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日
本
語
Introduction to
Japanese
Language Frances Noegeline P. Manila
Instructor
Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test
(JLPT)
The JLPT test, consist of 5 levels. The N5 is the
easiest level and is meant to test your ability
understand some basic Japanese.
Able to understand typical everyday conversations
as well as read basic sentences written in
hiragana, katakana, and kanji.
Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test
(JLPT)
The grammar,
vocabulary and kanji
may seem easy, but the
test will be testing your
knowledge of not only
the meanings, but the
small differences
between two very similar
grammar points,
vocabulary words or
kanji.
Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test
(JLPT)
For reading, the test will
check your ability to use
hiragana, katakana,
and around 100 kanji.
The kanji covered at this
level are the ones that
are normally used in
basic daily
communication. Your
ability to comprehend
longer passages and
basic context clues will
also be tested.
Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test
(JLPT)
For Listening, the test
will cover basic
situations involving
common classroom and
home situations. The
dialogues will be at a
slower pace, fairly short
and test your ability to
comprehend key points,
as well as common
responses to everyday
phrases and
expressions.
Why should you take the N5?
What can you do after you pass?
Taking the test at this early level can also help you identify weak
points that you can work on as you study Japanese and make
progress toward higher level.
Employers will see it as proof of your interest in the language and your
ability to use some simple Japanese. Able to make simple
conversation with Japanese co-workers and survive in Japan when
you come to visit.
The Kana
Syllabary
Intonation
Hiragana (and the Katakana equivalent)
corresponds to a [vowel] or [consonant +
vowel] syllable sound with the single
exception of the「ん」and 「ン」characters
(more on this later).
Intonation of high and low pitches is a crucial aspect
of the spoken language. For example, homophones
can have different pitches of low and high tones
resulting in a slightly different sound despite
sharing the same pronunciation.
It is not practical to memorize or attempt to logically
create rules for pitches, especially since it can change
depending on the context or the dialect. The only
practical approach is to get the general sense of pitches
by mimicking native Japanese speakers with careful
listening and practice.
Hiragana
▪Hiragana is the basic Japanese phonetic script. It represents
every sound in the Japanese
▪It is read up to down and right to left, which is how most
Japanese books are written. In Japanese, writing the
strokes in the correct order and direction is important,
especially for Kanji. Because handwritten letters look
slightly different from typed letters (just like how 'a' looks
totally different when typed).
notes
1. Except for 「し」、「ち」、「つ」、and 「ん」、you can get a
sense of how each letter is pronounced by matching the consonant on
the top row to the vowel. For example, 「き」 would become / ki / and
「ゆ」would become / yu / and so on.
2. As you can see, not all sounds match the way our
consonant system works. As written in the table, 「ち」is
pronounced "chi" and 「つ」is pronounced "tsu".
3. The / r / or / l / sound in Japanese is quite different from
any sound in English. It involves more of a roll and a clip by
hitting the roof of your mouth with your tongue. Pay careful
attention to that whole column.
4. Pay careful attention to the difference between / tsu /
and / su /.
5. The 「ん」character is a special character because it is rarely used
by itself and does not have a vowel sound. It is attached to another
character to add a / n / sound. For example,「かん」becomes 'kan'
instead of 'ka', 「まん」becomes 'man' instead of 'ma', and so on and
so forth.
The Muddied Sounds
Once you memorize all the characters in
Hiragana, there are still some additional
sounds left to be learned. There are five more
consonant sounds that are written by either
affixing two tiny lines similar to a double
quotation mark called dakuten (濁点) or a
tiny circle called handakuten (半濁点). This
essentially creates a "muddy" or less clipped
version of the consonant (technically called a
voiced consonant, which literally means to
become muddy). All the voiced consonant
sounds are shown in the table below.
Notice that 「ぢ」 sounds essentially
identical to 「じ」 and both are pronounced as /
ji/, while 「づ」is pronounced like / dzu /.
Place your screenshot here
The Small 「や」、「ゆ」、and 「よ」
You can also combine a consonant with a / ya / yu / yo / sound
by attaching a small 「や」、「ゆ」、or 「よ」to the / i / vowel
character of each consonant.
