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Kandiyan home garden
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- 2. Contents… Introduction Backgroundand Landscape Major crops cultivated in Kandyan Home Gardens Importance of Kandyan Home Gardens Benefits of Kandyan Home Gardens Main issues related to Kandyan Home Gardens
- 3. Introduction… Kandyan homegardens located in the mid-country region of Sri Lanka, predominantly in the district of Kandy but also in Mathale, Kegalle, Kurunegala and Rathnapura districts. While in similar to others home garden systems in other parts of the world Kandyan home gardens are unique in the high levels of functional plant diversity they contents Kandyan home gardens, world famous as many articles have been written based on these by the foreigners as well as locals. It is a traditional cropping system practiced for centuries. This is considered as the oldest ‘agro-forestry’ system in Asia
- 4. Background and Landscape… Almost same as tropical rainforest structure. Kandyan home gardens cover about 8000ha and located in Kandy Centred Districts with an attitude of 400-1050m. Average size of a home garden is 0.4ha Tree height is around 30-35m. There are many strata, almost 5 canopy layers. There are approximately 45-65 plants/bushes per hectare. At least 20 crops are located in a single system.
- 5. Horizontal schematic planof a typical Kandyan Home Garden a - road b - ornamental and fruit trees c - pathway d - ornamental shrubs e - cleared patch f - house g - vegetable plants and annual spices h - shrubs ,hedges and live fencing i - fruit trees j - tall timber, coconut, and spice trees a c b f d e h i j g
- 7. Land area, populationdensity, forest cover and home garden area of districts where KHGs exists in Sri Lanka District Area(Sqm) Population density(Sqk m) Forest cover(%) HG cover(%) Tree canopy cover(%) Badulla 2,803 294 19.0 17.7 36.7 Kandy 1,906 704 17.0 30.4 47.4 Kegalle 1,693 468 9.5 23.2 32.7 Kurunegala 4,813 311 5.0 15.1 20.1 Matale 1,993 233 40.5 11.7 52.2 Nuwaraeliya 1,720 423 24.5 5.3 29.8 Rathnapura 3,255 325 20.0 15.8 35.8 All KHG’s 18,183 394 19.0 17.0 36.0 Sri Lanka 65,610 314 23.5 13.1 36.6
- 8. Characteristics Range Size ofHome garden (ha) 0.05-2.5 (mean= 0.4ha) Altitude(m) 400-1050 Rainfall (mm) 2000-2500 Temperature (0C) 24-26 Relative Humidity (%) 65-80(day) and 75-90(night) Population density (per Sqkm) 500-699 Family size (numbers) 2-9 Number of vertical canopy strata 3-5 Canopy coverage (%) 45-98
- 9. Cont.… Ground coverage(%) 50-90 Dominantsoil type Reddish brown latosolic to immature brown loam Slope of land (%) 10-40 No. of species per home garden 37-143 No. of woody taxa per home garden 11-39 Tree species density per hectare 92-3736 Plant species density per hectare 654-5663 Dominant natural vegetation of the area Tropical wet evergreen forests Landy tenure Mainly privately owned
- 10. Major crops cultivatedin Kandyan home gardens • Fruits Avocado, Banana, Cashew, Citrus, Custard apple, Durian, Guava, Jack fruit, Mangosteen, Passion fruits, Papaya, Mango, Pineapple, Pomegranate, Rambutan, Rose apple, Sapodilla. Custard apple Duriyan Avocado
- 11. • Vegetables Amaranthus, Brinjal,Cabbage, Okra, Pumpkin, Spinach, wing bean, Bitter gourd Cabbage Spinach Wing bean
- 12. • Spices Cardamom, Chillies,Cinnamon, Cloves, Coriander, Curry leaf, ginger, lemon grass, nutmeg, Pepper, Turmeric, Rampe. Cloves Nutmeg Pepper
- 13. • Ornamental Anthurium, Croton,Begonias, Orchids, Palms, Roses, Ferns Anthurium Begonias Orchid
- 14. • Medicinal Most herbsand trees in home gardens are medicinally used
- 15. • Timber Mahogany, Teak,Jackfruit, Albizia. • Country 70% timber requirement filled by home gardens Mahogany Teak Jackfruit
- 16. • Staple &other food items Paddy, Bread fruit, Cassava, Coconut, Jackfruit, Sweet potato, Yam Cassava Coconut trees and paddy fields
