-setting is required by another BAS (Example:
BAS-12);
 Income and expenses should only be off-set if standard permits and if the figure is immaterial.
Following items are permitted by BAS-1 for off-setting:
a) Gain or losses on disposal of non-current assets
b) Foreign currency translation gain or losses
c) Extraordinary items
 Comparative information:
To ensure comparability, comparative information should be given in the financial statements. BAS requires
numerical information and narrative information as comparative figure. Comparative for the year ended 31
December 2009 shall be presented as below:
Particulars 2009
(Taka)
2008
(Taka)
 Prudence
Degree of caution in exercise of the judgments needed in making the management estimates. Examples of
estimates are:
 Estimate of useful life of assets to calculate depreciation
 Provision for doubtful loss (example: Receivable may not be collected)
 Inventory allowance/ obsolescence allowance
 Deferred tax
 Provision for warranty claim
 Accrued revenue
 Provision for loss from a lawsuit
 Substance over form
 Neutrality
 Completeness
2. Other important concept and convention
 Business entity concept
 Monetary unit concept
 Historical cost convention
 Realization concept

16.  Duality concept
 Timeliness
2. Other important concept and convention
Accounting policies are principles, bases, convention, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and
presenting financial statements. Following are example of accounting policies to be incorporated by way of notes to
the financial statements.
1. Reporting entity
2. Basis of preparation
2.1 Statement of compliance
2.2 Basis of measurement
2.3 Functional and presentational currency
2.4 Use of estimates and judgments
2.5 Going concern
3. Significant accounting policies
3.1 Foreign exchange
3.2 Financial instruments
3.3 Property, plant and equipment and depreciation
i. Recognition and measurement:
ii. Subsequent costs:
iii. Depreciation:
3.4 Impairment:
Recognition
Calculation of recoverable amount
Reversal of impairment
3.5 Lease transactions
3.6 Borrowing costs
3.7 Inventories
3.7.1 Stocks
3.7.2 Stores
3.8 Trade and other debtors
3.9 Provisions
3.11 Revenue recognition
3.12 Taxation
3.12.1 Provision for income tax
3.12.2 Deferred tax
3.13 Events after the balance
sheet
ACCOUNTING FOR IRRECOVERABLE DEBT [BAD DEBT]

17.  Creation of allowance for bad debt
 Bad debt written-off
 Written-off debt received
 Creation of allowance for bad debt
Circumstances: Doubt on repayment supported by prior experience.
Accounting entry: Bad debt expense Dr.
Allowance for receivableCr.
 Bad debt written off
Circumstances: when a bad debt is not expected to be paid.
Accounting entry: Allowance for receivableDr.
Accounts receivable Cr.
 Written-off debt received
Circumstances: debt may be received after it was written-off from the accounts
Accounting entry: Allowance for receivableDr.
Accounts receivable Cr.
Exam Requirement:
 How alloance is created
 How allowance is retired
 Accounting entry for written off and written-off debt recovered
 Implication of treatment in income statement and balance sheet
 Identify effect of irrecoverable debt in gross profit and in net profit [admin exp]
 Maths on calculation of bad debt allowance
Practical problem
Provision on bad debt depends on accounting policy of a Company
Accounts Receivable (Accounting policy)
Provision for doubtful debts is made based on the followings:
 Aged 6 months – 1 year : 5%
 Aged 1 year – 2 years : 20%
 Aged 2 years – 5 years : 50%
 Aged over 5 years : 100%
Bad debts are written-off on consideration of the status of individual debtors.
Ageing of Accounts Receivable (at 31 December 2009):
Sl. Subsidiary ledger (Details of receivables) Amount Ageing
(years)
1 Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. 500,000 1.5