Yoon is a combination of the consonant i-column syllabus and
ya, yu, or yo. For example, k + ya = kya
Place your screenshot here
notes 1. The above table is the same as
before. Match the top consonants to the
vowel sound on the right. Ex: きゃ= kya.
2. Also note that since「 じ 」 is
pronounced / ji /, all the small「や」、
「ゆ」、「よ」sounds are also based off of
that, namely: / jya / jyu / jyo /.
3. The same thing also applies to 「ち」
which becomes / cha / chu / cho / and
「し」which becomes / sha / shu / sho /.
(Though arguably, you can still think of it
as / sya / syu / syo/.)
The Small 「つ」
A small 「つ」is inserted between two characters to
carry the consonant sound of the second character
to the end of the first. For example, if you inserted a
small 「つ」between 「び」 and 「く」to make 「びっ
く」, the / k / consonant sound is carried back to the
end of the first character to produce "bikku". Similarly,
「はっぱ」becomes "happa", 「ろっく」becomes
"rokku" and so on and so forth.
Examples
1. ざっし(zas-shi) - magazine
2. カップ(kap-pu) – cup
Sokuon is a pause (no sound) between two syllables.
notes
1. A small 「つ」is used to carry
the consonant sound of the second
character to the end of
the first. Ex: 「がっき」= "gakki".
2. The addition of another
consonant almost always creates
the characteristic clipping sound.
But make sure you're clipping with
the right consonant (the consonant
of the second character).
The Long Vowel Sound
In this last portion, we will go over the long vowel sound which is simply
extending the duration of a vowel sound. You can extend the vowel
sound of a character by adding either 「あ」、「い」、or 「う」
depending on the vowel in accordance to the following chart.
Place your screenshot here
The Long Vowel
For example, if you wanted to create an extended vowel sound
from 「か」, you would add「あ」to create 「かあ」. Other
examples would include: 「き→ きい」, 「く→ くう」, 「け→
けい」, 「こ→ こう」, 「さ→ さあ」and so on. The reasoning
for this is quite simple. Try saying 「か」and 「あ」separately.
Then say them in succession as fast as you can. You'll notice
that soon enough, it sounds like you're dragging out the / ka/ for
a longer duration than just saying / ka / by itself. When
pronouncing long vowel sounds, try to remember that they are
really two sounds merged together. It's important to make sure
you hold the vowel sound long enough because you can be
saying things like "here" (ここ) instead of "high school" (こう
こう) or "middle-aged lady" (おばさん) instead of
"grandmother" (おばあさん) if you don't stretch it out correctly!
▪Katakana is mainly used for words imported from foreign
languages.
▪Katakana represents the same set of phonetic sounds as Hiragana
except all the characters are different. Since foreign words must fit into
this limited set of [consonants+vowel] sounds.
▪Also, since Japanese doesn't have any spaces, sometimes the
symbol 「・」is used to show the spaces like 「ロック・アンド・ロ
ール」for "rock and roll". Using the symbol is completely optional so
sometimes nothing will be used at all.
Katakana
notes 1. All the sounds are identical to what they were for Hiragana.
2. As we will learn later,「を」is only ever used as a particle and
all particles are in Hiragana. Therefore, you will almost never need
to use 「ヲ」and it can be safely ignored. (Unless you are reading
very old telegrams or something.)
3. The four characters 「シ」、「ン」、「ツ」、and 「ソ
」are similar to each other. Basically, the difference is that
the first two are more "horizontal" than the second two. The
little lines are slanted more horizontally and the long line is
drawn in a curve from bottom to top. The second two have
almost vertical little lines and the long line doesn't curve as
much as it is drawn from top to bottom. It is almost like a
slash while the former is more like an arc. These characters
are hard to sort out and require some patience and practice.
4. The characters 「ノ」、「メ」、and 「ヌ」are also something to
pay careful attention to, as well as, 「フ」,「ワ」、and 「ウ」. Yes,
they all look very similar. No, I can't do anything about it.
The Long Vowel
Long vowels have been radically simplified in Katakana. Instead of having
to muck around thinking about vowel sounds, all long vowel sounds are
denoted by a simple dash like so: ー.
