The document discusses the final keyword in Java and its applications to classes, methods, and variables. When applied to a class, final means the class cannot be sub-classed, and when applied to a method it means the method cannot be overridden in a subclass. For variables, final means the variable can only be initialized once and must be assigned a value either at declaration or in every constructor for non-static variables and static initializers for static variables to avoid compile-time errors.