The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and timeboxing. It provides descriptions of each model including typical steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best suited. It also discusses capability maturity model (CMM) levels and how changing the lifecycle model can impact development speed, quality, visibility, overhead, risk, and customer relations.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile. The waterfall model is linear and sequential. RAD emphasizes user involvement and time-boxing. The incremental model delivers functionality in phases. The spiral model evaluates risks through prototyping. Agile methods emphasize rapid, iterative delivery through practices like extreme programming (XP).
The document discusses various prescriptive software development models including the waterfall model, spiral model, incremental model, rapid application development (RAD) model, and evolutionary prototyping model. It provides details on the phases and characteristics of each model as well as when each model is most appropriate to use. The document also discusses tailored development models and emerging models like the unified process.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, Incremental, Spiral, Evolutionary Prototyping, Agile, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) models. It provides an overview of the key phases and characteristics of each model, as well as their strengths, limitations, and situations where they are best applied. The models differ in their structure, flexibility to change, emphasis on documentation or code, and ability to incorporate customer feedback throughout the development process.
Lect-4: Software Development Life Cycle Model - SPMMubashir Ali
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model, and provides guidance on when each model is best applied based on factors like requirements stability, technology maturity, and risk level. The document aims to help readers understand the different SDLC options and choose the model that is most suitable for their specific project needs and context.
This document discusses different software development lifecycle models, including linear, iterative, agile, and prototyping models. It provides details on traditional waterfall, V-model, incremental/phased development, and iterative/agile approaches. The key strengths and problems of each model are outlined. The document concludes that there is no single model that fits all projects, and the most suitable model depends on factors like requirements stability, architecture, team size, and development objectives for the specific project.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
The document discusses software engineering and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It defines key terms like system software, application software, and network-based software. It describes the characteristics of well-engineered software and lists the typical phases in the SDLC: analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance, and re-engineering. The advantages of following the SDLC are also highlighted.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and timeboxing. It provides descriptions of each model including typical steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best suited. It also discusses capability maturity model (CMM) levels and how changing the lifecycle model can impact development speed, quality, visibility, overhead, risk, and customer relations.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile. The waterfall model is linear and sequential. RAD emphasizes user involvement and time-boxing. The incremental model delivers functionality in phases. The spiral model evaluates risks through prototyping. Agile methods emphasize rapid, iterative delivery through practices like extreme programming (XP).
The document discusses various prescriptive software development models including the waterfall model, spiral model, incremental model, rapid application development (RAD) model, and evolutionary prototyping model. It provides details on the phases and characteristics of each model as well as when each model is most appropriate to use. The document also discusses tailored development models and emerging models like the unified process.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, Incremental, Spiral, Evolutionary Prototyping, Agile, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) models. It provides an overview of the key phases and characteristics of each model, as well as their strengths, limitations, and situations where they are best applied. The models differ in their structure, flexibility to change, emphasis on documentation or code, and ability to incorporate customer feedback throughout the development process.
Lect-4: Software Development Life Cycle Model - SPMMubashir Ali
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model, and provides guidance on when each model is best applied based on factors like requirements stability, technology maturity, and risk level. The document aims to help readers understand the different SDLC options and choose the model that is most suitable for their specific project needs and context.
This document discusses different software development lifecycle models, including linear, iterative, agile, and prototyping models. It provides details on traditional waterfall, V-model, incremental/phased development, and iterative/agile approaches. The key strengths and problems of each model are outlined. The document concludes that there is no single model that fits all projects, and the most suitable model depends on factors like requirements stability, architecture, team size, and development objectives for the specific project.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
The document discusses software engineering and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It defines key terms like system software, application software, and network-based software. It describes the characteristics of well-engineered software and lists the typical phases in the SDLC: analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance, and re-engineering. The advantages of following the SDLC are also highlighted.
The document discusses the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It defines SDLC as a series of phases that provide a model for developing and managing software applications. The key phases discussed are analysis, construction, testing, release, and maintenance. Within testing, the document emphasizes the importance of using tools like Veracode to test for security vulnerabilities without requiring additional resources. It also covers different SDLC methodologies like waterfall and agile approaches. The conclusion restates that the goal of any SDLC is to deliver high-quality, on-time, cost-effective software that is secure, efficient to maintain and cost-effective to enhance over time.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying systematic and technical approaches to develop reliable and efficient computer software. It describes various software development models including waterfall, prototyping, RAD, spiral and evolutionary models. It also discusses software engineering layers, characteristics, applications, and process models. Finally, it covers concepts like fourth generation techniques, software project management, estimation techniques, and risk management.
