2. Thomas Wernberg
Sean Connell
Mark Novak John Grabowski
Bob Steneck
Jon Witman
Jen Dijskstra
Ed Parnell
Ken Dunton
Dan Ree
Kira Krumhansl
Dan Okamoto
Alison Haupt
Mike Burrows
Pippa Moore
John Griffin
Nick Sheers
Isabel Sousa Pinto
Mike Burrows
Chris Hepburn
Dan Smale
Massa Nakaoka
Jane Watson
Anne Salomon
Guillermo Torres-Moye
Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma
Nessa O'Connor
Alejandro Perez-Matus
Matt Edwards
Mike Graham
Diana Stellar
Fiorenza Micheli
Scott Hamilton
Jenn Caselle
Brenda Konar
Kyle Cavanaugh
Ken Dunton
Graham Edgar
Neville Barrett
Christie Maggs
Ladd Johnson
Kjell Magnus NorderhaugNova Miezkowska
AND MANY OTHERS
3. Not connected yet?
• This is an open network – all can
join
• http://kelpecosystems.org
• Google Group: kelpecosystems
8. IPCC AR5 Physical Basis Summary for Policy Makers
(°C Change from 1901-2012)
9. Specific Aims
• Unifying & finding past kelp forest ecology
datasets for synthesis of climate
influences
• Climate change kelp forest experiment(s)
along thermal gradients
• Global standardized kelp forest monitoring
along temperature gradients
13. Synthetic Efforts
• Global interaction web models
• Phase shift models & Synthesis
• Meta-analysis of kelp removal effects on fish
around the globe
• Global kelp biogeography synthesis
• Satellite mapping of canopy forming kelps
over 30 years
• Analysis of all extant (and found) kelp time
series we could find
16. Problems with Synthesis
• Studies not designed for hypothesized
model
• Excessive variation in methodology
• Lack of proper regional variation in some
climatic variables
• Excessive variation in other biotic and
abiotic variation
17. What if each of these sites had 1
experimental plot?
21. Creating an Experimental
Network
• Develop clear scientific goals and questions
• Implement identical treatments and sampling
– Use a simple, inexpensive design
– Use a modular design
– Use a flexible design with room for additional
studies
• Start with a critical mass.
• Develop clear ground rules for participation
• Ensure clear benefits for participating scientists
• Plan for data management
Borer et al. 2013 Methods in Ecology & Evolution
22. Effort v. Reward
Individual Effort
Reward(generality,data,pubs,etc.)
Lone scientist
Sampling whole region
Lone scientist
Travelling the world
Lone scientist
at 1 site
Many scientists
at 1 site each
globally distributed
23. What does it mean to be part of
KEEN?
• Implement 1 protocol (survey or
experiment) at 1 site at minimum
• Share data with network
• Receive credit for data contributed
• Receive co-authorship on products
• Access to network of collaborators for future
work
24. Many Hands, Light Work, Big
Reward
• 1 Site of 1 Protocol per Team equals a
*LOT* of sites if many participate over
time
• Collaborations form as we all work with
common data
• Collaborative add-on projects naturally
result, and increase future funding
• BONs becoming more prevalent
25. Agenda
• Network Goal
• Introductions
• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
• Manipulation
• Surveys
• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs
• The Way Forward
26. Background
• If a local disturbance removes kelp, will it
recover?
• Higher temperatures appear to affect
reproduction and juvenile stages across
taxa.
• Hence, recovery from local disturbance
should decrease as kelps reach thermal
limits.
29. Current Plan
• Many sites along a thermal gradient
• 3 controls, 1 removal per site (finalized at
ITRS)
• 8m radius removal during time of
disturbance
• Sample central 4m for kelps, sessile
species, mobile demersal species
• Resample during peak growing season
30. Standardizing Conditions
• Relatively low-moderate wave exposure
• Site has kelp!!
• Minimal urchin presence
• Manipulation at or just before natural period
of high disturbance
• Reserves where possible? (nixed at ITRS)
• 5-12m, depending on local kelp biology
32. Points for Discussion
• Tiered experiment
– Must clear and count kelp
– Other measurements optional?
• Replication – many levels v. site-level
replication
• Others?
