1) The document provides a whistle-stop tour of issues in marine management including overfishing, bycatch, benthic damage from fishing gear, expansion of fisheries to deeper waters and seamounts, and fishing down the food web.
2) It then summarizes approaches to ocean governance including how the ocean is divided, regional fisheries management organizations, international advisory bodies, and major policy documents.
3) Finally, it presents a case study of the West Greenland coldwater prawn fishery which underwent assessment for Marine Stewardship Council certification. The certification involved an ecological survey of the benthic habitat using camera and grab samples.
Full details at http://www.victoria.ac.nz/chaplains/whatson/do-something-fish.html
A Human FM-sponsored DO SOMETHING! event at the VUW Anglican Chaplaincy.
www.dosomething.org.nz
The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is the primary law governing marine fisheries management in U.S. federal waters.
First passed in 1976, the MSA fosters long-term biological and economic sustainability of our nation’s marine fisheries. Key objectives of the MSA are to:
Prevent overfishing.
Rebuild overfished stocks.
Increase long-term economic and social benefits.
Ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood.
Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, commonly referred to as the Magnuson–Stevens Act, is the legal provision for promoting optimal exploitation of U.S. coastal fisheries. Enacted in 1976, it has since been amended in line with sustainability policy.
Update on combating illegal fishing in Asia
Robert Lee & Simon Funge-Smith
The 16th Asia Regional Partners’ Forum on Combating Environmental Crime (ARPEC)
15th January 2015, United Nations Conference Center (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand
The fundamental focus of maritime strategy centres on the control of human activity at sea. There is the effort to establish control for oneself or to deny it to an enemy and there is the effort to use the control that one has in order to achieve specific ends. The security of Sri Lanka derives from a combination of factors, including the maintenance of a highly competent naval force equipped with advanced technology and structured for unique geostrategic environment. Sri Lanka is now in the midst of a transition from a focus on internal security to an external security. The maritime strategy should be as much as it has to deal with the linkage between national strategic interests of the country. This may be the most appropriate time for Sri Lanka to re-appreciate our national interests and to derive National and Military objectives based on those interests.
Full details at http://www.victoria.ac.nz/chaplains/whatson/do-something-fish.html
A Human FM-sponsored DO SOMETHING! event at the VUW Anglican Chaplaincy.
www.dosomething.org.nz
Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity.
John A. Dixon
from materials prepared by
J. Vincent, T. Sterner, J.E. Padilla, and
Marian delos Angeles
johnkailua@aol.com
World Bank Institute
Full details at http://www.victoria.ac.nz/chaplains/whatson/do-something-fish.html
A Human FM-sponsored DO SOMETHING! event at the VUW Anglican Chaplaincy.
www.dosomething.org.nz
The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is the primary law governing marine fisheries management in U.S. federal waters.
First passed in 1976, the MSA fosters long-term biological and economic sustainability of our nation’s marine fisheries. Key objectives of the MSA are to:
Prevent overfishing.
Rebuild overfished stocks.
Increase long-term economic and social benefits.
Ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood.
Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, commonly referred to as the Magnuson–Stevens Act, is the legal provision for promoting optimal exploitation of U.S. coastal fisheries. Enacted in 1976, it has since been amended in line with sustainability policy.
Update on combating illegal fishing in Asia
Robert Lee & Simon Funge-Smith
The 16th Asia Regional Partners’ Forum on Combating Environmental Crime (ARPEC)
15th January 2015, United Nations Conference Center (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand
The fundamental focus of maritime strategy centres on the control of human activity at sea. There is the effort to establish control for oneself or to deny it to an enemy and there is the effort to use the control that one has in order to achieve specific ends. The security of Sri Lanka derives from a combination of factors, including the maintenance of a highly competent naval force equipped with advanced technology and structured for unique geostrategic environment. Sri Lanka is now in the midst of a transition from a focus on internal security to an external security. The maritime strategy should be as much as it has to deal with the linkage between national strategic interests of the country. This may be the most appropriate time for Sri Lanka to re-appreciate our national interests and to derive National and Military objectives based on those interests.
Full details at http://www.victoria.ac.nz/chaplains/whatson/do-something-fish.html
A Human FM-sponsored DO SOMETHING! event at the VUW Anglican Chaplaincy.
www.dosomething.org.nz
Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity.