The document compares various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including the waterfall model, spiral model, prototype model, and iterative model. It discusses the advantages and limitations of each model. The waterfall model is simple and easy to understand but cannot accommodate changing requirements. The spiral model emphasizes risk analysis but can be costly. The prototype model involves user feedback early but risks wasted time if the prototype is rejected. The iterative model allows for changes between iterations but requires more management attention. In conclusion, the best model depends on the project's characteristics and needs.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral models. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The models range from sequential/linear to iterative/incremental approaches.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a framework for developing software in a systematic and efficient manner. It involves several phases from planning and requirements analysis to development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. SDLC helps estimate timelines, test software thoroughly, and develop applications in a disciplined way. The key phases include initiation, planning, requirements analysis, design, development, integration and testing, implementation, deployment, and maintenance.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. @ paghdalyogesh@gmail.com
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios for using each model. Quality assurance is important for any SDLC and includes elements like defect tracking, unit testing, code reviews, and integration/system testing.
Prescriptive process models advocate for orderly and structured approaches to software engineering. However, if these models strive for too much order, they may be inappropriate for an evolving software world that thrives on change. Yet rejecting traditional structured models could make it impossible to achieve coordination on software projects. The document then describes several prescriptive process models including the waterfall model, incremental model, RAD model, and evolutionary models like prototyping, spiral development, and concurrent development. It also mentions other approaches like component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented software development, and the unified process.
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
- The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative software development process framework that uses UML. It consists of four main phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition - which iterate over many cycles.
- The phases focus on establishing feasibility, implementing core architecture, adding remaining elements, and deployment/testing. Artifacts like use cases and UML diagrams are produced.
- Agile methods like RUP are iterative, incremental, and emphasize flexibility over heavy documentation. This allows risks to be reduced by revealing problems earlier compared to traditional waterfall models.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC) and three common SDLC models: the waterfall model, spiral model, and agile model. It provides an overview of each model, including their key phases, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is the oldest and most widely used, following a linear sequence of phases. The spiral model and agile model allow for more flexibility and adaptation during development.
This document discusses HMS Eliza's journey to modernize their software development lifecycle (SDLC). They selected Git for source control management and a specific CI/CD tool to enable fast feedback loops and standardized processes. The transition involved migrating from their previous source control (TFS) to Git and establishing a branching strategy. Dependency management was also improved through Nuget. Challenges included transitioning repositories and processes, establishing code ownership, and scaling their Jenkins infrastructure. Next steps involve measuring metrics, adding static analysis tools, and migrating to newer development environments.
This document discusses various prescriptive process models for software engineering. It begins by introducing generic process frameworks and then discusses traditional models like waterfall, incremental, prototyping, RAD and spiral. It also covers specialized models for component-based development and formal methods. Each model is explained in terms of its activities, advantages and challenges. Traditional models tend to be sequential while evolutionary models iterate and provide early feedback. Specialized models focus on areas like reuse and formal specification.
This document provides information on various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, agile methods, and rapid application development (RAD). It describes the key phases and activities in each model as well as their strengths, weaknesses, and best uses. The document aims to educate readers on different approaches to software project management and development.
This document discusses software development lifecycles and modeling approaches. It describes the Capability Maturity Model which defines 5 levels of process maturity. It also describes the Waterfall model, V-shaped model, and prototyping approaches. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and deployment. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing in parallel with development phases. Prototyping can be used for requirements gathering and refinement through iterative development of prototype versions.
This document provides information on various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, agile methods, and rapid application development (RAD). It describes the key phases and activities in each model as well as their strengths, weaknesses, and best uses. The document aims to educate readers on selecting the appropriate SDLC model based on factors like requirements stability, technology uncertainty, and risk level.
