This document summarizes experiments testing the antimicrobial activity of crude probiotic bacterial lysates and powder lysates using BacT/ALERT bottles and a BacT/ALERT system. Several sample sets were prepared with varying concentrations of lysates and inoculated with S. aureus. The time taken for bacterial growth detection in each bottle was recorded. For the lower lysate concentrations, growth times were similar to the controls. Higher concentrations of 2g/2ml of the powder and crude lysates showed delays in detection time, indicating antimicrobial activity. The crude lysates showed greater variability in detection times between samples than the powder lysates. The BacT/ALERT system was able to objectively measure antimicrobial effects compared to
Mycotoxins are strictly regulated around the world because of their strong carcinogenic effects. A simple and reliable method to analyze mycotoxins is required to ensure food safety. The current methods require time-consuming sample pretreatment. This presentation reports on a fully automated online sample extraction and analysis of mycotoxins in foods by online SFE-SFC-MS.
Analysis of Aflatoxins in Pet Food by UHPLC Using PDA and Fluorescence DetectionPerkinElmer, Inc.
Commercially prepared pet foods are easy and economical ways to fulfill the nutritional requirements for pets. Dry pet food is produced with grains and cereal by-products rejected for human consumption. The contamination of these by-products, with toxigenic fungal metabolites called mycotoxins, pose a serious health threat to pets.
Aflatoxins, some of the most carcinogenic mycotoxins known, are classified as B1, B2, G1, and G2. Several aflatoxin outbreaks in commercial pet foods have been reported in the past few years. Symptoms from aflatoxin exposure include lethargy, anorexia, jaundice, and intravascular coagulation, the severity often varying based upon a pet’s breed, species, age, dose, length of exposure, and nutritional status. Even if affecting only a small percentage of commercial pet foods, problems with pet food safety impact the entire pet food industry due to recalls and loss of consumer loyalty. Such experiences have reaffirmed the need for commercial pet food manufacturers to devote extensive resources documenting product quality.
BILS 2015 Tosoh Bioscience
"Making the Impossible Possible – Chromatographic Solutions for Demanding Separations in Downstream Processing"
Judith Vajda, Regina Römling and Egbert Müller
The automation of sample preparation has become an increasingly important component for reproducible and operator-independent experiments. This work outlines novel strategies that are being utilized for automated online and offline sample preparation to achieve specific goals, such as a host of applications including targeting post-translationally modified proteins, non-tryptic peptides, and intact proteins.
The presentation describes the automated process of the system and present a number of applications from sample matrices such as food, polymers, and pharmaceuticals to show the utility of the system.
1. The document describes a protein purification procedure using ammonium sulfate precipitation and the Folin-Lowry assay to measure protein concentrations. Bovine serum albumin was used as the standard protein.
2. The Folin-Lowry assay involves two reactions - first with an alkaline copper tartrate solution and then with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. This allows spectrophotometric measurement of protein concentrations.
3. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was used to isolate proteins based on their solubility. This increased the yield and purity of the target protein, progesterone receptors.
This document describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for analyzing streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residues in honey. Various HILIC columns were tested and a ZIC-cHILIC column provided the best separation of the two compounds. An ITSP clean-up step using weak cation exchange SPE removed sugars from honey extracts to reduce ion suppression. The method was validated according to EU guidelines, with mean recoveries of 98-105% and method detection limits below the regulatory limits of 0.02-0.05 mg/kg.
Mycotoxins are strictly regulated around the world because of their strong carcinogenic effects. A simple and reliable method to analyze mycotoxins is required to ensure food safety. The current methods require time-consuming sample pretreatment. This presentation reports on a fully automated online sample extraction and analysis of mycotoxins in foods by online SFE-SFC-MS.
Analysis of Aflatoxins in Pet Food by UHPLC Using PDA and Fluorescence DetectionPerkinElmer, Inc.
Commercially prepared pet foods are easy and economical ways to fulfill the nutritional requirements for pets. Dry pet food is produced with grains and cereal by-products rejected for human consumption. The contamination of these by-products, with toxigenic fungal metabolites called mycotoxins, pose a serious health threat to pets.
Aflatoxins, some of the most carcinogenic mycotoxins known, are classified as B1, B2, G1, and G2. Several aflatoxin outbreaks in commercial pet foods have been reported in the past few years. Symptoms from aflatoxin exposure include lethargy, anorexia, jaundice, and intravascular coagulation, the severity often varying based upon a pet’s breed, species, age, dose, length of exposure, and nutritional status. Even if affecting only a small percentage of commercial pet foods, problems with pet food safety impact the entire pet food industry due to recalls and loss of consumer loyalty. Such experiences have reaffirmed the need for commercial pet food manufacturers to devote extensive resources documenting product quality.
BILS 2015 Tosoh Bioscience
"Making the Impossible Possible – Chromatographic Solutions for Demanding Separations in Downstream Processing"
Judith Vajda, Regina Römling and Egbert Müller
The automation of sample preparation has become an increasingly important component for reproducible and operator-independent experiments. This work outlines novel strategies that are being utilized for automated online and offline sample preparation to achieve specific goals, such as a host of applications including targeting post-translationally modified proteins, non-tryptic peptides, and intact proteins.
The presentation describes the automated process of the system and present a number of applications from sample matrices such as food, polymers, and pharmaceuticals to show the utility of the system.
1. The document describes a protein purification procedure using ammonium sulfate precipitation and the Folin-Lowry assay to measure protein concentrations. Bovine serum albumin was used as the standard protein.
2. The Folin-Lowry assay involves two reactions - first with an alkaline copper tartrate solution and then with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. This allows spectrophotometric measurement of protein concentrations.
3. Ammonium sulfate precipitation was used to isolate proteins based on their solubility. This increased the yield and purity of the target protein, progesterone receptors.
This document describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for analyzing streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residues in honey. Various HILIC columns were tested and a ZIC-cHILIC column provided the best separation of the two compounds. An ITSP clean-up step using weak cation exchange SPE removed sugars from honey extracts to reduce ion suppression. The method was validated according to EU guidelines, with mean recoveries of 98-105% and method detection limits below the regulatory limits of 0.02-0.05 mg/kg.