18. 2 Zaman Traders 200,000 0.5
3 Social Islamic Bank Ltd. 100,000 6
4 Rupayan Builders Ltd. 600,000 3
5 Dhaka Club Ltd. 400,000 2
Total 1,800,000
Calculation of provision for doubtful debts (at 31 December 2009):
Sl. Subsidiary ledger (Details of
receivables)
Amount Ageing
(years)
Rate Provision
for bad
debt
1 Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. 500,000 1.5 20% 100,000
2 Zaman Traders 200,000 0.5 0% -
3 Social Islamic Bank Ltd. 100,000 6 100% 100,000
4 Rupayan Builders Ltd. 600,000 3 50% 300,000
5 Dhaka Club Ltd. 400,000 2 20% 80,000
Total 1,800,000 580,000
At each period-end, calculation of provision for doubtful debts shall be revised.
INVENTORY [BAS-2]
 Inventory Count
 Inventory Valuation

19.  Inventory write-off
 Inventory Recording
A. INVENTORY COUNT CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURES:
 Item-wise list of each inventory with quantity [from store ledger]
 Invite internal and external auditor for observation of inventory count
 Count each and every items and note for any deficiency
 Get the verification sheet signed by the internal auditor and if possible by the external
auditor
 Accounting entry for deficiency [Loss Dr.; Inventory Cr.]
B. INVENTORY VALUATION:
Valuation Methods:
Benchmark (Commonly used and BAS supported) method:
 Lower of Cost and NRV (Net Realizable Value)
Allowed alternative (not BAS supported) method:
 Historical cost
 Expected selling price
 NRV
 Replacement cost
Measurement Methods:
 FIFO
 LIFO (Prohibited by BAS)
 Average Cost
 Standard Cost
Valuation Technique
Raw material valuation Work-in-process valuation Finished Goods valuation

20. Cost:
 Purchase price
 Transport cost
 Handling cost
 Non-recoverable taxes
NRV:
Sales price
(-) profit
(-) VAT
(-) cost incurred to
complete as FG
Cost:
 Purchase price
 Transport cost
 Handling cost
 Non-recoverable taxes
 Conversion cost (Labor
and overhead)
NRV:
Sales price
(-) VAT
(-) cost incurred to complete
as FG
(-) selling cost
Cost:
 Purchase price
 Transport cost
 Handling cost
 Non-recoverable taxes
 Conversion cost (Labor
and overhead)
NRV:
Sales price
(-) VAT
(-) selling cost
Many Companies estimate 75% of Sales 90% of sales
PRACTICAL PROBLEM
Provision on bad debt depends on accounting policy of a Company
Inventory (Accounting policy)
Inventories except inventories in transit are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of
inventories is based on the first-in first-out principle, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories,
production or conversion costs are other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of
completion and selling expenses.
Finished Goods - costing
Material name Invoice price Transport cost Handling cost Non-recoverable
tax
Total cost
Filament 10 2 1 1.5 14.5
Shell 6 0.5 0.5 1 8
Coper 4 0.25 0.5 0.75 5.5
Total cost of bulb (25 MW) 28
Finished Goods - NRV
Material name Sales price VAT Overhead Selling cost NRV
Bulb 25 MW 50 7.5 5 1.5 36
Valuation [Lower of Cost and NRV]:
Material name Cost NRV Value to be included as
inventory
Bulb 25 MW 28 36 28
C. INVENTORY WRITE-OFF

21. Inventory may be written-off when becomes obsolete/damaged.
D. ACCOUNTING ENTRY FOR INVENTORY IN EACH STAGE
Beginning inventory:
Cost of sales Dr.
Inventory Cr.
Ending inventory:
Inventory Dr.
Cost of sales Cr.
Inventory write-off:
Inventory write-off (expenses) Dr.
Inventory Cr.
Inventory lost at the time of counting
Loss of inventory on counting (expenses)Dr.
Inventory Cr.

22. NON-CURRENT ASSETS AND DEPRECIATION
[PLANT PROPERTIES & EQUIPMENT, BAS-16]
 Recognition
 Measurement of PPE
 Depreciation
 Revaluation
 Disposal
 Impairment [BAS-36]
 Asset Register
 Intangible Assets [BAS-39]
Recognition
Initial recognition Subsequent to initial recognition
At cost Cost model:
Cost – Accumulated depreciation – Accumulated impairment loss
Revaluation model:
Revalued amount - Accumulated depreciation – Accumulated impairment loss
Measurement
Asset should be measured initially at cost
Initial expenditure
 Cost of site preparation
 Initial delivery & handling cost
 Installation cost
 Professional fee; architects and engineers
 Dismantling cost
Subsequent expenditure
 Increase capacity
 Increase useful life
 Improvement in quality
Depreciation
Commonly used methods of depreciation are:
Straight line method Reducing balance method
Calculation:
[Cost-Residual value]/Useful life
Calculation:
[Carrying amount (WDV)]*Depreciation rate
Stop charging of depreciation:
A depreciation charge is made even if production stopped.
Revaluation:
Revaluation is made when actual life of an asset has increased than that of the estimated useful life.