The document discusses the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It defines SDLC as a series of phases that provide a model for developing and managing software applications. The key phases discussed are analysis, construction, testing, release, and maintenance. Within testing, the document emphasizes the importance of using tools like Veracode to test for security vulnerabilities without requiring additional resources. It also covers different SDLC methodologies like waterfall and agile approaches. The conclusion restates that the goal of any SDLC is to deliver high-quality, on-time, cost-effective software that is secure, efficient to maintain and cost-effective to enhance over time.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying systematic and technical approaches to develop reliable and efficient computer software. It describes various software development models including waterfall, prototyping, RAD, spiral and evolutionary models. It also discusses software engineering layers, characteristics, applications, and process models. Finally, it covers concepts like fourth generation techniques, software project management, estimation techniques, and risk management.
The document compares various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including the waterfall model, spiral model, prototype model, and iterative model. It discusses the advantages and limitations of each model. The waterfall model is simple and easy to understand but cannot accommodate changing requirements. The spiral model emphasizes risk analysis but can be costly. The prototype model involves user feedback early but risks wasted time if the prototype is rejected. The iterative model allows for changes between iterations but requires more management attention. In conclusion, the best model depends on the project's characteristics and needs.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral models. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The models range from sequential/linear to iterative/incremental approaches.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a framework for developing software in a systematic and efficient manner. It involves several phases from planning and requirements analysis to development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. SDLC helps estimate timelines, test software thoroughly, and develop applications in a disciplined way. The key phases include initiation, planning, requirements analysis, design, development, integration and testing, implementation, deployment, and maintenance.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. @ paghdalyogesh@gmail.com
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios for using each model. Quality assurance is important for any SDLC and includes elements like defect tracking, unit testing, code reviews, and integration/system testing.
Prescriptive process models advocate for orderly and structured approaches to software engineering. However, if these models strive for too much order, they may be inappropriate for an evolving software world that thrives on change. Yet rejecting traditional structured models could make it impossible to achieve coordination on software projects. The document then describes several prescriptive process models including the waterfall model, incremental model, RAD model, and evolutionary models like prototyping, spiral development, and concurrent development. It also mentions other approaches like component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented software development, and the unified process.
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
- The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative software development process framework that uses UML. It consists of four main phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition - which iterate over many cycles.
- The phases focus on establishing feasibility, implementing core architecture, adding remaining elements, and deployment/testing. Artifacts like use cases and UML diagrams are produced.
- Agile methods like RUP are iterative, incremental, and emphasize flexibility over heavy documentation. This allows risks to be reduced by revealing problems earlier compared to traditional waterfall models.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC) and three common SDLC models: the waterfall model, spiral model, and agile model. It provides an overview of each model, including their key phases, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is the oldest and most widely used, following a linear sequence of phases. The spiral model and agile model allow for more flexibility and adaptation during development.
This document discusses HMS Eliza's journey to modernize their software development lifecycle (SDLC). They selected Git for source control management and a specific CI/CD tool to enable fast feedback loops and standardized processes. The transition involved migrating from their previous source control (TFS) to Git and establishing a branching strategy. Dependency management was also improved through Nuget. Challenges included transitioning repositories and processes, establishing code ownership, and scaling their Jenkins infrastructure. Next steps involve measuring metrics, adding static analysis tools, and migrating to newer development environments.
This document discusses various prescriptive process models for software engineering. It begins by introducing generic process frameworks and then discusses traditional models like waterfall, incremental, prototyping, RAD and spiral. It also covers specialized models for component-based development and formal methods. Each model is explained in terms of its activities, advantages and challenges. Traditional models tend to be sequential while evolutionary models iterate and provide early feedback. Specialized models focus on areas like reuse and formal specification.
This document provides information on various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, agile methods, and rapid application development (RAD). It describes the key phases and activities in each model as well as their strengths, weaknesses, and best uses. The document aims to educate readers on different approaches to software project management and development.
This document discusses software development lifecycles and modeling approaches. It describes the Capability Maturity Model which defines 5 levels of process maturity. It also describes the Waterfall model, V-shaped model, and prototyping approaches. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and deployment. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing in parallel with development phases. Prototyping can be used for requirements gathering and refinement through iterative development of prototype versions.
This document provides information on various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, agile methods, and rapid application development (RAD). It describes the key phases and activities in each model as well as their strengths, weaknesses, and best uses. The document aims to educate readers on selecting the appropriate SDLC model based on factors like requirements stability, technology uncertainty, and risk level.