Examples
1. ツアー(tsu-a) - tour
2. メール(me-ru) - email
3. ケーキ(ke-ki) - cake
Summary
All long vowel sounds in Katakana are denoted by a dash. For example,
"cute" would be written in Katakana like so:
「キュート」.
The Small 「ア、イ、ウ、エ、オ」
Due to the limitations of the sound set in Hiragana, some new
combinations have been devised over the years to account for sounds
that were not originally in Japanese. Most notable is the lack of the /
ti / di / and / tu / du / sounds (because of the / chi / tsu / sounds),
and the lack of the / f / consonant sound except for 「ふ」. The /
sh / j / ch / consonants are also missing for the / e/ vowel sound.
The decision to resolve these deficiencies was to add small versions
of the five vowel sounds. The convention of using the little double
slashes on the「ウ」vowel (ヴ) with the small「ア、イ、エ、オ」
to designate the / v / consonant has also been established but it's
not often used probably due to the fact that Japanese people still have
difficulty pronouncing / v /. For instance, while you may guess that
"volume" would be pronounced with a / v / sound, the Japanese have
opted for the easier to pronounce "bolume" (ボリューム). You can
write "violin" as「バ イオリン」. It really doesn't matter however
because almost all Japanese people will pronounce it with a / b /
sound anyway. The following table shows the added sounds that were
lacking with a highlight. Other sounds that already existed are reused
as appropriate.
notes
1. Notice that there is no / wu / sound. For example, the
Katakana for "woman" is written as "u-man" (ウーマン).
2. While the / tu / sound (as in "too") can technically be
produced given the rules as 「トゥ」, foreign words that
have become popular before these sounds were available
simply used / tsu / to make do. For instance, "tool" is still 「
ツール」and "tour" is similarly still 「ツ アー」.
3. Back in the old days, without these new sounds, there
was no choice but to just take characters off the regular
table without regard for actual pronunciation. On old
buildings, you may still see 「ビルヂング」instead of the
modern spelling 「ビルディング」.
Lesson 1
Simple Greetings and
Introductions
Language Tips
どうも doumo is often used to emphasize things. For example,
you can say the following:
どうも ありがとうございます。
Doumo arigatou gozaimasu.
Thank you very much.
But you can use it by itself in a casual situation, and the rest of
this expression is implied:
どうも (ありがとうございます.)
Doumo (arigatou gozaimasu)
Very much (thank you.)
You can use it with other words as well:
どうも すみません。 どうも こまりました。
Doumo sumimasen Doumo komarimashita
Im very sorry. Im very troubled.
Cultural Notes
From a very early age, Japanese school kids are taught to say ご
ちそうさまでした gochisou-sama deshita after every meal. You
will inevitably hear it at almost every Japanese meal you attend.
But, it doesn’t literally mean that the food was delicious.
ご go at the beginning of the phrase and さま sama at the end
make it more honorable. But, what abou ちそう chisou? now
means feast, but long ago it meant to run around usually on
horses.
ちそう was written with two kanji 一馳 chi (to gallop, to sail or
drive a wagon) and 走 sou (to run). So literally it means ‘to
gallop run.’ Before an important guest came over to eat a meal,
people would have to run around town on or off horses to pick up
all the things they needed for the feast. And that’s how running
around came to mean a feast. In the Edo period 1603-1868 ご
and さま were added to make it more honorable.
Cultural Notes
In Japan, it is very common for people to bring back a gift or
omiyage おみやげ from their trips. Colorful and neatly wrapped
packages of food can be bought at train stations and major tourist
destinations in Japan.
These gifts should be bought for family, friends, and co-workers.
Your omiyage needs to be something from the local area that you
visited. For instance, if you go to Kyoto, you might want to pick up
yatsuhashi 八つ橋, a triangle-shape Japanese sweet made from
rice flour, sugar and cinnamon.
Cultural Notes
The prayer gesture, putting your hands together in front of your
face, may seem to be an odd way of apologizing in the West.
However, this is a very common way to apologize casually in
Japanese.
The same gesture is used when saying いただきます
itadakimasu before a meal, or ごちぞうさまでした gochisou-
sama deshita after finishing a meal to show thanks.