23.  Once revalued, interval of revaluation is 3-5 years
 Professional valuer shall be used in revaluation
Depreciation after revaluation:
Rate of depreciation shall be changed after re-valuation and shall based on remaining useful life of the asset.
Accounting entry:
Plant properties and equipment Dr.
Revaluation surplus Cr.
Disposal
Asset is disposed off when life of the asset has exhausted or not usable.
Procedure of Disposal of Fixed Assets (DOFA):
- Concerned management takes decision to dispose off particular assets.
- The decision is communicated to the respective asset Co-ordinator
- Raising DOFA
- Go for auction
- Physically remove the asset
- Remove from asset register
- Remove from books
Raising DOFA:
Asset no. Description Asset class Location Cost Acc. Dep. WDV Reason
Disposal of assets carried at cost:
Accumulated Depreciation Dr.
Cash Dr.
PPE Cr.
Gain Cr.
Disposal of assets carried at revalued:
Other than land:
Accumulated depreciation Dr.
PPE Cr.
Land:
Revaluation reserve Dr.
Retained earnings Cr.
Impairment [BAS]
Impairment loss = Carrying amount > recoverable amount
Asset register
ID no. description Location department Purchase
date
cost Depreciation
method
revaluation Carrying
amount

24. Intangible assets:
 Goodwill
 Preliminary expenses
 Development cost [BAS-38: design, construction and testing of pre-production, operation of pilot plant,
feasibility study, initiate process systems etc.].
 Application Software
Purchased goodwill:
Goodwill Dr.
Cash/Bank Cr.
Internally generated goodwill:
No entry
Amortization of intangible assets
Management‟s estimate on useful life
COST OF SALES, ACCRUAL AND PREPAYMENTS
 Unsold goods at the end of the accounting period
 Cost of sales
 Cost of carriage inward and outward
 Inventory written-off or down
 Inventory destroyed or stolen and subject to insurance claim
 Accrual Principle/Marching principle

25. Cost of goods
sold
2009 2008
Opening stock of raw materials 27,515,359 26,679,871
Purchase during the year 321,351,326 193,508,744
Closing stock of raw materials (29,735,731) (27,515,359)
Sale of scrap (1,249,481) (637,666)
Raw materials consumed 317,881,473 192,035,590
Salaries and wages 34,483,840 24,906,220
Gratuity 3,495,821 2,225,850
Contribution to provident fund 873,581 722,979
Medical expenses 1,057,694 934,086
Staff welfare expenses 990,719 1,220,628
Canteen expenses 6,500,794 5,001,700
Power and fuel 13,781,605 11,852,508
Vehicle running expenses 42,896 4,050
Repairs and maintenance - General 1,538,548 1,369,689
Repairs and maintenance - Machinery 2,192,548 1,586,300
Stores and spares consumed 8,725,775 5,226,998
Rent, rates and taxes 6,073,500 6,073,500
Insurance 888,787 1,189,091
Telephone and fax 441,016 172,594
Replacement cost 8,473,160 -
Depreciation (Note 4.3) 17,980,501 17,488,028
425,422,258 272,009,811
Opening work-in-process 443,588 73,798
Closing work-in-process (699,359) (443,588)
Cost of production 425,166,487 271,640,021
Opening stock of finished goods 8,003,822 6,037,208
Closing stock of finished goods (Note 23.3) (3,346,108) (8,003,822)
COGS 429,824,201 269,673,407

26. INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF BANGLADESH
CLASS TEST- 1 [KNOWLEDGE LEVEL (ACCOUNTING)]
SAZZAD HOSSAIN CSCA™
FULL MARKS-100, TIME ALLOWED-90 MIN. [all questions carry equal marks]
Sazzad Hossain CSCA™
1. Mention the users of financial statements specifying internal and external users.
2. List the financial reporting framework of Bangladesh.
3. Mention 4 qualitative characteristics of accounting information.
4. What information are required for information be reliable?
5. How accrual basis of accounting is related to matching concept?
6. Identify key points to distinguish „CAPEX‟ and „REVEX‟
7. Briefly describe the responsibility of directors for preparation of financial statements.
8. What statements comprise a complete set of financial statements?
9. Describe, in brief, the recognition criteria of an asset.
10. Mention BAS term of fixed assets, stock, debtors, creditors and profit and loss account.
11. Describe, in brief, the accounting consequences, if „business entity concept‟ followed and if not.
12. Mention the name of measurement techniques used in accounting. Explain „Break-up value‟ of measurement
technique.
13. How do you identify „non-current and current assets and liabilities?
14. Mention the formula for „Gross profit‟, ‟Net profit‟, and admin cost to sales.
15. Mention few examples of distribution expenses.
16. What are the elements of financial statements?
17. How do you distinguish „petty cash book in traditional system‟ and „petty cash book in imprest system‟.
18. What documents are called source document? Why?
19. What information are generally included in the GRN?
20. What are books of original entry used for? Why?
21. Describe, in brief, all types of discount.
22. Why payroll costs shown in the profit and loss account is higher than the gross payroll cost of employees.
23. Distinguish nominal ledger and subsidiary ledger. Why subsidiary ledger is maintained?
24. Define duality concept in double entry book keeping system.
25. Point out the basic rules for double entry book keeping.
26. What is the implication of VAT on registered and non-registered person?
27. Distinguish between errors that cause trial balance imbalance and those that do not.
28. What is adjusted cash book? Why computation of adjusted cash book is necessary for an accountant?
29. Mention the types of errors in accounting.
30. Describe the use of suspense account in rectifying errors.
31. Explain the terms „Fair presentation‟, „substance over form‟ and „Prudence‟.
32. Describe the effect in accounting if „going concern assumption‟ followed and if not followed.

27. 33. Mention the cases where offsetting is permitted by accounting standards?
CLASS TEST-2
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL-ACCOUNTING, SECTION-1
Course Teacher: Sazzad Hossain CSCA™
[All questions carry equal marks]
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING
1. What is the objective of financial statements?
2. Mention the users of financial statements.
3. Why it is easier to get financial information for internal user and harder for external user?
4. Point out the information needs of following users?
a) Stewardship functioning
b) Management performance analysis
c) Ability to pay debt
d) Assessing tax liability and determine tax policy
e) Efficient allocation of resources
f) Contribution to local economy, using local supplier, environmental effect
5. Mention financial reporting framework in Bangladesh.
6. What qualitative characteristic are appropriate for each of the below cases?
a) undue delay in financial reporting
b) incomplete information or redundant information in the financial statement
c) error free, neutral information presented in the financial statement , prudence and economic substance
used
d) information provided in the financial statements on a consistence basis
7. Give 50 examples of CAPEX and 20 for REVEX?
8. Identifying CAPEX and REVEX
a) purchase of an application software for the company
b) purchase a second hand machine with reduced price
c) wages for operating the newly purchased machine
d) advertisement bill given for 5 years at time
e) gain on sale of fixed assets
9. Mention responsibility of directors/management in preparing f/s
10. Define faithful representation
CHAPTER-2: THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION
11. what are BAS term of following account heads:
a) Fixed assets
b) Stock
c) Debtor
d) Creditor
e) Profit & loss account
12. Suppose, list price in an invoice of sales was tk. 500 (VAT inclusive, at standard rate), trade discount
@10%, cash discount @ 5% (2/10, n/30), customer paid the amount on 21st
day. Determine the invoice
value. Determine GP ratio NP ratio and Administrative cost to sale if COGS was tk. 300 and Admin cost was
tk. 80.
CHAPTER-3: RECORDING FINANCIAL TRANSATIONS
13. Mention the name of all source documents.
14. What are the main books of original entries
15. State system note for credit sales process indicating basic documents required in each stage
16. State system note for credit purchase process indicating basic documents required in each stage
17. State system note for purchase of fixed assets in credit indicating basic documents required in each stage
18. What are basis inclusion of Goods Received Notes (GRN)