This document discusses software development lifecycles and models including the waterfall model, V-shaped model, and prototyping. It describes the key stages and activities in each model as well as their strengths, weaknesses, and when each is most applicable. The waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing and validation parallel to development phases. Prototyping can be used to gather requirements through iterative development and user feedback on prototypes of varying levels of functionality.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach with distinct phases for requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for projects with stable requirements.
- The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing at each phase. It is suited for projects requiring high reliability.
- Evolutionary prototyping involves building prototypes early and getting user feedback in iterations to refine requirements. It helps clarify unstable requirements.
- Rapid application development (RAD) emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools to reduce cycle times. It is suited when requirements are reasonably well known.
- Incremental development delivers partial systems in increments to get early benefits while allowing
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- Waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and deployment with defined deliverables for each phase. It works well for stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
- V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing in parallel with development phases. It focuses on planning testing in early phases.
- Prototyping model involves building prototypes to clarify requirements with user feedback before final development.
- RAD model focuses on rapid delivery through time-boxed iterations with customer involvement.
- Incremental model prioritizes and implements requirements in groups to provide early functionality.
- Spiral model combines prototyping, risk analysis
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1) The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment phases. It works well for projects with stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
2) The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each phase. It is good for high reliability projects but does not handle changes well.
3) Prototyping models involve building prototypes early for user feedback to refine requirements. This improves accuracy but risks scope creep.
4) Incremental models prioritize requirements and implement them in phases to deliver working functionality early. This reduces risk but requires strong planning.
5) The spiral model incorporates risk analysis and protot
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Bba ii cam u iii-introduction to sdlc cycleRai University
This document discusses several systems development life cycle (SDLC) models: the waterfall model, V-shaped model, structured evolutionary prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, and testing. The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing parallel to development phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping and user feedback. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis and prototyping in iterative cycles like waterfall. Each model has strengths for certain projects but also limitations.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
This document discusses systems analysis and the waterfall model of software development. It describes the stages of systems analysis including investigation, design, and implementation with user consultation. The design stage produces a system specification detailing materials, procedures, hardware requirements, and inputs/outputs. Systems are monitored after implementation for changes. The waterfall model stages are feasibility, requirements analysis, design specification, coding, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping is discussed as an alternative that involves users earlier to detect issues and ensure requirements are met.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations, such as with prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments that build on each other. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations like prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
The document describes several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including the waterfall model, V-shaped model, prototyping model, rapid application development (RAD) model, incremental model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and deployment. The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation with testing planned in parallel with development phases. The prototyping model uses iterative prototypes to refine requirements with user feedback. RAD focuses on accelerated development through workshops, automated tools and time-boxed construction phases. The incremental model delivers functionality in increments, while the spiral model incorporates risk analysis and prototyping in iterative development cycles.
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described, along with their strengths and weaknesses. The document also provides guidance on which types of projects each model would be best suited for. It emphasizes that the best model depends on the specific project and that aspects of different models can be combined as needed.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
Introduction,Software Process Models, Project Managementswatisinghal
The document discusses different types of software processes and models used in software engineering. It defines software and differentiates it from programs. It then explains key concepts in software engineering including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental/iterative model, and spiral model. For each model it provides an overview and discusses their advantages and limitations.
The document discusses key differences between software engineering and software programming. Software engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through defined processes, with maintenance accounting for over 60% of costs. It addresses multiple stakeholders and separates roles like architect and developer. Software engineering is concerned with all aspects of production, adopting systematic approaches depending on constraints.
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Verification ensures that software is built correctly, while validation ensures it satisfies requirements. There are two main types of verification: dynamic testing, which involves executing software with test cases, and static testing, which analyzes software manually or automatically without executing it. Dynamic testing includes functional, structural, and random testing. Static testing techniques ensure properties like syntax correctness and measure attributes like error-proneness. Validation techniques include formal methods, fault injection, dependency analysis, hazard analysis, and risk analysis. Verification and validation are time-consuming but essential processes to test software thoroughly.