This document summarizes a study that developed an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously detect horse meat and the banned substance phenylbutazone (BUTE) in meat samples. The method uses peptide markers specific to horse proteins and MRM transitions to detect BUTE. Testing showed the method could reliably detect 1% horse meat contamination in beef samples and detect BUTE levels below 10 μg/kg. The LC-MS/MS approach provides a sensitive, specific and reliable multi-species screening method and allows simultaneous detection of veterinary drug residues, advantages over existing DNA- or protein-based detection methods.
The document describes optimizing hazelnut extracts for use as standards in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect hazelnuts. Hazelnuts were extracted using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation at concentrations from 20-90% to obtain protein precipitates. ELISA was performed using the crude extract and precipitates as standards. Results showed the 80% ammonium sulfate pellet improved ELISA sensitivity for detecting hazelnuts compared to other extracts. Further work is needed to develop a standard curve using the 80% pellet and apply the ELISA to food samples.
This document describes how ELISA assays can be used to detect melamine residuals in milk samples at concentrations below 10 μg/kg. Two different commercially available ELISA kits were tested on milk samples spiked with melamine. The samples were prepared using different protocols depending on the kit. Both kits use a competitive ELISA principle where HRP-conjugated melamine competes with free melamine for antibody binding. Absorbance measurements allow quantification of melamine levels in the samples. The assays took about one hour to complete and required only standard ELISA instrumentation.
The document describes various life science products for sample preparation and analysis, including:
1) MonoSpin SPE columns for solid phase extraction of small volume samples.
2) MonoTip pipette tip SPE for efficient concentration and purification of peptide and protein samples.
3) Titansphere Phos-TiO kits for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from protein digests.
4) MonoSpin ProA and ProG kits for rapid antibody purification using monolithic silica spin columns.
5) MonoCap high resolution LC columns for high efficiency peptide and protein separation.
Industrial Laboratories around the world are trying to find ways to minimize sample preparation and enhance productivity. The adaptation of modern mass spectrometry instrumentation is desired due to the high sensitivity and selectivity they provide. This presentation will describe how different sample preparation techniques can be simplified and automated for LC/MS/MS analyses.
With increasing pressure of a higher sample throughput and fewer chemists, purification labs in medicinal chemistry groups need to be more productive now than ever before.
This presentation will describe a technique that allows the analyst to obtain a higher purity and better resolution using information from the preliminary analytical screening of these samples prior to purification.
This document describes two UHPLC-PDA methods for analyzing vitamin E (tocopherol) isomers in e-liquid samples. A 10-minute gradient method separates e-liquid matrix, nicotine, cannabinoids, and three vitamin E isomers. A faster 5-minute isocratic method resolves only the vitamin E isomers. Calibration curves for the vitamin E isomers show good linearity (R2 > 0.999) over concentrations of 1-100 ppm. The methods were applied to analyze six e-liquid samples but did not detect any vitamin E. Coconut oil used in one sample was found to contain interfering compounds at lower detection wavelengths.
LC-MS/MS analysis of emerging food contaminantsSCIEX
Recently (November 2014), threats in the form of letters were sent to farming and dairy industry leaders in New Zealand. The letters were accompanied by small packages of milk powder that were shown to contain a concentrated form of the pesticide 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate). The sender demanded that the New Zealand government stop using 1080 for pest control. Sodium fluoroacetate is used to protect New Zealand’s native flora and fauna against introduced pests like possums and ferrets. Opponents, however, argue that it also kills native animals and contaminates the environment.1-2
Such criminal threats are a potential danger and weaken consumers’ trust in the food supply chain. Accurate and reliable analytical methods are needed to monitor food ingredients and final products to ensure food safety in light of this threat.
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an ideal analytical technique to detect polar analytes in complex food samples.
Here we present first results of method development to detect sodium fluoroacetate in milk and infant formula. The sample preparation protocol consists of a simple acetonitrile extraction and defatting using hexane. LC separation was achieved using a HILIC column in normal phase mode. The mass spectrometer was operated in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. In MRM mode the transition of a molecular ion into a characteristic fragment ion is monitored. The monitoring of more than a single fragment ion allows not only quantitation but also highly confident identification based on the ratio between quantifier and qualifier transitions.
Initial studies show that sodium fluoroacetate can be detected at concentrations below 1 ng/mL (below 10 ng/mL in matrix) using the SCIEX QTRAP® 4500 system, with good accuracy and repeatability. Linearity for quantitation was achieved over 3 orders of magnitude (0.1 to 100 ng/mL). Future experiments are planned to further increase sensitivity, simplify sample preparation and to include an internal standard to correct low recoveries and matrix effects.
This document summarizes various experiments analyzing mitochondrial ribosome interacting proteins and overexpression of EF-Tu and EF-G proteins in E. coli. Figure 1 shows a SDS-PAGE gel with labeled mitochondrial ribosome subunit samples. The second section provides criteria for database analysis of mitochondrial ribosome associated proteins. Figures 2-4 show SDS-PAGE gels and western blots analyzing overexpression of EF-Tu and purification of EF-Tu and EF-G. Figures 7-8 again examine overexpression of EF-Tu and EF-G using SDS-PAGE and western blot.
This application note describes the methodology and use of the Shimadzu ICPMS-2030 ICP mass spectrometer for the analysis of trace elements in drinking and fresh waters following the EPA 200.8 method. This method is also used for analysis of wastewater. Here, we demonstrate the stability and sensitivity of the ICPMS-2030 for EPA 200.8 analyses.
This presentation reports on the development of a GC FID method to accurately quantify ethanol and IPA concentrations in two hand sanitizer samples. By using nitrogen as the carrier gas, this method is cost-effective and ensures the product compliance with CDC and USP guidelines and regulations.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a manual for quality analyses of soybean products used in the feed industry. It begins with an introduction describing the increasing global production and use of soybeans and soybean products as a dominant source of protein in animal feed. It then describes the various soybean products and their production processes. These include soybean meals produced via expeller or solvent extraction processes, as well as refined products like soy protein isolates and concentrates. The manual provides definitions and applications of different soybean products for accurate identification and classification. It aims to standardize quality analyses to improve knowledge and application of soybean products.
