The Kyoto conference in 1997 aimed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Governments agreed to reduce emissions below 1990 levels by 2012. The Kyoto Protocol established binding obligations for developed countries to limit and reduce emissions. At the conference, the EU, Japan, and USA agreed to specific emission reduction targets. Subsequent meetings, like one in Qatar, further extended and developed agreements to collectively address climate change.

1. The Kyoto conference

2. About
The Kyoto conference was organised in
1977 so as to reach agreements on
reducing emissions. Governments promised
to reduce emissions of carbon-based gases
below 1990 levels by 2012.

3. The Kyoto Protocol is an international
agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change(UNFCCC ), which aims to fight
against global warming.

4. The Kyoto conference for climate
change
The Kyoto protocol, which follows the
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, is one of the chief
instruments to tackle climate change. It
contains the commitments undertaken by
the industrial countries meant to reduce
their emissions of certain gases which
cause the greenhouse effect and which
are responsible for global warming. The
total emissions of the developed countries
are to be reduced over 2008-2012 period
to an average of five percent against 1990
levels.

5. In Kyoto, the European Union agreed to cut
emission by 8 %, Japan by 6%, and USA by
7%. At the conference Britain declared that it
was one of the few countries to have
reduced its emissions but critics asked if this
was due to the govermental policy or the
decline in the coal industry. The EU
reminded the USA ( the world‘s biggest
polluter, producing 24% of the world‘s
emissions) that it had not met its targets.
The USA firmly denied the fact, making
excuses and asked why the targets were so
unrealistic.

6. This conference is an important step
towards tackling the climate changes,
because it provides some obligatory and
established quantity plans how to limit and
reduce the gasses that cause greenhouse
effect by cutting down emissions.

7. The Protocol suggests various means of
attaining these objectives:
 stepping up or introducing national policies to
reduce emissions (greater energy efficiency,
promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture,
development of renewable energy sources, etc.);
 cooperation with the other Contracting Parties
(exchange of experience or information,
coordination of national policies through issueing
the emission permits, implementing joint projects
of clean development mechanism).

8. World countries and the Kyoto conference:
 ██ Countries with binding targets
 ██ Developing countries without binding targets
 ██ States not Party to the Protocol
 ██ Signatory country with no intention to ratify
the treaty
 ██ Countries that have denounced the Protocol

9. 192 countries participating in the negotiation agreed
that the attempt to keep the climate change in safe
limit includes radical reduction in emissions. The main
element of the negotiation is an acknowledgement
that actions have to be taken by developed and
developing countries, considering their economic
situation. Although according to the Kyoto conference
only developed countries were committed to reduce
emissions, it was acknowledged long time ago that it
would not be enough, especially having in mind the
estimations, that emission of developing countries by
2020 will exceed the one in developed countries.

10. The Kyoto protocol came into operation on
the 16th of February, 2005, on the ninetieth
day after the protocol was ratified by Russia,
whose CO² emissions reach 17,4 % of total
world’s amount. In this way the condition of
the Kyoto Protocol, according to which the
Protocol has to be ratified by at least 55
UNFCCC countries with not less than 55 %
in all the CO² emission within this group,
was accomplished.

11. Mechanisms
 The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms,
on the basis of which the countries that are
listed in the Protocol’s annex I must implement
their obligations in order to reduce CO2
discharging into the atmosphere. The latter
countries’ obligations may be implemented using
these mechanisms:
 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
 Joint Implementation (JI)
 International Emissions Trading (IET)

12. Joint Implementation (JI)
It is an agreement between two countries, on the
basis of which some countries (companies)
invest into the projects carried out by another
country if these projects aim to reduce CO2
discharge in specific sources of pollution in that
country. As a reward, the investing country gets
emission reduction units from the project
developing county.

13. International Emissions Trading (IET)
It is an agreement between two countries
on the basis of which companies of the
first country buy corporate pollution
allowances from the second country. The
point of this mechanism is very similar to
the aforementioned. The difference
between these two mechanisms is that in
this case one country does not invest
but it buys the corporate pollution
allowances from the other country.