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https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
2. Capability Maturity Model
(CMM)
A bench-mark for measuring the maturity of
an organization’s software process
CMM defines 5 levels of process maturity
based on certain Key ProcessAreas (KPA)
4. SDLC Model
A framework that describes the activities
performed at each stage of a software
development project.
5. Waterfall Model
Requirements – defines needed
information, function, behavior,
performance and interfaces.
Design – data structures,
software architecture, interface
representations, algorithmic
details.
Implementation – source code,
database, user documentation,
testing.
6.
7. Waterfall Strengths
Easy to understand, easy to use
Provides structure to inexperienced staff
Milestones are well understood
Sets requirements stability
Good for management control (plan, staff, track)
Works well when quality is more important than
cost or schedule
8. Waterfall Deficiencies
All requirements must be known upfront
Deliverables created for each phase are
considered frozen – inhibits flexibility
Can give a false impression of progress
Does not reflect problem-solving nature of
software development – iterations of phases
Integration is one big bang at the end
Little opportunity for customer to preview the
system (until it may be too late)
9. When to use the Waterfall
Model
Requirements are very well known
Product definition is stable
Technology is understood
New version of an existing product
Porting an existing product to a new platform.
High risk for new systems because of specification and
design problems.
Low risk for well-understood developments using
familiar technology.
10. V-Shaped SDLC Model
A variant of the Waterfall
that emphasizes the
verification and validation
of the product.
Testing of the product is
planned in parallel with a
corresponding phase of
development
11. V-Shaped Steps
Project and Requirements
Planning – allocate resources
Product Requirements and
Specification Analysis –
complete specification of the
software system
Architecture or High-Level
Design – defines how
software functions fulfill the
design
Detailed Design – develop
algorithms for each
architectural component
Production, operation and
maintenance – provide for
enhancement and corrections
System and acceptance
testing – check the entire
software system in its
environment
Integration andTesting –
check that modules
interconnect correctly
Unit testing – check that each
module acts as expected
Coding – transform
algorithms into software
12. V-Shaped Strengths
Emphasize planning for verification and
validation of the product in early stages of
product development
Each deliverable must be testable
Project management can track progress by
milestones
Easy to use
13. V-Shaped Weaknesses
Does not easily handle concurrent events
Does not handle iterations or phases
Does not easily handle dynamic changes in
requirements
Does not contain risk analysis activities
14. When to use the V-Shaped
Model
Excellent choice for systems requiring high
reliability – hospital patient control
applications
All requirements are known up-front
When it can be modified to handle changing
requirements beyond analysis phase
Solution and technology are known
15. Protoyping: Basic Steps
Identify basic requirements
Including input and output info
Details (e.g., security) generally ignored
Develop initial prototype
UI first
Review
Customers/end –users review and give feedback
Revise and enhance the prototype & specs
Negotiation about scope of contract may be
necessary
16. Dimensions of prototyping
Horizontal prototype
Broad view of entire system/sub-system
Focus is on user interaction more than low-level
system functionality (e.g. , databsae access)
Useful for:
Confirmation of UI requirements and system scope
Demonstration version of the system to obtain buy-
in from business/customers
Develop preliminary estimates of development
time, cost, effort
17. Dimensions of Prototyping
Vertical prototype
More complete elaboration of a single sub-system
or function
Useful for:
Obtaining detailed requirements for a given
function
Refining database design
Obtaining info on system interface needs
Clarifying complex requirements by drilling down to
actual system functionality
18. Types of prototyping
Throwaway /rapid/close-ended prototyping
Creation of a model that will be discarded rather
than becoming part of the final delivered software
After preliminary requirements gathering, used to
visually show the users what their requirements
may look like when implemented
Focus is on quickly developing the model
not on good programming practices
CanWizard of Oz things
19. Fidelity of Protype
Low-fidelity
Paper/pencil
Mimics the functionality, but does not look like it
20.
21. Fidelity of Protype
Medium to High-fidelity
GUI builder
“Click dummy” prototype – looks like the system,
but does not provide the functionality
Or provide functionality, but have it be general
and not linked to specific data
22. Throwaway Prototyping steps
Write preliminary requirements
Design the prototype
User experiences/uses the prototype,
specifies new requirements
Repeat if necessary
Write the final requirements
Develop the real products
23. Evolutionary Prototyping
Aka breadboard prototyping
Goal is to build a very robust prototype in a
structured manner and constantly refine it
The evolutionary prototype forms the heart
of the new system and is added to and
refined
Allow the development team to add features
or make changes that were not conceived in
the initial requirements
24. Evolutionary Prototyping
Model
Developers build a prototype during the
requirements phase
Prototype is evaluated by end users
Users give corrective feedback
Developers further refine the prototype
When the user is satisfied, the prototype code
is brought up to the standards needed for a
final product.