- 17. • Cash crops Mangosteen,mahogany, coffee, Avocado, Teak, Pepper, Nutmeg, Anthurium, Cocoa, Arecanut Mangosteen Coffee Arecanut
- 18. Importance of KandyanHome Gardens The farmers and house holds with Kandyan Home gardens have tended to have livelihood from a broader range of market and subsistence products compared to those with other home gardens. Provide connectivity and linkages to other agricultural and natural landscapes. This is important for biodiversity
- 19. Benefits of KandyanHome Garden…Home Garden Home Garden its of Kandyan Home Garden Highly economical Provides foods (fruits, vegetables, spices, livestock & poultry products), timber, fire-woods) Similar to a natural rain forests High species diversity and genetic conservation Enhance the family nutrition Provide habitat for fauna Thick canopy-avoid soil erosion High litter content keep texture and structure and chemical properties well Conservation of wild varieties of crop
- 20. Kandyan HomeGardens prevent erosion and floods and increase carbon sequestration Gliricidia under coconut Leaf litter reduces soil temperature Prevent soil erosion and enhance fertility
- 22. Provisioning servicesare the products obtained from home gardens such as food, spices, medicines and timber Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the regulation of home garden processes such as climate regulation, water purification, and waste management, pest and disease control. Cultural services include non-material benefits that people obtain from home gardens such as spiritual enrichment, intellectual development, recreation and aesthetic values Supporting services highlight the importance of home gardens in providing habitat wild flora and fauna and maintaining viability of gene pools
- 23. Key benefits ofKandyan home garden
- 24. Nutritional Benefits… Nutrients Examples EnergyAvocado, Banana, Breadfruit, Cashew nut, Cassava, Coconut, Groundnut, Jackfruit, Maize, Sugar cane, Sweet Potato, Yam Protein Cashew nut, Cowpea, Eggs, Ground nut, beans, Sesbenia grandifolia, wing beans Fat Avocado, Cashew nut, Coconut, Ground nut, Milk and milk products Vitamin A Amaranthus, Banana, Bittergourd, Cassava and drumstick, Mango, Papaya, Sweet Potato, Water Spinach Kandyan Home Gardens are good nutritional gardens. Thus, helping food and nutritional security
- 25. Contd… Vitamin C Banana,Carambola, Cashew nut, Citrus(many kind), Custard apple, Guava, Mango, Magosteen, Nelli, Orange, Passion fruit, Papaya, Pineapple, Pomegranate, Rambutan, Rose Apple, Sapodilla Minerals Most green vegetables and fruits Fibre Most green vegetables and fruits
- 26. Economical Benefits… KandyanHome Gardens escalate household income and thereby the purchasing power that makes people live in these home gardens more access to food, financially. Spices are found to be the major income contributor while livestock recorded least. The contribution of animal products to household income was at very low (0.02%) though plant product contributes to about 35.5%. Income derived from home gardens play an indispensable role in the household economy.
- 27. Income andenhanced rural employment through additional or off- season production. Spice Gardens in Sri Lanka, another agroforestry with commercial potential
- 28. Non Material Benefits… Recreation Tourism Aesthetic Education
- 29. Main issues relatedto Kandyan Home Gardens Conversion of Home Gardens into other land uses Fragmentation of Home Gardens Wild Animal Conflict Changing species composition and structure from multi-tree species rich in Home Gardens, hence quality of sensitive area is reduce
- 32. Group members… UWU/EAG/17/002- V.C.J.Ariyarathne UWU/EAG/17/003 - W.A.B.R.Ariyathilake UWU/EAG/17/004 - M.J.F.Azna UWU/EAG/17/005 - H.M.R.D.M.Bandara UWU/EAG/17/006 - K.M.S.R. Bandaranayake
Editor's Notes
- #8 According to this table we can say that Kandy District has the highest coverage of Kandyan Home Gardens – (30.4%)