Lesson 2
 Verbs
 いーadjectives
 Difference between あります and います
 Numbers
 Counters
 な- adjectives
 The は and が particles
Verbs
Polite Non-Past Form
To talk about the present and future the
non-past politely, you can use the ます
masu and です desu forms.
Language Tips
Why is this form called the non-past form?
Well, Japanese only has two tenses – past
and non-past. The non-past form can be
used to talk about the present as well as the
future. You will need to read and
understand the context carefully in order to
understand if the sentence is about the
future or the present. Pay attention to time
expressions like きょう kyou, today or あ
した ashita, tomorrow that can provide
clues to the context.
If the second to last kana is from the え-row of kana (i.e. it is one of the highlighted kana
above), it is probably a Group 2 verb. There are exceptions to this, however. At the N5
level, the three exceptions are probably いる (for existence), おりる、and きる*. These
three verbs look like they are Group 1, but they are Group 2.
To form the negative, you just have to remove す and add せん:
▪いきます ― いきません たべます ー たべません
▪(I) go ― (I) don’t go (I) eat ― (I) don’t eat
Adjectives
You can substitute でしょう for です、if you want to make a guess based on information
Adjectives
Affirmative non-past Negative non-past
い – adjective おもしろいです
(it’s) interesting
おもしろくないです
(It’s) not interesting
おもしろくありません
(It’s) not interesting
な – adjectives nouns べんりです
(it’s) convenient
べんり (じゃ / では) ないです
(it’s) not convenient
べんり (じゃ / では) ありません
(it’s) not convenient
いい (irregular) いいです
(it’s) good
よくないです
(it’s) not good
よくありません
(it’s) not good
Examples
▪ とうきょう に いきます (Group 1 verb)
I’m going to Tokyo.
▪ ドア を しません。(Group 2 verb)
I’m going to close the door.
▪ にほんご を れんしゅうします。(Group 3
verb)
I’m going to practice Japanese.
▪ たなかさん は ほそいです。(いーadjective)
Mr. Tanaka is slender.
▪ あした は ひまじゃありません。(なーadjective
negative)
I’m not free tomorrow.
Examples
▪ わたし は いしゃ です。(noun)
▪ I’m a doctor.
▪ あの ひと は いしゃ でしょう。(noun)
▪ That person is probably a doctor.
Watch Out
Note the following pairs of sentences: the
sentences marked with X are incorrect.
X このデザートはあまいじゃないです。
O このデザートはあまくないです。
This dessert is not sweet.
X このじんじゃはしずかくないです。
O このじんじゃはしずかじゃないです。
This shrine isn’t quiet./ This shrine is not
quiet.
あります and います
‘‘to be’’ or ‘‘to exist’’
What is the difference between あります and います?
▪These two verbs can both mean ‘‘to be’’ or ‘‘to
exist,’’ but they are not interchangeable. あります
is used for inanimate objects (i.e. they don’t move
by themselves) like buildings, flowers, parked
cars, while います is used for animate objects like
humans, animals and (potentially) things that
move by themselves like people, dogs, or taxis.
Examples:
▪ たなかさん が います。
▪ (There) is Mr. Tanaka.
▪ いえ が あります。
▪ (There) is a house.
Watch Out!
Note the following pairs of sentences: the
sentences marked with X are incorrect.
X はながいます。
O はながあります。
(There) is/are flowers.
X いぬがあります。
O いぬがいます。
(There) is a dog.
Numbers
Additional Language Tips
When talking about numbers used to
identify something like an address or a
phone number, the dash (-) is pronounced
の:
わたしのでんわばんごうは070-123
4-5678です。
My phone number is 070-1234-5678.
This is some thing that will commonly come
up in the listening section of the test, where
they might talk about someone’s phone
number or address.
Counters
Japanese has specific counters for a wide
variety of objects. But, if you don’t know a
particular counter, you can use the native
Japanese number system when counting 1-
10. They can also be used for abstract
things like もんだい problems or questions.