John A. Dixon
from materials prepared by
J. Vincent, T. Sterner, J.E. Padilla, and
Marian delos Angeles
johnkailua@aol.com
World Bank Institute
Speaker: YVES HENOCQUE
- IFREMER (INSTITUTE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA) MARITIME STRATEGY SENIOR ADVISOR
- JAMSTEC (JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE-EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) GUEST RESEARCHER
- OPRF (OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION) VISITING FELLOW
Analysis of Threats and Conservation Efforts to Global Marine Biodiversity: A...APPLE KATE SABAR
Development policy for SDGs
This copy of my research titled: Analysis of Threats and Conservation Efforts to Global Marine Biodiversity: A Basis for Enhancement of Protection Policies in the Philippines had been presented in the 2019 Asian Association for Public Administration International Conference, De La Salle College of Saint Benilde Manila, May 22-24, 2019
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
Kirsty kemp silwood nov 19 2013
1. Marine management – a history
of monumental failure, a future of
success?
Dr Kirsty Kemp
Institute of Zoology,
Zoological Society of London,
Regent’s Park,
London, NW1 4RY
Kirsty.kemp@ioz.ac.uk
2. A whistle-stop tour of major fishery issues
1
2
3
4
5
6
Overfishing
Bycatch
Benthic community damage
Expansion of fisheries
“Fishing down the food web”
Non-compliance
4. Benthic damage: ground gear
Trawling is on very rough
terrain
Ground gear includes large
rubber bobbins to help gear
to be towed over obstructions
Used to be steel bobbins but
rubber are more efficient
6. Expansion: Fishing deeper
Time series of bottom fisheries
catches by depth
(Morato et al. 2005 Fish & Fisheries 7: 24-34)
Original slide: Alex Rogers
7. Expansion: Fishing seamounts
Seamounts difficult to fish
Require special gear and techniques to
fish
Trawl doors modified to hold net open
with minimal or no bottom contact
Shoals targeted with acoustics
Tow times very short (as little
as15 minutes)
Original slide: Alex Rogers
10. Fishing down the foodweb
Pauly, D. et al (1998) Science, New Series, Vol. 279, No. 5352, 860-963
11. Non compliance: Move on rule
Scientific investigations for
trawling indicate levels should be:
75kg sponge
2kg for large octocorals
0.2kg for small octocorals
Management threshold levels set at:
NEAFC – 1000kg sponge, 100kg live coral
NAFO – 1000kg sponge, 60kg coral
NPFC – 50kg coral
CCAMLR – 10kg of VME taxa
Original slide: Alex Rogers
12. Decision making and conflict resolution
Consensus-based decision making
means that the interests of a few
parties lead to poor decision
making or a lack of timely
decisions
Even where majority decisions are
allowed members may not be
bound by decisions if they register
an objection
Lack of information is often used
as an excuse for inaction instead of
application of the precautionary
principle
Lack of transparency
Lack of formal mechanisms for
conflict resolution
Original slide: Alex Rogers
13. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
14. Dividing up the ocean
Territorial waters (defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea) are coastal waters extending12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the baseline
(usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded
as the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (both military and
civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it; this sovereignty also extends to the
airspace over and seabed below. Adjustment of these boundaries is called, in
international law, maritime delimitation.
Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) (as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea) is a sea zone over which a state has special rights to the
exploration and use of marine resources. An EEZ stretches from the baseline of a
coastal state (usually the mean low-water mark) out to 200 nautical miles.
International waters is any body of water that transcends international boundaries
Oceans, seas, and waters outside of national jurisdiction are also referred to as the
high seas. Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of the flag
state however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as piracy, any
nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction.
15. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
16. Regional fisheries management organisations
RFMOs are international organisations formed by countries with fishing
interests in an area.
Some of them manage all the fish stocks found in a specific area, while
others focus on particular highly-migratory species, notably tuna,
throughout vast geographical areas.
They are open both to countries in the region (“coastal states”) and
countries with interests in the fisheries concerned.
Some have a purely advisory role, but most have management powers
to set catch and fishing effort limits, technical measures, and control
obligations.
19. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
20. International advisory bodies
UN – United Nations (eg FAO, UNEP)
ICES – International Council for Exploration of the Sea
coordinates research and advises management bodies such as the
EU with respect to North Atlantic fisheries
http://www.ices.dk/Pages/default.aspx
OSPAR – The OSPAR Convention is the current legal instrument
guiding international cooperation on the protection of the marine
environment of the North-East Atlantic.http://www.ospar.org/
IWC – International Whaling Commission is the global
intergovernmental body charged with the conservation of whales
and the management of whaling.
And many more…
21. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
22. Major policy documents
1982 UNCLOS United Nations Law of the Sea Convention
– international agreement regulating conservation: MSY-based
1992 CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
-the only global agreement focusing on biodiversity management
1995 UNFSA United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
– shift in emphasis: first global fisheries agreement requiring the
precautionary approach to fisheries management
1995 UN FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
- Voluntary, includes detailed technical guidance for implementation
of the precautionary approach
23. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
24. Shifts in management ideology
MSY Maximum sustainable yield
• The common fisheries policy – 1970s EU member states agreed that
fishermen should share access and have common rules for fishing in each
other’s waters. 1983 the CFP was created
• Tragedy of the Commons
• (2010) 88% of European stocks fished beyond sustainable levels, 30% close
to collapse
Ecosystem-based fisheries management and the Precautionary Principle
• 2012 reform of the CFP: ecosystem-based fisheries management now
obligatory
25. Shifts in management ideology
MSY Maximum sustainable yield
• The common fisheries policy – 1970s EU member states agreed that
MSY
fishermen should share access and have common rules for fishing in each
other’s waters. 1983 the CFP was created
• Tragedy of the Commons
• (2010) 88% of European stocks fished beyond sustainable levels, 30% close
to collapse
Cochrane, K.L., FAO Corporate Document Repository, A fishery manager’s guidebook
Ecosystem-based fisheries Management Measures and Theirthe Precautionary USE OF SCIENTIFIC
management and Application, CHAPTER 5: THE Principle
INFORMATION IN THE DESIGN OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• 2012 reform of the CFP: ecosystem-based fisheries management now
obligatory
26. Shifts in management ideology
MSY Maximum sustainable yield
Ecosystem-based
management
• The common fisheries policy – 1970s EU member states agreed that
fishermen should share access and have common rules for fishing in each
other’s waters. 1983 the CFP was created
• Tragedy of the Commons
• (2010) 88% of European stocks fished beyond sustainable levels, 30% close
to collapse
Ecosystem-based fisheries management and the Precautionary Principle
• 2012 reform of the CFP: ecosystem-based fisheries management now
obligatory
27. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
28. Shifts in regulatory approach
Government regulation
approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach
(voluntary labeling)
29. Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
In the past decade – explosion of voluntary certification and labeling
schemes
• 1st party – firm certifies itself to its own standard
• 2nd party – standard is developed by an industry body that then certifies
members to that standard
• 3rd party – standard is developed by a group at arm’s length from
individual companies and the industry, and compliance is audited by
independent organisations with no vested interest in the outcome
• Hybrid schemes
Forest sector, mineral sector, fisheries, organic agriculture, coffee, clothing..
Does it work?
30. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
31. An independent, global, non-profit organisation
working to enhance responsible development of
seafood resources
Standard for sustainable fishing and seafood traceability
To carry the label every business in the supply chain must have
undertaken a detailed traceability audit against the MSC Chain of
Custody standard
32.
33.
34. Fisheries (and seafood businesses) voluntarily seek
certification
Assessments are carried out by independently accredited
certifiers (‘third-party’)
• First party: an organisation, product or service meets
standards it has set for itself
• Second-party: it meets standards established by
peers, for example by an industry association
• Third-party (‘certification’): an independent
assessment shows that the organisation, product or
service meets standards that have been set by impartial
experts.
• A certificate is issued to prove that the standard has
been met.
35. Three core principles form the MSC fisheries standard:
Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks: The fishing activity must be at a
level which is sustainable for the fish population. Any certified
fishery must operate so that fishing can continue indefinitely and is
not overexploiting the resources.