28. 19. What information are needed to draft invoice, credit notes, delivery challan and GRN
20. Mention the names of 6 main books of original entries
21. Draft a sales day book, purchase day book, cash book, petty cash book, payroll book (assignment)
22. Mention the name of 7 source documents
23. Three documents i.e. purchase order, invoice and GRN is necessary for 3 way checking” explain
24. Draft a invoice mentioning the amount of VAT
25. fill in the blanks:
Source document Books of original entry
Sales invoince ?
Purchase invoice ?
Debit note ?
Credit note ?
Cheque remittance advice ?
Payslip ?
Petty cash voucher ?
26. Preparing cash book:
As on 1 January 2010, ABC Company had Tk. 900 in the bank as overdraft. During the year 2010 the
company had following receipts and payments. Prepare an analyzed cash book from the above
transactions.
Transactions during 2010:
a. Cash sale: receipt of Tk. 94 (including VAT @ 15%);
b. Payment from credit customer XYZ Tk. 380;
c. Cheque received from as a short term loan from PQR Tk. 1800;
d. Cash sale: receipt of Tk 141 (including VAT @ 15%);
e. Cash received for dale of machine Tk 1200 (no VAT);
f. Payment to supplier Tk 120;
g. Payment of telephone bill Tk. 376 (including VAT Tk. 76);
h. Tk. 100 withdrawn from bank for petty cash;
i. Payment of Tk. 1,500 to Otobi for new furniture (no VAT);
27. State few example for which petty cash book is used
28. Difference between imprest system of petty cash book and normal petty cash book
29. Draft a typical petty cash book in imprest system
30. State which books of original entry the following transactions would be entered into:
a. Payment to a supplier a cheque for Tk. 450
b. Send and invoice to customer for Tk. 650
c. Buy envelops for Tk. 12
d. Receive an invoice from a supplier for Tk. 300
e. Pay Tk 500 to customer through online transfer
f. Customer returns goods for tk. 250
g. Return goods to supplier for tk. 504
h. Customer pays you a cheque for tk. 500
31. Draft a dummy payroll sheet/book of your company
32. ABC Ltd. Has 10 employees who had gross pay of tk. 140,000 per annum among them in 2009. In that
year the company made net pay payments to employees of tk. 129,200 and paid tk. 20,900 to ethe
pension trustees. Its total payroll cost was tk. 170,400. how much did the company pay to Government
treasury in respect of withholding tax?
33. What transactions are recorded via journal as a book of original entry?
34. Gross payroll cost is more than employees‟ gross pay since‟ explain why?
35. Suppose that ABC Ltd. Pay tk. 380 in full settlement of an invoice that had been recorded at tk. 385 in total
in the sales day book. How cash book would be written up?
CHAPTER-4: LEDGER ACCOUNTING & DOUBLE ENTRY
36. Distinguish nominal ledger and subsidiary ledger
37. Define duality concept with example
38. State the general rule of double entry bookkeeping.
39. Identify the debit and credit entries in the following transactions (ignore VAT)