Proteins and amino acids; Brief introduction of methods for quantification of...umair7894
The document discusses two methods for identifying and quantifying proteins and amino acids in food: enzyme hydrolysis and derivatization with o-phthaldehyde, and capillary electrophoresis. It also covers two methods for determining amino acid content: capillary electrophoresis with UV detection, which uses NBD-Cl for pre-column derivatization, and reaction flow chromatography with post-column derivatization using fluorescamine. The document provides details of the procedures, advantages and disadvantages of each method. It concludes that enzyme hydrolysis provides the most accurate protein quantification while capillary electrophoresis is best for amino acid analysis due to its low cost and short analysis time.
The document discusses three main methods for the bacterial endotoxin test - gel clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The gel clot method is the simplest but least quantitative, while turbidimetric and chromogenic methods allow for more automation and precision using spectrophotometry. All three methods use Limulus amebocyte lysate and detect endotoxins through coagulation reactions. The choice of method depends on factors like testing volumes, sample properties, required sensitivity, and compliance needs. Photometric methods have advantages of automation and precision but higher costs, while gel clot is inexpensive but less quantitative.
The presence of Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in drinking water is being thoroughly studied due to the persistence of these compounds in the environment and their potential health effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the occurrence of these chemicals in bottled water, despite the increasing concerns about PFAS in the food supply. This poster shows results from a fast and simple direct injection method similar to draft EPA method 8237, using the Shimadzu triple quad LCMS-8050 to analyze seven commercially available samples of bottled water for 24 PFAS.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. There are 20 standard amino acids that serve as building blocks of proteins. Proteins play many important roles in the body such as enzymes, hormones, structural components, storage and transport. Disorders can occur if there are defects in protein metabolism or deficiencies in amino acids. Identification tests help detect the presence of proteins and their components.
(originally aired 11-14-12)
Although biofuels are an attractive alternative to fossil fuels, large scale development is currently challenging. Development of renewable fuel characterization, processes, and contaminant analysis using robust analytical methods is needed. Here, focus is on Ion Chromatography—a proven technique for providing fast, reliable answers during research to production—with HPAE-PAD technology for carbohydrate analysis in feedstock and method parameter optimization (including column chemistry) for efficient separation of mono- and disaccharides with good resolution, linearity, and accuracy over a broad dynamic range. Since some residual sucrose and cellobiose may be present, examples of monitoring them and other saccharides is covered, along with their impact on the fermentation process.
The Analysis of Baby Foods and Juices for Metals to Protect a Sensitive Popul...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This work will describe measurements of a variety of toxic metals at low concentrations in fruit juices and fruit purees. Sample preparation and the effect on detection limits will be described. Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) will be compared and an overall approach to analysis described.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1cBJQDD
Automated SPE for Capillary Microsampling PosterRick Youngblood
1) An automated SPE method using small single-use cartridges was evaluated for plasma samples derived from capillary microsampling as an alternative to manual protein precipitation.
2) Results from the automated SPE method were comparable to manual protein precipitation in terms of accuracy, precision, calibration curves, and limits of quantification. The automated method provided equivalent results but with less hands-on time.
3) Further optimization is possible, including reducing the plasma sample volume and elution volume to allow analysis of samples from microsampling techniques using minimal volumes.
The presentation is about the chemical residues that cloud be seen in the milk. It includes the chemical residues like the antibiotic residues, pesticides, detergents and heavy metals.
Over the past decade, there have been a growing number of mAb candidates entering the clinical pipeline. This results in a large increase on the demand for analytical characterization. This seminar discusses advances in analytical method development with analytical run times below 10 minutes for all routine methods with intelligent, integrated chromatography workflows. Orbitrap technology has been established as the most powerful MS technology for protein characterization. How this can be incorporated into a complete workflow for bio-pharma analysis is also discussed.
This document summarizes a study that developed an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously detect horse meat and the banned substance phenylbutazone (BUTE) in meat samples. The method uses peptide markers specific to horse proteins and MRM transitions to detect BUTE. Testing showed the method could reliably detect 1% horse meat contamination in beef samples and detect BUTE levels below 10 μg/kg. The LC-MS/MS approach provides a sensitive, specific and reliable multi-species screening method and allows simultaneous detection of veterinary drug residues, advantages over existing DNA- or protein-based detection methods.
The document describes optimizing hazelnut extracts for use as standards in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect hazelnuts. Hazelnuts were extracted using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation at concentrations from 20-90% to obtain protein precipitates. ELISA was performed using the crude extract and precipitates as standards. Results showed the 80% ammonium sulfate pellet improved ELISA sensitivity for detecting hazelnuts compared to other extracts. Further work is needed to develop a standard curve using the 80% pellet and apply the ELISA to food samples.
This document describes how ELISA assays can be used to detect melamine residuals in milk samples at concentrations below 10 μg/kg. Two different commercially available ELISA kits were tested on milk samples spiked with melamine. The samples were prepared using different protocols depending on the kit. Both kits use a competitive ELISA principle where HRP-conjugated melamine competes with free melamine for antibody binding. Absorbance measurements allow quantification of melamine levels in the samples. The assays took about one hour to complete and required only standard ELISA instrumentation.
The document describes various life science products for sample preparation and analysis, including:
1) MonoSpin SPE columns for solid phase extraction of small volume samples.
2) MonoTip pipette tip SPE for efficient concentration and purification of peptide and protein samples.
3) Titansphere Phos-TiO kits for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from protein digests.
4) MonoSpin ProA and ProG kits for rapid antibody purification using monolithic silica spin columns.
5) MonoCap high resolution LC columns for high efficiency peptide and protein separation.
Industrial Laboratories around the world are trying to find ways to minimize sample preparation and enhance productivity. The adaptation of modern mass spectrometry instrumentation is desired due to the high sensitivity and selectivity they provide. This presentation will describe how different sample preparation techniques can be simplified and automated for LC/MS/MS analyses.