Principle 2: Minimising environmental impact: Fishing operations
should be managed to maintain the structure, productivity, function
and diversity of the ecosystem on which the fishery depends.
Principle 3: Effective management: The fishery must meet all local,
national and international laws and must have a management
system in place to respond to changing circumstances and maintain
sustainability.
36. A whistle-stop tour through ocean governance
1
2
3
4
Dividing up the ocean
Regional fisheries management bodies
International regulating bodies
Major policy documents
5
6
7
8
Shifts in ideology of management of natural resources
Government regulation approach
Economic incentive approach
Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
9 One voluntary certification scheme – the MSC
10 A case study
37.
38. Fishery location
West Greenland (NAFO sub-areas 1A-F
and 0B)
• Inshore and offshore fleet
• 35 small vessels
• 12 factory vessels
• otter trawls
• TAC for west and east Greenland is
139,700 tonnes
• The west Greenland fishery accounted
for 127,300 tonnes (2008)
39. Fishing method: Otter trawls
Fishery management: Greenland Fishery Act through a series of regulations:
•
•
•
•
•
Fishing licences
Fleet quotas
Access restrictions
Bycatch restrictions
Control measures, including logbooks, landing declarations, VMS (vessel
monitoring system), an observer program
• Technical conservation measures, e.g. minimum mesh size
40. Enforcement by Directorate of Fisheries (Greenland Fisheries Licence
Control)
• Track vessels, landing reports, and control the observer programme
• Observers 60% of the offshore and inshore fleet with processing
facilities on-board
• 10% of the inshore fleet without processing facilities
Policing is carried out by the Control Unit and through at-sea
inspections by (Danish) naval vessels. Vessels are inspected at sea
around 2-3 times per year.
Since 2004 the TAC (total allowable catch) for the entire fishery has
been set at 130,000 tonnes.
Commercial market
All coldwater prawn product is exported. Product for
domestic consumption is re-imported from Denmark.
41. Deep water shrimp
Pandalus borealis
Soft, muddy sediment
1-6°C
150-600 metres
Hermaphrodite: mature as a
males at age ~2, mate for 2-3
years, then change sex and live
the remainder of their lifespan
as a female
Spawn in autumn
Females carry the eggs until April/May
Hatch into pelagic larvae
Day -feed on or near the bottom
Night - migrate up to feed on zooplankton
heavily predated by ground fish and seals
42. • 2011 - IoZ approached by SFG to develop a pilot study to assess
Greenlandic benthos (part of MSC certification process)
• Pilot study showed promise, agreed to undertake a 2 year project
• Currently underway (June 2012- June 2014)
Primary Aim
• To assess what is there
• To determine the impact, and historical impact, of trawling on the
benthic habitat
• To generate results and establish a survey system that will aid
fisheries managers in monitoring benthic impact
Project made possible by
• SFG (Sustainable Fisheries Greenland) who initiated and fund the work
• GINR (Greenland Institute of Natural Resources) who provide shiptime
SFG and GINR – fisheries data
43. Approach – 3 paths of research
1. Ecological survey of the benthos
• What is there
• How is it changing
2. Genetic analysis
• What is there
• Connectivity (genetic links between populations)
3. How to improve and reduce analysis cost
• Machine learning towards automation of analysis
• Building a tool for use by non-experts
45. Ecological survey of the benthos
– camera survey
2011 & 2012
• 25 days at sea
• only 3 days lost to weather
• 97 stations covering ~1400 km continental shelf
54. Market based approach (voluntary labeling)
In the past decade – explosion of voluntary certification and labeling
schemes
• 1st party – firm certifies itself to its own standard
• 2nd party – standard is developed by an industry body that then certifies
members to that standard
• 3rd party – standard is developed by a group at arm’s length from
individual companies and the industry, and compliance is audited by
independent organisations with no vested interest in the outcome
Forest sector. Mineral sector. Fisheries. Organic agriculture. Coffee.
Clothing.
Does it work?
55. Student Debate Activity
Consumer power is more effective than government
regulation in the management of shared natural resources
Yes
No
56. Student Debate Activity
All commercial fisheries should be legally obligated to enter
into a 3rd party certification scheme such as MSC
Legal obligation to enter into MSC certification scheme
would be detrimental to the integrity of the scheme itself
Yes
No