29. a) bought a machine on credit from A, cost tk. 8,000
b) bought goods on credit from B, cost tk. 500
c) sale goods on credit to C, valu tk. 1,200
d) paid D (a credit supplier) tk. 300
e) collected tk. 180 from E, a credit customer
f) paid net pay tk. 4,000
g) received rent bill of tk. 700 from landlord G
h) paid rent insurance premium tk. 90
40. Summit Power operates an imprest petty cash system. The imprest amount is Tk. 5000. at the end of the
period the totals of the four analysis columns in the petty cash book were as follows:
Column -1 tk. 23.12
Column -2 tk. 6.74
Column -3 tk. 12.90
Column -4 tk. 28.50
How much cash is required to restore the imprest amount?
41. Give two example of subsidiary ledger.
42. Soft Supplies Co. recently purchase from Hard Imports Co. 10 printers originally priced at tk. 200 each. A
10% trade discount was negotiated together with a 5% cash discount if payment was made within 14
days. Calculate the following.
a) The total of the trade discount
b) The total of the cash discount
43. Define trade discount and cash discount with two examples
44. Define the term 2/10, n/30
45. Prepare an income statement from the following items:
Taka
a) purchase at gross cost 120,000
b) trade discount allowed 4,000
c) cash discount received 1,500
d) cash sales 34,000
e) credit sale at invoice price 150,000
f) cash discount allowed 8,000
g) distributaries cost 32,000
h) administrative cost 40,000
i) drawings by proprietor 22,000
46. Explain why VAT is called expenditure tax?
47. Explain how VAT is collected?
48. Explain implication of VAT for registered and non-registered persons
49. A manufacturing company purchase raw materials at a cost of tk. 1,000 plus VAT at standard rate of 15%.
From the raw materials the company makes finished products which it sales to a retail outlet, B ltd. For tk.
1,600 plus VAT a@ 15%. B Ltd. Sales the products to customers at a total price of tk. 2,000 plus VAT
@15%. How much VAT is paid at each stage in the chain?
50. Define the term “irrecoverable VAT” with two examples
51. ABC Company usually sell goods at tk. 130 each, it gives XYZ Trade discount of tk. 10 so he sells goods to
XYZ for tk. 120. ABC is registered for VAT. How much output VAT should ABC company include on XYZ‟s
invoice?
52. If you are told that an amount includes VAT @ 15% (gross amount), calculate the VAT amount?
53. ABC is preparing financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2009. Included in its balance sheet
as at 31 December 2008 was a balance for VAT due from government of tk. 15,000. ABC‟s summary
income statement for the year 31 December 2009 was as follows:
Taka
Revenue (net) (all standard rated) 500,000
Purchase (net) (all standard rated) (120,000)
Gross profit 380,000
Expenses:
Wages & salaries (VAT exempted) (163,000)

30. Entertainment (Tk. 40 plus irrecoverable VAT Tk. 6) (46,000)
Other (net, all standard rated) (71,000)
Net profit 100,000
Payments of tk. 5,000, 15,000 and 20,000 have been made in the year to government and a repayment of
tk. 12,000 was received.
a) What is the balance for VAT in the balance sheet as at 31 December 2009 (assume VAT @ 15%)
54. When a credit customer pays an invoice for tk. 115 including VAT @ 15%. What will the credit entry in the
VAT ledger account?
55. Define input VAT and output VAT with example.
CHAPTER 5: PREPARING BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
56. What are the components of a complete set of financial statements
57. What are the basis elements of a financial statements
58. What are the errors do not make a trial balance imbalance?
59. Distinguish between errors that cause trial balance imbalance and those that do not.
CHAPTER 6: CONTROL ACCOUNT, ERRORS AND OMISSION
60. The total of the balance in a company‟s receivables ledger is tk. 800 more than the debit balance on its
receivables control account. Which one of the following errors could by itself account for the discrepancy?
a) The sales day book total column has been under cast by tk.800
b) Cash discounts totallling tk. 800 have been omitted form the nominal ledger
c) One receivables ledger account with a credit balance of tk. 800 has been treated as a debit
balance in the list of balances
d) The cash receipts book has been under cast by tk. 800
61. For Export Co. on 1 October 2008 the receivables ledger balance were tk. 8,024 debit and tk. 57 credit,
and the payables ledger balance on the same date were tk. 6.135 credit and tk. 105 debit. There balance
have been checked and are correct.
For the year ended 30 September 2009 the following particulars are available (in taka):
Sales 62.514
Purchase 39,439
Cash from credit customers 55,212
Cash to credit suppliers 37,307
Discount received 1,475
Discount allowed 2,328
Irrecoverable debts written off 326
Refund from suppliers 105
Amount due from customers as shown by receivables ledger, offset against amount due to the same firm
as shown by payable ledger (settlement by contra). 434
What are the balances as at 30 September 2009 on:
a) receivables control account
b) payable control account
62. “Bank statement is the mirror image of the cash book”-explain
63. Mention the 5 common explanations for differences between cash book and bank statement
64. Explain, in brief, the adjusted cash book
65. ABC‟s bank statement shows tk. 715 direct debits and tk. 353 investment income not recorded in the cash
book. The bank statement does not show a customer‟s cheque for tk. 875 entered in the cash book on the
last day of the accounting period. The cash book has a credit balance of tk. 610. What balance appear in
the bank statement?
66. What are the 5 broad types of error in accounting
67. Identity types of error from following transactions
Error Type
A credit sales of tk. 6,843 has been incorrectly debited in the receivable ledger as tk. 6,483