With increasing pressure of a higher sample throughput and fewer chemists, purification labs in medicinal chemistry groups need to be more productive now than ever before.
This presentation will describe a technique that allows the analyst to obtain a higher purity and better resolution using information from the preliminary analytical screening of these samples prior to purification.
This document describes two UHPLC-PDA methods for analyzing vitamin E (tocopherol) isomers in e-liquid samples. A 10-minute gradient method separates e-liquid matrix, nicotine, cannabinoids, and three vitamin E isomers. A faster 5-minute isocratic method resolves only the vitamin E isomers. Calibration curves for the vitamin E isomers show good linearity (R2 > 0.999) over concentrations of 1-100 ppm. The methods were applied to analyze six e-liquid samples but did not detect any vitamin E. Coconut oil used in one sample was found to contain interfering compounds at lower detection wavelengths.
LC-MS/MS analysis of emerging food contaminantsSCIEX
Recently (November 2014), threats in the form of letters were sent to farming and dairy industry leaders in New Zealand. The letters were accompanied by small packages of milk powder that were shown to contain a concentrated form of the pesticide 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate). The sender demanded that the New Zealand government stop using 1080 for pest control. Sodium fluoroacetate is used to protect New Zealand’s native flora and fauna against introduced pests like possums and ferrets. Opponents, however, argue that it also kills native animals and contaminates the environment.1-2
Such criminal threats are a potential danger and weaken consumers’ trust in the food supply chain. Accurate and reliable analytical methods are needed to monitor food ingredients and final products to ensure food safety in light of this threat.
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an ideal analytical technique to detect polar analytes in complex food samples.
Here we present first results of method development to detect sodium fluoroacetate in milk and infant formula. The sample preparation protocol consists of a simple acetonitrile extraction and defatting using hexane. LC separation was achieved using a HILIC column in normal phase mode. The mass spectrometer was operated in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. In MRM mode the transition of a molecular ion into a characteristic fragment ion is monitored. The monitoring of more than a single fragment ion allows not only quantitation but also highly confident identification based on the ratio between quantifier and qualifier transitions.
Initial studies show that sodium fluoroacetate can be detected at concentrations below 1 ng/mL (below 10 ng/mL in matrix) using the SCIEX QTRAP® 4500 system, with good accuracy and repeatability. Linearity for quantitation was achieved over 3 orders of magnitude (0.1 to 100 ng/mL). Future experiments are planned to further increase sensitivity, simplify sample preparation and to include an internal standard to correct low recoveries and matrix effects.
This document summarizes various experiments analyzing mitochondrial ribosome interacting proteins and overexpression of EF-Tu and EF-G proteins in E. coli. Figure 1 shows a SDS-PAGE gel with labeled mitochondrial ribosome subunit samples. The second section provides criteria for database analysis of mitochondrial ribosome associated proteins. Figures 2-4 show SDS-PAGE gels and western blots analyzing overexpression of EF-Tu and purification of EF-Tu and EF-G. Figures 7-8 again examine overexpression of EF-Tu and EF-G using SDS-PAGE and western blot.
This application note describes the methodology and use of the Shimadzu ICPMS-2030 ICP mass spectrometer for the analysis of trace elements in drinking and fresh waters following the EPA 200.8 method. This method is also used for analysis of wastewater. Here, we demonstrate the stability and sensitivity of the ICPMS-2030 for EPA 200.8 analyses.
This presentation reports on the development of a GC FID method to accurately quantify ethanol and IPA concentrations in two hand sanitizer samples. By using nitrogen as the carrier gas, this method is cost-effective and ensures the product compliance with CDC and USP guidelines and regulations.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a manual for quality analyses of soybean products used in the feed industry. It begins with an introduction describing the increasing global production and use of soybeans and soybean products as a dominant source of protein in animal feed. It then describes the various soybean products and their production processes. These include soybean meals produced via expeller or solvent extraction processes, as well as refined products like soy protein isolates and concentrates. The manual provides definitions and applications of different soybean products for accurate identification and classification. It aims to standardize quality analyses to improve knowledge and application of soybean products.
Proteins and amino acids; Brief introduction of methods for quantification of...umair7894
The document discusses two methods for identifying and quantifying proteins and amino acids in food: enzyme hydrolysis and derivatization with o-phthaldehyde, and capillary electrophoresis. It also covers two methods for determining amino acid content: capillary electrophoresis with UV detection, which uses NBD-Cl for pre-column derivatization, and reaction flow chromatography with post-column derivatization using fluorescamine. The document provides details of the procedures, advantages and disadvantages of each method. It concludes that enzyme hydrolysis provides the most accurate protein quantification while capillary electrophoresis is best for amino acid analysis due to its low cost and short analysis time.
The document discusses three main methods for the bacterial endotoxin test - gel clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The gel clot method is the simplest but least quantitative, while turbidimetric and chromogenic methods allow for more automation and precision using spectrophotometry. All three methods use Limulus amebocyte lysate and detect endotoxins through coagulation reactions. The choice of method depends on factors like testing volumes, sample properties, required sensitivity, and compliance needs. Photometric methods have advantages of automation and precision but higher costs, while gel clot is inexpensive but less quantitative.
The presence of Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in drinking water is being thoroughly studied due to the persistence of these compounds in the environment and their potential health effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the occurrence of these chemicals in bottled water, despite the increasing concerns about PFAS in the food supply. This poster shows results from a fast and simple direct injection method similar to draft EPA method 8237, using the Shimadzu triple quad LCMS-8050 to analyze seven commercially available samples of bottled water for 24 PFAS.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. There are 20 standard amino acids that serve as building blocks of proteins. Proteins play many important roles in the body such as enzymes, hormones, structural components, storage and transport. Disorders can occur if there are defects in protein metabolism or deficiencies in amino acids. Identification tests help detect the presence of proteins and their components.