33. Add-ons?
• Wave exposure
• Additional sensors
• Recruitment collection
• Assessing other site
characteristics
• Vary size of removals
• Etc.
34. Agenda
• Network Goal
• Introductions
• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
• Manipulation
• Surveys
• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs
• The Way Forward
35. Objectives
• Look across wider range of variability of
environmental covariates: Wave exposure
• Ask how whole communities are affected
Kevin Lee
36. Hypotheses
1) Temperature modifies wave
effects
2) Kelp removal influences
community structure
3) Temperature and waves
affect community structure
Community
Structure
Temperature*Wave
Interaction
Wave
Disturbance
Kelp
Abundance
Temperature
Relative to Kelp
Thermal Limit
Kelp in
Prev. Year
2
1
3 3
37. Sampling
• 40m transect, n=4/site
• Combination of techniques for different
species
• Width of fish transects vary regionally
Thanks SBC LTER, NZ MPA Sampling, REEF Project, Tasmanian MPA monitoring, PISCO
38. But I HAVE a Sampling
Program…
• What would you need to make the data
compatible?
• Add a quad or two, or only give us half of
the data – no problem!
39. Standardization
• Year 0 = on a rocky reef that is not an
urchin barren
• Transects placed in stratified random
manner annually (unless you are already
working off permanent ones)
• Sampling at peak growth/abundance
season (typically mid-summer)
40. Points for Discussion
• Replication – n=4/site?
• 1 site/group enough?
• Tiered observations?
– Kelp, urchins, & sessile cover/abundance
required
– Temperature loggers required
– Which others are mandatory?
– Other sensors to think about (must be cheap!)
• Others?
41. Add-ons
• Seasonal sampling
• Gradients of urchin abundance
• MPAs
• Other stressors (nutrients, urbanization)
• Epiphytes and Epibionts
• Other measures of community function
(e.g., grazing pressure)
42. Agenda
• Network Goal
• Introductions
• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
• Manipulation
• Surveys
• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs
• The Way Forward
44. Member "Packet"
• All the methods, protocols, equipment
needs
• All data sheets provided for a given
region
• Visual ID guide for a region
• Standard data entry forms
Thank you, SBC LTER!
45. Data Sharing
• Data open within network
– Fully open after 1st publication
• Observational data open outside of
network (with collaboration invited)
• Individual scholar observational data
citation?
• Collaboration instead of competition
46. Authorship
• For first publication, data contribution
= authorship
• For subsequent
contributions, request collaboration
within network, but collaboration =
more than just data
• All data sets use archive with DOI
– Each dataset by group individually citable
http://goo.gl/ObpOz6
47. Community Broader Impacts
• Starting with Zooniverse
• Kelp Forest Ecology Blog
– If everyone writes even once every other
month, this will be huge
• Bi-Monthly Science Hangouts
– Archived, can be used for classes, etc.
48. Regional Co-ordination
• Gulf of Maine: Jarrett Byrnes
• Eastern Canada: Pat Gagnon
• W. Australia & S. Africa: Thomas Wernberg
• Alaska/Arctic: Brenda Konar
• Western S. America: Alejandro Perez-Matus
• New Zealand: Nick Shears (open to more)
• Southern CA/Baja: Matt Edwards
• Central CA – Pacific Northwest: Alison Haupt
• Eastern/South Australia: Adriana Vergés
• European Coast: ? (Thomas for Now)
• UK/Ireland: Pippa Moore
• Scandinavia: ?
49. Agenda
• Network Goal
• Introductions
• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
• Manipulation
• Surveys
• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs
• The Way Forward
50. 1 site. 1 method. From
everybody. In the next 1-2
years.
51. Support & Activities to Date
• NCEAS working group
• Zooniverse Project
• Nick Shear's Grad Student
• Manipulations & Surveys in Gulf of
Maine
• Others?
52. Reviews of NSF Proposal
1. Preliminary Data Lacking
2. Need to consider acclimation
3. Experiment: n=1 with many sites versus n>3
with fewer sites
Basically, want proof that this
is already happening & will
work
54. The Plan Going Forward
• Regional leadership to build packets & co-
ordinate regional researchers
• 1 site. From everybody. In the next 1-2
years.
• Funding quest…
– Add this to your broader impacts/justification!