31. A business receives an invoice from a supplier for tk. 250 and the transaction is missed from the
books
An error is to treat revenue expenditure incorrectly as capital expenditure
Putting a debit entry or a credit entry in the wrong account
Casting error
Admin expenses of tk. 2,822 are entered as tk. 2,282 in the administrative expenses ledger
account. At the same time, income of tk. 8,931 is shown in te sales account as tk. 8,391.
68. A bank statement shows a balance of tk, 1,200 in credit. An examination of the statement shows a tk. 500
cheques paid in per the cash book but not yet on the bank statement and a tk. 1,250 cheque paid out
nubut not yet on the statement. In addition the cash book shows the proprietors correct calculation of
savings interest of tk. 50 which should have been received, but which is not on the statement. What is the
balance per the cash book?
69. ABC Company had a difference on its trial balance. After investigation the following errors were discovered.
a) A sales invoice for tk. 500 was mis-read by the clerk as tk. 600 adnd entered as such into the
ledger accounts
b) Bank charge of tk. 145 had been debited to the cash at bank account tk. 154
How much was the original difference on the trial balance?
70. Give 3 examples for which a suspense account is required for correction of an error.
71. Bank statement of a company showed an overdrawn balance of tk. 5,250 on 31 December 2009. when this
was reconciled to the cash book, the following difference were noted:
o Un-presented cheques
o Un-credited lodgment
o Standing order for insurance premium payable not entered in cash book
o Overdraft interest not recorded in the cash book
o Credited in error to company‟s account by bank
What is the original balance on company‟s cash book as on 31 December 2009?
72. “Closing inventory balance is not included in the initial trial balance rather included in the extended trial
balance” explain
73. As at 31 December 2009 a company‟s bank statement shows an overdraft of tk. 1,500. The statement
includes bank charges of tk. 30 which have not yet been recorded in the company‟s cash book. On 29
December 2009 the company had paid a cheque of tk. 500 to a supplier and banked tk. 200 received from
a trade receivable; neither of these terms appears in the bank statement. What would be the overdraft of
the company‟s balance sheet at 31 December 2009?
74. The cash book shows a bank balance of tk. 5,675 overdrawn at 31 December 2009. it is subsequently
discovered that a standing order payment for tk. 125 has been entered twice, and that a dishonored
cheque for tk. 450 has been debited in the cash book instead of credited. What should be correct bank
balance?
75. Give 10 examples for which amendments of cash book is required. (Assignment)
76. Give 5 example for which amendments of banks statement is required (assignment)
CHAPTER 7: ACCOUNTING CONCEPT AND CONVENTIONS:
77. identifying concepts and conventions:
Scenario Concept and
convention
Owner of the business takes goods from inventories for his own personal use
Application of degree of caution in exercising judgment under conditions of uncertainty
The directors do not intend to liquidate the entity or to cease trading in the
foreseeable future
The entity‟s financial position financial performance and cash flow are presented fairly
When computing profit, income earned must be matched against the expenditure
incurred in earning it
The presentation and classification of items in the financial statements should stay the
same from one period to the next
Financial statements are produced within a time interval that enables users to make

32. relevant economic decision.
78. State few items for which set-off of is allowed?
79. When break-up value of accounting is attracted?
80. A retailer commences business on 1 January 2009 and buys 20 washing machines, each costing tk. 100.
During the year he sells 17 machines at tk. 150 each. How should the remaining machines be valued at 31
December in the following circumstances?
a) He forced to close down his business at the end of the year and the remaining machines will realize
only tk. 60 each in a forced sale.
b) He intends to continue his business into the next year.