(originally aired 11-14-12)
Although biofuels are an attractive alternative to fossil fuels, large scale development is currently challenging. Development of renewable fuel characterization, processes, and contaminant analysis using robust analytical methods is needed. Here, focus is on Ion Chromatography—a proven technique for providing fast, reliable answers during research to production—with HPAE-PAD technology for carbohydrate analysis in feedstock and method parameter optimization (including column chemistry) for efficient separation of mono- and disaccharides with good resolution, linearity, and accuracy over a broad dynamic range. Since some residual sucrose and cellobiose may be present, examples of monitoring them and other saccharides is covered, along with their impact on the fermentation process.
The Analysis of Baby Foods and Juices for Metals to Protect a Sensitive Popul...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This work will describe measurements of a variety of toxic metals at low concentrations in fruit juices and fruit purees. Sample preparation and the effect on detection limits will be described. Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) will be compared and an overall approach to analysis described.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1cBJQDD
Automated SPE for Capillary Microsampling PosterRick Youngblood
1) An automated SPE method using small single-use cartridges was evaluated for plasma samples derived from capillary microsampling as an alternative to manual protein precipitation.
2) Results from the automated SPE method were comparable to manual protein precipitation in terms of accuracy, precision, calibration curves, and limits of quantification. The automated method provided equivalent results but with less hands-on time.
3) Further optimization is possible, including reducing the plasma sample volume and elution volume to allow analysis of samples from microsampling techniques using minimal volumes.
The presentation is about the chemical residues that cloud be seen in the milk. It includes the chemical residues like the antibiotic residues, pesticides, detergents and heavy metals.
Over the past decade, there have been a growing number of mAb candidates entering the clinical pipeline. This results in a large increase on the demand for analytical characterization. This seminar discusses advances in analytical method development with analytical run times below 10 minutes for all routine methods with intelligent, integrated chromatography workflows. Orbitrap technology has been established as the most powerful MS technology for protein characterization. How this can be incorporated into a complete workflow for bio-pharma analysis is also discussed.
Clinical chemistry uses chemical processes to measure levels of chemical components in the blood. It is very useful for the early diagnostic of disease and for monitoring organ function. The most common specimens used in clinical chemistry are blood and urine. Table 1 shows the common blood tests and measurable items using UV/Vis spectrophotometers.In this application note, the cholesterol level in human serum was determined by the enzymatic method using the LAMBDA™ 465 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer and UV Lab™ software.
The document describes the development and optimization of Single Molecule Array (Simoa) immunoassays for sensitive detection of protein biomarkers and cytokines. Key points:
- Simoa uses arrays of femtoliter wells and paramagnetic beads coated with capture antibodies to isolate and detect single immuno complexes, improving sensitivity over traditional assays.
- The document details the optimization of Simoa assays for a chimeric protein and IFN-α, achieving sensitivities 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ELISA and Meso Scale Discovery.
- Assay parameters like antibody concentrations, substrate concentration, and sample diluents were optimized to reduce background and increase signal-to-noise ratio for low picogram-per-mill
Escozine for Pets™ has 4 major production steps.
1. Collection of Scorpions from the Scorpion Reservation. 2. Extraction of venom, purification and therapeutic dose preparation. 3. Polarization of extract and quality control of Polarization 4. Manufacturing, quality control, warehouse and shipment.
This document provides instructions for using a Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit. The kit contains reagents for colorimetric detection and quantification of total protein. It has been optimized for use with dilute protein samples between 0.5-20 μg/ml. The kit uses bicinchoninic acid to chelate with cuprous ions formed during copper reduction by protein, producing a purple color measured at 562 nm. Instructions are provided for preparing protein standards and a working reagent, and for performing either a test tube or microplate assay procedure to quantify unknown protein samples. Troubleshooting tips are also included.
Advances in size exclusion chromatography for the analysis of small proteins ...Eduardo Castro
1. The document evaluates size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) for analyzing small proteins and peptides using sub-2 μm SEC columns. It shows that a 125 Å pore sub-2 μm column provides improved resolution of peptides and small proteins compared to a 4 μm column.
2. The effect of particle size, pore size, and mobile phase composition on SEC calibration curves is examined. Smaller particle sizes and a 125 Å pore size are better for resolving molecules below 20,000 Da. An organic mobile phase provides a true size-based separation for peptides by minimizing non-ideal interactions.
3. Optimizing the column properties and mobile phase allows for reliable molecular weight estimation from SEC calibration curves, demonstrated by aprotinin peak
Quantification of a Novel Peptide, CPT31 in Rat and Monkey Plasma by LC-MSCovance
ASMS 2019 -- CPT31, a novel D-peptide, is being investigated in the treatment and prevention of HIV by inhibiting the viral entry of HIV. To evaluate the properties of CPT31, an accurate highly reproducible method to quantitate CPT31 in plasma was required. To this end, a robust LC-MS assay for the quantification of CPT31 in rat and monkey plasma samples is reported here. The method follows extraction and clean-up of two plasma matrices, encompasses a range of 90.0 to 45,000 ng/mL, and completes LC-MS analysis in 7.50 minutes.
A visual chip-based coimmunoprecipitation technique for analysis of protein–p...Qing Chen
This document describes a visual chip-based coimmunoprecipitation (vChip-coIP) technique for analyzing protein-protein interactions. Key points:
1. The technique combines advantages of antibody microarrays, traditional coIP, and silver enhancement detection. Antibodies are spotted onto slides to capture interacting protein pairs from cell lysates.
2. Interactions are detected using a biotinylated antibody, colloidal gold-labeled streptavidin, and silver enhancement. This makes interaction signals visible without further processing.
3. The technique is shown to be simple, cost-effective, and efficient for comprehensive study of protein-protein interactions using small amounts of crude cell lysate.
The document discusses protein quantification methods. Spectroscopic methods like UV-Vis spectroscopy are commonly used to quantify protein concentrations. Classical assays include Biuret, Bradford, and Lowry tests. The Biuret test quantifies total protein content and is the focus. An experiment is described that uses the Biuret test to determine the protein concentration of an unknown food sample, finding it to be approximately 44 μg/ml.