14. The Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM)
It is an agreement,on the basis of which
one country invests into the
implementation of projects carried out by
the country which isn’t included in The
Protocol annex. Because of that, the first
country gets emission reduction units.

15. The main value of these mechanisms is that
the investments in pollution reduction are
attained in the areas that can use them most
effectively.

16. Countries distribution
Member-countries of the convention are divided
into three categories:
 Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (40 states) .
These are developed countries and those which
are in transition towards the market economics,
which are required to reduce the greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Annex II Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (23 states)
include developed countries which provide
support to developing countries.
 Developing Countries include the rest of the
countries, which are exempted from the
requirements.

17. Greenhouse effect
 It is a process because of which the
infrared radiation absorbed by the
atmosphere warms the planet. This effect
was discovered by the French
mathematician and physicist Joseph
Fourier in 1824. Later, in 1896, it was
further studied by Swedish chemist Svante
Arrhenius. The name comes from an
analogy with the relative heat preservation
in greenhouses.

18. Greenhouse effect scheme

19. Regulated gases
These greenhouse gases are regulated by the Kyoto
Protocol:
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluorocarbons
Perfluorocarbons
Sulfur hexafluoride

20. Kioto protocol and Lithuania
 In accordance with the Kyoto Protocol,
Lithuania, as well as the EU, committed to
reduce the emissions of the greenhouse
gases by 8% below 1990 levels in the
period from 2008 to 2012. In 1990 the
amount of emissions into the atmosphere
in Lithuania was around 50 million tons,
and in 2004 it was around 17 million tons,
so it is believed that the requirements of
the Kyoto Protocol will be met.

21.  In 2005 in Lithuania (the 13th state of the
EU), the Greenhouse Gas Emission
Allowance Inventory started working.
Emissions trading allows you to raise
money by investing in efficient
technologies, exploitation of renewable
energy resource.

22. Soil pollution

23. What is soil pollution?
Soil pollution is described as the
concentration of substances, that are
harmful to living organisms and disrupting
the natural processes in the soil.

24. Soil contamination Factors
1. Soil contamination with heavy metals.
2. Pesticide remains in the soil.
3. The elution of biogenic substances.
4. Industrial and energy companies.
5. Gases emitted by transport.

25. The impact of heavy metals
 Heavy metals are the metals that have the
density higher than 5 g/cm³ . More than 40
chemical elements are described as heavy
metals. Out of those, the most dangerous ones
to living organisms are: Hg, Pb, Cd, Ar, V, Zn,
Cu, Co, Ni. Majority of these chemical elements
come into the soil from the atmosphere in which
they occur during the natural biosphere
phenomena (volcanic eruption) and because of
the anthropogenic activities (fertilized fields,
deposition of industrial emissions, etc.).

26. Usage of pesticides
 Fertilizers are one of the strongest agricultural
tools to regulate the substance metabolism. By
spraying the fields with pesticides people not only
increase the yield, but they also harm themselves.
Pesticides, that reduce the amount of pests, not
only harm the soil, but also bug-eating birds and
humans. Toxicologists warn, that pesticides can
cause mutations in genes, weaken the
immunosystem and cause other health problems

27. Industrial pollution
 Industrial plants are among the most polluting
factors. Every year they emit millions tons of harmful
substances, that have a significant negative impact
on the soil. Industrial and energy objects emit around
152 thousand tons of pollutants, chemical and oil
processing companies emit around 54 thousand
tons, the construction and building materials
industry emits around 53 thousand tons of waste.
Their emissions cause both soil degradation
processes and acid rains.

28. How does the waste get into the soil?
 With rainfall.
 With the industrial dust.
 With the vehicle exhaust gases.
 Wiyh the waste water.
 While fertilizing.