25. EP Steps
A preliminary project plan is developed
An partial high-level paper model is created
The model is source for a partial requirements
specification
A prototype is built with basic and critical
attributes
The designer builds
the database
user interface
algorithmic functions
The designer demonstrates the prototype, the
user evaluates for problems and suggests
improvements.
This loop continues until the user is satisfied
26. EP Strengths
Customers can “see” the system requirements as
they are being gathered
Developers learn from customers
A more accurate end product
Unexpected requirements accommodated
Allows for flexible design and development
Steady, visible signs of progress produced
Interaction with the prototype stimulates
awareness of additional needed functionality
27. Incremental prototyping
Final product built as separate prototypes
At the end, the prototypes are merged into a
final design
28. Extreme Prototyping
Often used for web applications
Development broken down into 3 phases,
each based on the preceding 1
1. Static prototype consisting of HTML pages
2. Screen are programmed and fully functional
using a simulated services layer
Fully functional UI is developed with little regard
to the services, other than their contract
3. Services are implemented
29. Prototyping advantages
Reduced time and cost
Can improve the quality of requirements and
specifications provided to developers
Early determination of what the user really wants can
result in faster and less expensive software
Improved/increased user involvement
User can see and interact with the prototype, allowing
them to provide better/more complete feedback and
specs
Misunderstandings/miscommunications revealed
Final product more likely to satisfy their desired
look/feel/performance
30. Disadvantages of prototyping 1
Insufficient analysis
Focus on limited prototype can distract
developers from analyzing complete project
May overlook better solutions
Conversion of limited prototypes into poorly
engineered final projects that are hard to maintain
Limited functionality may not scale well if used as
the basis of a final deliverable
May not be noticed if developers too focused on
building prototype as a model
31. Disadvantages of prototyping 2
User confusion of prototype and finished
system
Users can think that a prototype (intended to be
thrown away) is actually a final system that needs
to be polished
Unaware of the scope of programming needed to
give prototype robust functionality
Users can become attached to features included in
prototype for consideration and then removed
from final specification
32. Disadvantages of prototyping 3
Developer attachment to prototype
If spend a great deal of time/effort to produce,
may become attached
Might try to attempt to convert a limited
prototype into a final system
Bad if the prototype does not have an appropriate
underlying architecture
33. Disadvantages of prototyping 4
Excessive development time of the prototype
Prototyping supposed to be done quickly
If developers lose sight of this, can try to build a
prototype that is too complex
For throw away prototypes, the benefits realized
from the prototype (precise requirements) may
not offset the time spent in developing the
prototype – expected productivity reduced
Users can be stuck in debates over prototype
details and hold up development process
34. Disadvantages of prototyping 5
Expense of implementing prototyping
Start up costs of prototyping may be high
Expensive to change development methodologies
in place (re-training, re-tooling)
Slow development if proper training not in place
High expectations for productivity unrealistic if
insufficient recognition of the learning curve
Lower productivity can result if overlook the need
to develop corporate and project specific
underlying structure to support the technology
35. Best uses of prototyping
Most beneficial for systems that will have
many interactions with end users
The greater the interaction between the
computer and the user, the greater the
benefit of building a quick system for the user
to play with
Especially good for designing good human-
computer interfaces
36. Spiral SDLC Model
Adds risk
analysis, and 4gl
RAD prototyping
to the waterfall
model
Each cycle
involves the
same sequence
of steps as the
waterfall process
model
37. Risk
analysis
Risk
analysis
Risk
analysis
Risk
analysis Proto-
type 1
Prototype 2
Prototype 3
Opera-
tional
protoype
Concept of
Operation
Simulations, models, benchmarks
S/W
requirements
Requirement
validation
Design
V&V
Product
design Detailed
design
Code
Unit test
Integration
test
Acceptance
test
Service Develop, verify
next-level product
Evaluate alternatives
identify, resolve risks
Determine objectives
alternatives and
constraints
Plan next phase
Integration
and test plan
Development
plan
Requirements plan
Life-cycle plan
REVIEW
38. Spiral Quadrant: Determine objectives,
alternatives and constraints
Objectives: functionality, performance,
hardware/software interface, critical success
factors, etc.