Multi-residue pesticide analysis of food samples using acetonitrile extractio...Kate?ina Svobodov
This document describes a method for multi-residue pesticide analysis of food samples using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). The method involves acetonitrile extraction of samples followed by separation using reverse phase and HILIC columns connected by a switching valve. The method showed improved peak shape and sensitivity for polar pesticides compared to single column methods. Recoveries of 79.67% of analytes were between 60-100% and reporting limits were 1 ppb or lower for most pesticides tested, demonstrating this 2D-LC-MS/MS method is effective for broad-scope pesticide residue testing in foods.
Bioanalytical method development and validation .Shubham Bora
1) A bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of levodopa and carbidopa in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS. Derivatization and ion-pairing chromatography were used to improve the chromatographic retention of the polar analytes.
2) The method was fully validated as per FDA guidelines and demonstrated selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effects and stability in accordance with acceptance criteria.
3) The validated method was successfully applied to support toxicokinetic studies of levodopa and carbidopa in rats.
BLO: Transferring the macromolecule from gel to membrane followed by detection on the membrane using antibody is k/a blotting
molecular methods used to identify and measure specific DNA, RNA and protein in complex biological mixtures.
It is the technique för
transferring DNA, RNA and proteins onto a carrier so they can be separated, and often follows the use of a gel electrophoresis.
IMMUNO BLOTTING:
Immunoblotting techniques use antibodies to identify target proteins .
They involve identification of protein target via antigen-antibody (or protein-ligand) specific reactions.
The Southern blot is used for transferring DNA,.
The Northern blot for RNA
The western blot for PROTEIN.
The Eastern blot for PROTEIN, post-translational modifications (PTMS) .
WESTERN BLOTTING:
Principle:
Western blotting technique is used for identification of particular protein from the mixture of protein.
In this method labelled antibody against particular protein is used identify the desired protein, so it is a specific test.
Western blotting is also known as immunoblotting because it uses antibodies to detect the protein.
METHODOLOGY:
Extraction of protein
2. Gel electrophoresis: SDS PAGE
3. Blotting: electrical or capillary blotting
4. Blocking: BSA
5. Treatment with primary antibody
6. Treatment with secondary antibody( enzyme labelled anti Ab)
7. Treatment with specific substrate; if enzyme is alkaline phosphatase, substrate is p-nitro phenyl phosphate which give color.
This document describes the development of an ELISA procedure to measure Cytochrome P450 protein concentration. It details the optimization process, which included varying antigen, primary antibody, and secondary antibody concentrations over multiple experiments. The optimized ELISA was able to detect Cytochrome P450 2B1 levels in liver microsomes from normal and phenobarbital-treated rats, finding higher levels in treated rats. However, the ELISA was unable to detect Cytochrome P450 2B1 in tissue culture extracts of rat hepatocytes.
Automated SPE-LC/MS/MS method development using ITSPMark Hayward
The document describes a method for automating the optimization of an ITSP SPE extraction method for analyzing cortisol and cortisone in urine samples. It determines:
1) The optimum wash solvent is 30-40% methanol in water and the optimum elution solvent is 70-80% methanol in water using ITSP SPE method development macros.
2) The sample capacity was above 45 μg in 900 μL urine using the sample load macro.
3) Retention times for the test compounds were determined using HPLC to verify the solvent strength experiment results.
The document describes a method for automating the optimization of an ITSP SPE extraction method for analyzing cortisol and cortisone in urine samples. It determines:
1) The optimum wash solvent is 30-40% methanol in water and the optimum elution solvent is 70-80% methanol in water using ITSP SPE method development macros.
2) The sample capacity was above 45 μg in 900 μL urine using the sample load macro.
3) Retention times for the test compounds were determined using HPLC to verify the solvent strength experiment results.
Conceição et al, 2006. orpotrin a novel vasoconstrictor peptide from the veno...pryloock
1. Researchers isolated and characterized a novel peptide from the venom of the Brazilian stingray Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi.
2. Using RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, they purified a peptide from the venom which was shown to strongly constrict blood vessels when applied to mice cremaster muscle tissue during intravital microscopy experiments.
3. Through de novo amino acid sequencing with mass spectrometry, the researchers determined the peptide's sequence to be HGGYKPTDK, which does not match any known bioactive peptides but aligns with residues 97-105 of creatine kinase, suggesting it may be produced from limited proteolysis of creatine kinase.
This document describes methods for analyzing contaminants like antibiotics, pesticides, and heavy metals in milk. It discusses several techniques including:
- Isolation of organochloro pesticide residues using adsorption cleanup and HPLC analysis.
- Detection of multi-residue pesticides using solid phase extraction and HPLC.
- Microbial inhibitor tests and immunoassay kits to detect antibiotic residues.
- Atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-AES, ICP-MS to detect heavy metals using techniques like acid digestion and mass spectrometry.
EVALUATION OF AQUAFEED INGREDIENTS AND FEED QUALITYsouravfnftmb306
This document discusses methods for evaluating aquafeed ingredients and feed quality. It covers biological, physical, and chemical evaluation methods. Physical evaluation involves assessing attributes like smell, taste, and structure using senses and microscopy. Chemical evaluation consists of proximate analysis to determine components like moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber. Additional chemical analyses include amino acid profiles, lipid quality tests, and vitamin analysis using techniques like HPLC. Biological evaluation parameters monitored during feeding trials include growth rates, feed conversion ratio, digestibility, and protein utilization measures. The choice of high quality feed ingredients is important for aquaculture success, and thorough evaluation using integrated physical, chemical, and biological methods allows for an effective feed formulation.
Determination of Structural Carbohydrates & Lignin in BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
This technical report describes a laboratory analytical procedure for determining the structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. The procedure involves a two-step acid hydrolysis to fractionate the biomass. The first step uses sulfuric acid to hydrolyze the biomass at 30°C for 60 minutes. The acid is then diluted to 4% and the hydrolysis continued. The acid-insoluble lignin is determined gravimetrically, while the structural carbohydrates that are hydrolyzed into monomeric sugars are measured by HPLC. The acid-soluble lignin is measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The procedure is intended for extractive-free biomass to obtain accurate measurements of carbohydrates, lignin, and
2. Hygiena SUPERSNAP ATP Swabs and
Luminometer
• . The SuperSnap swabs allows for detection of concentrations of ATP
from 1 -1000 ppm and emits light directly proportional to the
concentrateion swabbed by virtue of the Luciferase/ Luciferin
reagent.