Counters
The Native Japanese Number System used
for counting 1-10 (used as generic
counters)
1 ひとつ
2 ふたつ
3 みっつ
4 よっつ
5 いつつ
6 むっつ
7 ななつ
8 やっつ
9 ここのつ
10 とう
▪ For counting ages over 10 you only have to add じゅう (10),
にじゅう (20), etc. before the counters above.
18 years old – じゅうはっさい
31 years old – さんじゅういっさい
One exception is for 20 years old:
20 years old – はたち
▪ For counting days of the month after the 10th of the month:
Numbers + にち
Example
15th – じゅうごにち
Except for the following:
14th – じゅうよっか 20th – はつか 24th – にじゅうよっか
Form
▪Counter + () + object/subject + verb
▪Object/ subject + counter + verb
▪Examples
▪1. いぬにはよんほんあしがあります。
▪A dog has four legs.
▪2. ねくたいをにつかいます。
▪I’m going to buy two neckties.
▪3. にまいのはがきをください。
▪Two postcards please.
▪4. もういっぽんください。
▪Another cylindrical item (e.g. a beer bottle) please.
▪5. わたしははたちです。
▪I’m 20 years old.
▪6. きょうははつか、げつようびです。
▪Today is Monday the 20th.
▪7. いま、じゅうにじよんじゅうふんです。
▪Now, it’s 12:45.
▪Watch Out!
▪There will most likely be at least one
question in the もじ (vocabulary) section of
the exam covers irregular pronunciations of
the counters.
Adjectives
▪What fun would the world be without
adjectives? In Japanese you can use three
different parts of speech to talk about a
noun: い-adjectves, な-adjectives, and
nouns.
▪Form
▪いA
▪なA + な +N
▪N + の
Examples
1. これはあまいでざーとです。
This is a sweet dessert.
2. あかるいへやです。
It’s a bright room.
3. きたむらさんはきれいなおんあのひとです。
Ms. Kitamura is a pretty woman.
4. それはゆうめいなほんです。
That is a famous book.
5. ぎたーのれんしゅうをします。
(I’m) going to practice the guitar.
6. これはせんせいのぼうです。
This is the teacher’s hat.
Note
You can also use the の particle to refer to a
specific kind of thing.
あかい -(a/the) red one
げんき - (a/the) energetic one
にほんの ― (a/the) Japanese one
Watch Out!
Note the following pairs of sentences: the sentences
marked with X are incorrect.
X たなかさんはおきいのえいがあります。
O たなかさんにはおおきいえいがあります。
Mr. Tanaka has a big house.
X さとうさんはゆうめいいしゃです。
O さとうさんはゆっめいないしゃです。
Mr. Sato is a famous doctor.
The following adjectives are all なーadjectives,
even though some of them end with the い
sound:
べんり convenient だいすき really like
きらい hated ゆうめい famous
めい famous
げんき energetic
すき liked
きれい pretty
きらい hated
すき liked
Give it a shot
Rearrange the clusters of words to form a
correct sentence each, like the example
below.
例:あります/ ホテル/ おおきい/ が
あそこにおおきいほてるがあります。
1. は/ スポーツ/ な/ すき
スキー です。
2. たいせつ/ かいぎは/ の/ きょう
です。
Give it a shot
3. は/ ビール/ のみません/ を/ わたし/ ぬる
い
4. おもしろい/ だんさん/ ひと/ です/ は
5. の/ あした/ は/ です/ やまださん/ たんじ
ょうび
6. きれい/ です/ な/ なら/ まち/ は
あります and います
‘‘to be’’ or ‘‘to exist’’
The は and が Particles
The は particle is the topic-marking particle
in Japanese. It acts as a ‘box’ that rest of
the sentence is placed in, giving it context.
The topic can often be dropped from the
sentence and it will keep a similar meaning.
たなかさんはほそいです。
Mr. Tanaka is thin.
いぬはかわいいです。
Dogs are cute.
The は and が Particles
X さとうさんはいます。
さとうさんがいます。
There is Mr. Sato.
*Note: が is most often used with あります
and います, but は can sometimes be used
as well.
The は particle can also be used to show
contrast. In this way it can be translated as
‘as for~.’ It can also be combined with other
particles like で, へ, and に, but not with
some particles like を or が.