Alternatives: build, reuse, buy, sub-contract, etc.
Constraints: cost, schedule, interface, etc.
39. Spiral Quadrant: Evaluate alternatives,
identify and resolve risks
Study alternatives relative to objectives and
constraints
Identify risks (lack of experience, new
technology, tight schedules, poor process, etc.
Resolve risks (evaluate if money could be lost by
continuing system development
41. Spiral Quadrant: Plan next phase
Typical activities
Develop project plan
Develop configuration management plan
Develop a test plan
Develop an installation plan
42. Spiral Model Strengths
Provides early indication of insurmountable
risks, without much cost
Users see the system early because of rapid
prototyping tools
Critical high-risk functions are developed first
The design does not have to be perfect
Users can be closely tied to all lifecycle steps
Early and frequent feedback from users
Cumulative costs assessed frequently
43. Spiral Model Weaknesses
Time spent for evaluating risks too large for small or low-
risk projects
Time spent planning, resetting objectives, doing risk
analysis and prototyping may be excessive
The model is complex
Risk assessment expertise is required
Spiral may continue indefinitely
Developers must be reassigned during non-development
phase activities
May be hard to define objective, verifiable milestones
that indicate readiness to proceed through the next
iteration
44. When to use Spiral Model
When creation of a prototype is appropriate
When costs and risk evaluation is important
For medium to high-risk projects
Long-term project commitment unwise because
of potential changes to economic priorities
Users are unsure of their needs
Requirements are complex
New product line
Significant changes are expected (research and
exploration)
45. Housekeeping
Individual Assignment:
Post mortem + peer review
Final presentations/demos
July 26/28 - 25 minutes per
~8 minute presentation
~10 minute demo
~7 minutes questions
Course evaluations thisThursday (4:05 pm)
46. Rapid Application Model (RAD)
Requirements planning phase (a workshop
utilizing structured discussion of business
problems)
User description phase – automated tools
capture information from users
Construction phase – productivity tools, such
as code generators, screen generators, etc.
inside a time-box. (“Do until done”)
Cutover phase -- installation of the system,
user acceptance testing and user training
47. Requirements Planning Phase
Combines elements of the system planning
and systems analysis phases of the System
Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
Users, managers, and IT staff members
discuss and agree on business needs, project
scope, constraints, and system requirements.
It ends when the team agrees on the key
issues and obtains management
authorization to continue.
48. User Design Phase
Users interact with systems analysts and
develop models and prototypes that represent
all system processes, inputs, and outputs.
Typically use a combination of Joint Application
Development (JAD) techniques and CASE tools
to translate user needs into working models.
A continuous interactive process that allows
users to understand, modify, and eventually
approve a working model of the system that
meets their needs.
49. Construction Phase
Focuses on program and application
development task similar to the SDLC.
However, users continue to participate and
can still suggest changes or improvements as
actual screens or reports are developed.
Its tasks are programming and application
development, coding, unit-integration, and
system testing.
50. Cutover Phase
Resembles the final tasks in the SDLC
implementation phase.
Compared with traditional methods, the
entire process is compressed.As a result, the
new system is built, delivered, and placed in
operation much sooner.
Tasks are data conversion, full-scale testing,
system changeover, user training.
51. RAD Strengths
Reduced cycle time and improved productivity
with fewer people means lower costs
Time-box approach mitigates cost and schedule
risk
Customer involved throughout the complete
cycle minimizes risk of not achieving customer
satisfaction and business needs
Focus moves from documentation to code
(WYSIWYG).
Uses modeling concepts to capture information
about business, data, and processes.
52. RAD Weaknesses
Accelerated development process
must give quick responses to the user
Risk of never achieving closure
Hard to use with legacy systems
Requires a system that can be
modularized
Developers and customers must be
committed to rapid-fire activities in
an abbreviated time frame.