• The ATP luminometer (Figure 1) measures light generated by the
Luciferase/ Luciferin system and reports in Relative Light Units (RLU);
the higher the concentration of ATP the higher the RLU.
4. Hygeian PRO-Clean Protein Swab
• The PRO-Clean Rapid Protein Residue test (Figure 2) is a colorimetric
test utilizing the BCA assay which turns from green to purple if
protein is present in the sample; green indicating a negative protein
sample and purple for a positive protein sample.
5. Hygiena PRO-Clean Protein Swab
Figure 2: Hygenia Pro-Clean Protein swab Figure 3: The colorimetric indicator on the PRO-Clean swab
7. Methods: Stainless Steel Strips
• To test the efficacy of the Hygiena swabs using the stainless steel
strips as a surface to inoculate, four sample sets were prepared: a
control, a 5.0% Horse blood, 0.5% Horse blood and Bovine serum
albumin set. Each set consisted of 25 stainless steel strips which were
sonicated with house deionized water for 20 minutes.
• 10 µl were used to inoculate each strip with the exception of the
control group. The blood solutions and BSA were allowed to dry for
20 minutes and the first readings were taken denoted as day 0.
• Readings were taken every 7 days for 14 days.
8. Methods: Lumbar RAPIDCLEAN Ronguers
• Using Lumbar RAPDICLEAN Ronguers as a substrate to inoculate, five
samples sets were prepared: the four sets originally prepared in the
stainless steel strips model with the addition of a modified version of
nelson soil (15 ml egg yolk, 15ml Horse blood, and 300 mg of Hog
musin).
• Eight areas, as shown in Figure 4, were selected to inoculate with the
four protein samples (1 control group).
• The same protocol was followed for the Lumbar rongeurs as for the
stainless steel strips with the exception of swab readings be obtained
at day 0 only.
9. Lumbar RAPIDCLEAN Ronguers
Figure 4: Two hard to clean (HTC) and two Easy to clean (ETC)
areas were selected to be inoculated for swab analysis. The two
hard to clean areas are indentations in the device.
10. Methods: micro BCA assay Standard curve
• In order to determine the protein absorbance and concentration of
the four samples the micro BCA assay kit was used to obtain a
standard curve using Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry.
• The protocol provided by Pierce for the micro BCA assay standard
curve was followed in order to receive delivery counts of protein
concentrations of the blood samples used to inoculate the stainless
steel strips and the lumbar RAPIDCLEAN Rongeurs.
• The samples were prepared for mass spec analysis by aliquoting 10µl
in to 990µl of water and mixing with the working reagent provided by
the micro BCA assay.
12. Results: ATP and protein residue readings
from Stainless Steel Strips
DAY 0 ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
-control 0 -
Control 1, 2, 3 -, -, -
5.0% Horse Blood 3920, 3576, 3448 +++, +++, +++
0.5% Horse Blood 1708, 1904, 2366 +, +, -
BSA 4, 4, 3 ++, ++, ++
DAY 7 ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
-control 0 -
Control 2, 2, 10 -, -, -
5.0% Horse Blood 2835, 2782, 3412 +++, +++, +++
0.5% Horse Blood 751, 1155, 1683 +,+,+
BSA 35, 6, 10 ++, ++, ++
DAY 14 ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
-control 0 -
control 5, 12, 7 -, -, -
5.0% Horse Blood 2838, 3321, 1422 +++, +++, +++
Table 1: Chart showing the
data obtained from the
stainless steel strips when
inoculated with 5.0%, 0.5%
Horse blood and Bovine
Serum Albumin. The
negatives and positives
correlate with the color
indicator on the PRO-Clean
swab. A (-) is green, (+) is
grey, (++) is light purple and
(+++) is purple and the color
change indicates protein
concentration from no
protein concentration to a
high protein concentration.
13. Results: ATP and protein residue readings
from Lumbar RAPIDCLEAN Rongeurs
CONTROL ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
Easy to Clean 0, 0 -, -
Hard to Clean 0, 0 -, -
5.0% Horse Blood ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
Easy to Clean 3097, 2396 +++, +++
Hard to Clean 1180, 1410 +++, +++
0.5% Horse Blood ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
Easy to Clean 2026, 2499 +++,+++
Hard to Clean 900, 27 +,+
BSA ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
Easy to Clean 6, 14 -, -
Hard to Clean 7, 10 -,-
Nelson Soil ATP RLU PROTEIN SWAB
Easy to Clean 6008, 5887 +++, +++
Hard to clean 2467, 3014 +++, +++
Table 2: Results
from the ATP and
protein swabbing of
the Lumbar
Rongeurs.
The negatives and
positives correlate
with the color
indicator on the
PRO-Clean swab.
A (-) is green, (+)
is grey, (++) is light
purple and (+++)
is purple and the
color change
indicates protein
concentration
from no protein
concentration to a
high protein
concentration.
14. Results: Protein absorbance and
concentrations from stainless steel strips
Sample (10µl) A @562nm Protein conc. µg/ml
5.0% Horse Blood 2.041
2.207
2.240
110.581
125.100
128.087
0.5% Horse Blood 0.181
0.151
0.170
5.280
4.445
4.971
BSA 0.885
0.930
0.942
32.741
35.010
35.625
Table 3: Protein absorbance and concentration of the horse
blood samples and the BSA sample on day 0 of inoculation of
the stainless steel strips.
15. Results: Protein absorbance and concentrations
from Lumbar RAPIDLCLEAN Ronguers
Sample (10µl) A @ 562nm Protein conc. µg/ml
5.0% Horse Blood 2.813
2.691
2.412
88.883
84.589
74.890
0.5% Horse Blood 0.308
0.348
0.264
7.231
8.427
5.919
BSA 0.825
0.948
0.924
22.572
26.787
26.037
Nelson Soil 3.806
3.845
3.825
125.049
114.986
125.762
Table 4: Protein absorbance and concentration of horse blood
samples, BSA, and Nelson soil after inoculation of the Lumbar
Rongeurs.