29. Acid rain
 Big damage to the soil is caused by acid rains, which
include sulfur, salts and nitrogen acids. These
substances are emitted into the atmosphere by
transport, industrial companies and volcanoes. Every
year, by average, around 40-45 kg/km2 sulfates and
around 15-20 kg/km2 nitrates come down with the rainfall.
Most of those compounds are brought by air masses
from the developed Western European countries. These
compounds increase the acidity of the soil, which slows
down the mineralisation of substances. When the pH is
below 3 the soil becomes barren and not suitable for
agriculture and living organisms.

31. Pollution of soil in Lithuania
Lithuanian soil is one of
the cleanest soils in
Europe, based on the
information from the
geochemical atlas of
Europe and the amount
of heavy metals in the
soil. The soil in Lithuania
is 3 to 6 times cleaner
than in Western Europe.

32. Ecological meeting in Qatar

33. The reasons of the meeting
 Increased air polution;
 Rapid climate
change.

34. Qatar meeting
Climate change threat is growing, and world leaders failed to find
solutions to how to combat it, this topic is getting more attention. At
the UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar governments
have taken the next essential step in the global response to climate
change. Countries have successfully launched a new commitment
period under the Kyoto Protocol, agreed a firm timetable to adopt a
universal climate agreement by 2015 and agreed a path to raise
necessary ambition to respond to climate change. They also
endorsed the completion of new institutions and agreed ways and
means to deliver scaled-up climate finance and technology to
developing countries. Governments have agreed to speedily work
toward a universal climate change agreement covering all countries
from 2020, to be adopted by 2015, and to find ways to scale up
efforts before 2020 beyond the existing pledges to curb emissions
so that the world can stay below the agreed maximum 2 degrees
Celsius temperature rise.

36. Objectives of the meeting
 To extend the validity of the Kyoto
Protocol;
 Take a step further towards a global
agreement between the parties on climate
change;
 To speed up assistance to developing
countries in order to enable them to join
this global struggle .

37. What is the water?
Water is the most
common compound
on Earth. The
hydrosphere occupies
71% of the Earth’s
surface.

38. The types of water pollution
 Bacterial pollution of water, wich is
defined by Koli index (amount of E.
coli rods in one liter of water);
 Mechanical pollution of water
(when sand, gravel or soil get into
the water);
 Thermal pollution of water (when
warm water get into the water);
 Chemical pollution of water is the
most dangerous (when petroleum
products, industrial and household
wastewater, fertilizers get into the
water).

39. Reduction means of
pollution
 First of all we should realize the means of water
saving;
 Installations of wastewater biological cleaning
construction. Improvement and reconstruction of
existing installations;
 Installation of the vascular systems in industry.
Reduction of amount of pollution in technological
processes;
 Tidy houses, farmsteads, companies and public
places;
 Moderate and clever usage of mineral fertilizers,
herbicides and pesticides;
 Avoid to built reservoirs of wastewater
accumulation in farmsteads.

40. T he most important consequences of
water pollution
 The deterioration of human health and the decline
in the average age of the population.
 Increasing risk of epidemic outbreaks.
 The construction of water treatment stations are
getting more expensive.
 Some flora and fauna species are really poor or
even tend to disappear.
 Open bodies of water are unsuitable for human
recreation purposes.
 Cities are becoming unattractive to potential
investors, there is increasing unemployment and
crime, occurs dissatisfaction with local authorities
and institutions (eg Kaunas).
 There is a growing need for funds for water
recovery and their adaptation to human needs.
 Creates an intolerable and unjustifiable economic
life of the country's image - to live at the expense
of future generations.

41. The Baltic Sea and its pollution
The Baltic Sea is a part of the Atlantic
Ocean, which is deeply interfered in
the northern part of Europe.
Its contamination results from the fact that
it is an internal sea, and it is not
cleansed by the ocean and also due to
the fact that the Baltic Sea washes the
shores of nine industrialized countries.
Moreover, after the Second World War,
a lot of military waste went to the
bottom of the Baltic Sea.
The Baltic Sea pollution has become a
global problem.