53. When to use RAD
Reasonably well-known requirements
User involved throughout the life
cycle
Project can be time-boxed
Functionality delivered in increments
High performance not required
Low technical risks
System can be modularized
54. Incremental SDLC Model
Construct a partial
implementation of a total
system
Then slowly add increased
functionality
The incremental model
prioritizes requirements of
the system and then
implements them in
groups.
Each subsequent release of
the system adds function
to the previous release,
until all designed
functionality has been
implemented.
55. Incremental Model Strengths
Develop high-risk or major functions first
Each release delivers an operational product
Customer can respond to each build
Uses “divide and conquer” breakdown of tasks
Lowers initial delivery cost
Initial product delivery is faster
Customers get important functionality early
Risk of changing requirements is reduced
56. Incremental Model Weaknesses
Requires good planning and design
Requires early definition of a complete and
fully functional system to allow for the
definition of increments
Well-defined module interfaces are
required (some will be developed long
before others)
Total cost of the complete system is not
lower
57. When to use the Incremental
Model
Risk, funding, schedule, program complexity,
or need for early realization of benefits.
Most of the requirements are known up-front
but are expected to evolve over time
A need to get basic functionality to the
market early
On projects which have lengthy development
schedules
On a project with new technology
60. Scrum advantages
Agile scrum helps the company in saving time
and money.
Scrum methodology enables projects where
the business requirements documentation is
hard to quantify to be successfully developed.
Fast moving, cutting edge developments can
be quickly coded and tested using this
method, as a mistake can be easily rectified.
61. Scrum advantages
It is a lightly controlled method which insists
on frequent updating of the progress in work
through regular meetings.Thus there is clear
visibility of the project development.
Like any other agile methodology, this is also
iterative in nature. It requires continuous
feedback from the user.
Due to short sprints and constant feedback, it
becomes easier to cope with the changes.
62. Scrum advantages
Daily meetings make it possible to measure
individual productivity.This leads to the
improvement in the productivity of each of
the team members.
Issues are identified well in advance through
the daily meetings and hence can be resolved
in speedily
It is easier to deliver a quality product in a
scheduled time.
63. Scrum advantages
Agile Scrum can work with any technology/
programming language but is particularly
useful for fast moving web 2.0 or new media
projects.
The overhead cost in terms of process and
management is minimal thus leading to a
quicker, cheaper result.
64. Scrum disadvantages
Agile Scrum is one of the leading causes of
scope creep because unless there is a definite
end date, the project management
stakeholders will be tempted to keep
demanding new functionality is delivered.
If a task is not well defined, estimating
project costs and time will not be accurate. In
such a case, the task can be spread over
several sprints.
If the team members are not committed, the
project will either never complete or fail.
65. Scrum disadvantages
It is good for small, fast moving projects as it
works well only with small team.
This methodology needs experienced team
members only. If the team consists of people
who are novices, the project cannot be
completed in time.
Scrum works well when the Scrum Master trusts
the team they are managing. If they practice too
strict control over the team members, it can be
extremely frustrating for them, leading to
demoralisation and the failure of the project.
66. Scrum disadvantages
If any of the team members leave during a
development it can have a huge inverse effect
on the project development
Project quality management is hard to
implement and quantify unless the test team
are able to conduct regression testing after
each sprint.
Editor's Notes
imeboxing is a planning technique common in planning projects (typically for software development), where the schedule is divided into a number of separate time periods (timeboxes, normally two to six weeks long), with each part having its own deliverables, deadline and budget. Timeboxing is a core aspect of rapid application development (RAD) software development processes such as dynamic systems development method (DSDM) and agile software development.
Timeboxes are used as a form of risk management, especially for tasks that may easily extend past their deadlines. The end date (deadline) is one of the primary drivers in the planning and should not be changed as it is usually linked to a delivery date of the product. If the team exceeds the deadline, the team failed in proper planning and / or effective execution of the plan. This can be the result of: the wrong people on the wrong job (lack of communication between teams, lack of experience, lack of commitment / drive / motivation, lack of speed) or underestimation of the (complexity of the) requirements.
When the team exceeds the deadline, the following actions might be taken after conferring with the Client:
Dropping requirements of lower impact (the ones that will not be directly missed by the user)
Working overtime to compensate for the time lost
Moving the deadline