16. Conclusion
• Both the Hygiena SuperSnap ATP swabs and PRO-Clean Rapid Protein
Test swabs are both effective at detecting ATP and protein
concentrations after exposure to air for a period of time.
• The results obtained from the two tests indicate that the Hygiena
SuperSnap ATP swabs seem to be more sensitive, and the sensitivity
for both swabs may be determined by the surface area swabbed.
• This study allowed the efficacy of both swabs to be tested indicating
that both can be used to determine whether surface has been
cleaned thoroughly and can be applicable to a hospital or food
industry setting as well as testing loaner medical kits for any microbial
contamination after use.
18. Nutraceutix Crude Bacterial Probiotic lysates
and Powder Lysates from Biocare
• The crude bacterial probiotic lysates prepared by JJSA from cultrues
provided by Nutraceutix were exposed to 10kgy of electron beam
radiation.
• The prepared lysates were transferred from sterile bags to sterile
45ml Falcon tubes and stored at -70°C.
• The Powder Lysates were sent from Biocare Coppenhagen.
19. Nutraceutix Crude Probioitc Lysates
Table 1: Only lysates
1,2,4,6,9,10,13,14, and
16 were tested using
the BacT/ALERT
system.
24. Methodology
• With traditional detection methodslooking for ZOI, 10µl of 10^8 of
S.aureus was added into a top agar 7ml (TSB with 0.7% agar) then
poured onto a TSA plate.
• 50µl of the tested lysates were deposited onto the S.aureus
inoculated plates.
• With the Biocare lysates there was a milky deposit on the plate,
making it diffuclt to obtain ZOI. This was corrected using the
BacT/ALERT system which can detect bacterial growth in turbidity.
25.
26. Methods: Inoculation of BacT/ALERT bottles
and treatment with the Lysates
• A Quanti-Cult of Staphylococcus aureus was grown in A BacT/ALERT
bottle overnight in the BacT/ALERT system at 35°C.
• The overnight culture was then serially diluted to 10⁻⁴, where the
10⁻² dilution was used to inoculate the BacT/AELRT bottles treated
with the bacterial lysates.
• The Biocare powder lysates were weighed out to 0.4 grams and then
asepcitcally transferred from sterile microcentrifuge tubes to the
BacT/ALERT bottles.
• For the Crude Probiotic Bacterial Lysates from Nutraceutix, 0.4ml was
used to treat the BacT/ALERT bottles.
27. Methods: Inoculation of BacT/ALERT bottles
and treatment with the Lysates
• Five samples sets were prepared.
• Two samples sets with 0.4ml and 0.4g treated with the Crude Probiotic
Bacterial Lysate and the Powder Lysate respectively, Sample sets 1A and 1B.
• Four sample sample sets with 2ml and 2.0g treated with the Crude Porbioitc
Bacterial Lysate and the Powder Lysate respectively, Sample sets 2A, 2B, 3A
and 3B.
• One sample set of 2.0g of Powder lysate without any inoculum, sample set
4A.
• The sample sets were incubated in the BacT/Alert system for 7 days in order to
asses the absence of bacterial growth or time of detection of bacterial growth,
with the exception of sample set3A. Sample set 3A, was left to be agitated by
the BacT/ALERT system in order to effectively dissolve the powder lysate.
28. Sample Set 1A: Biocare Lysates 0.4g
Sample (Set 1A) Time to detection (hours)
BL Negative control No Growth
S. aureus 10⁻¹ 0.17
S. aureus 10⁻² 0.29
S. aureus 10⁻³ 0.44
S. aureus 10⁻⁴ 0.67
BL #1 0.29
BL #2 0.28
BL #3 0.29
BL #4 0.29
BL #5 0.27
BL #6 0.27
BL #7 0.28
BL #8 0.27
BL #9 0.29
29. Sample set 1B: Nutraceutix Lysates 0.4ml
Sample (Set 1B) Time to detection (hours)
BL Negative control No Growth
S. aureus 10⁻¹ 0.17
S. aureus 10⁻² 0.29
S. aureus 10⁻³ 0.44
S. aureus 10⁻⁴ 0.67
CPBL #1 0.28
CPBL #2 0.27
CPBL #4 0.27
CPBL #6 0.28
CPBL #9 0.28
CPBL #10 0.28
CPBL #13 0.29
CPBL #14 0.27
CPBL #16 0.33
30. Sample set 2A: Biocare Lysates 2.0g
Sample Time to detection (hours, Set 2A)
BL Negative control No Growth
S. aureus 10⁻¹ 0.18
S. aureus 10⁻² 0.28
S. aureus 10⁻³ 0.41
S. aureus 10⁻⁴ 0.68
BL #1 0.52
BL #2 0.48
BL #3 0.47
BL #4 0.44
BL #5 0.47
BL #6 0.44
BL #7 0.47
BL #8 0.45
BL #9 0.44
Time to detection (hours, Set 3A)
No Growth
0.19
0.29
0.43
0.61
0.46
0.41
0.46
0.43
0.39
0.39
0.46
0.36
0.40
31. Sample Set 3B: Nutraceutix Lysates 2ml
Sample
BL Negative control
S. aureus 10⁻¹
S. aureus 10⁻²
S. aureus 10⁻³
S. aureus 10⁻⁴
CPBL #1
CPBL #2
CPBL #4
CPBL #6
CPBL #9
CPBL #10
CPBL #13
CPBL #14
CPBL #16
Time to detection (hours, 2B)
No Growth
0.18
0.28
0.41
0.68
0.51
0.40
0.43
0.52
0.40
0.55
0.69
0.37
1.00
Time to detection (hours, Set 3B)
No Growth
0.20
0.33
0.46
0.59
1.27
0.74
0.72
0.75
0.83
0.97
1.42
0.39
0.82