The Philippine culture is made up of material and non-material elements that interact. However, Philippine culture has been damaged since Western invasion in the 19th century, trapping the country between local traditions and modernization. While some tribes retained older traditions, colonization by Spain and the US has greatly influenced Filipino culture. Ongoing issues include a fragmented tribal system, corruption, poverty, and some Filipinos feeling ashamed of their culture. Key factors shaping Philippine culture include colonization, media introducing Western ideas, technology enabling foreign cultural mixing, and an import/export economic system.