The は and が Particles
わたしはビールをのみます。
As for me (in contrast to other people), (I)
drink beer.
とうきょうはでんしゃでいきます。
As for heading to Tokyo, (I) am going by
train.
X ビールをのみません。
ビールをのみません。
As for beer, (I) don’t drink (it).
The は and が Particles
*Note also that the は particle is pronounced
‘wa’ and not ‘ha’.
The が particle is the subject-marking
particle in Japanese. It often marks the doer
in a sentence or it could mark the object
when used with certain adjectives like すき
(to like).
Unlike the topic-marking particle は,
removing the subject marked with the が
particle from the sentence will make the
sentence confusing or ungrammatical.
The は and が Particles
すみません が にほんご を べんきょう して
います。
Mr. Smith studies the Japanese language.
すみません は ねこ が すきです。
Mr. Smith likes cats.
X とうきょうへがでんしゃでいきます。
とうきょうへでんしゃでいきます。
(I) am going to Tokyo by train.
Try it out!
例:わたし/ です/ は/ ジル
わたし は ジル です。
1. できます/ にほんご/ は/ みらーさん/ が
2. エレベーター/ あります/ が/ に/ そこ
3. その/ よみません/ は/ ほん
4. は/ スペインじん/ です/ サントスさん
5. が/ め/ です/ いたい
Question Words
It would be hard to continue a conversation
without asking about details such as name,
place, reason, etc.
だれ・どなた
Who
なに・なん
What
いつ
When
どこ・どちら
Where
どうして・なぜ
Why
なんで・どうやって
How
どう・いかが
How (do you like…)
どれ・どっち
Which (of)
どの+Noun
Which noun
どんな+Noun
What kind of + noun
どちら
Which (polite)
いくら
How much (does it
cost)
Form
▪There are two basic structures for
questions.
Question word + verb + か
Topic + は + Question word + ですか
Examples
A: にほんの ビール は どうですか。
How is Japanese beer?
B: おいしいです。
(It) is delicious.
Form
A: どれがわたしのにもつですか。
Which is my luggage?
B. このにもつです。
This luggage is.
A. どのくるまをかいますか。
Which car are you going to buy?
B. そのあかいくるまをかいます。
(I) am going to buy that red car.
Watch Out!
One important rule for question words is
that the
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the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has historically
been associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and
the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
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  • 2. Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) The JLPT test, consist of 5 levels. The N5 is the easiest level and is meant to test your ability understand some basic Japanese. Able to understand typical everyday conversations as well as read basic sentences written in hiragana, katakana, and kanji.
  • 3. Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) The grammar, vocabulary and kanji may seem easy, but the test will be testing your knowledge of not only the meanings, but the small differences between two very similar grammar points, vocabulary words or kanji.
  • 4. Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) For reading, the test will check your ability to use hiragana, katakana, and around 100 kanji. The kanji covered at this level are the ones that are normally used in basic daily communication. Your ability to comprehend longer passages and basic context clues will also be tested.
  • 5. Introduction to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) For Listening, the test will cover basic situations involving common classroom and home situations. The dialogues will be at a slower pace, fairly short and test your ability to comprehend key points, as well as common responses to everyday phrases and expressions.
  • 6. Why should you take the N5? What can you do after you pass? Taking the test at this early level can also help you identify weak points that you can work on as you study Japanese and make progress toward higher level. Employers will see it as proof of your interest in the language and your ability to use some simple Japanese. Able to make simple conversation with Japanese co-workers and survive in Japan when you come to visit.
  • 8. Intonation Hiragana (and the Katakana equivalent) corresponds to a [vowel] or [consonant + vowel] syllable sound with the single exception of the「ん」and 「ン」characters (more on this later). Intonation of high and low pitches is a crucial aspect of the spoken language. For example, homophones can have different pitches of low and high tones resulting in a slightly different sound despite sharing the same pronunciation. It is not practical to memorize or attempt to logically create rules for pitches, especially since it can change depending on the context or the dialect. The only practical approach is to get the general sense of pitches by mimicking native Japanese speakers with careful listening and practice.
  • 9. Hiragana ▪Hiragana is the basic Japanese phonetic script. It represents every sound in the Japanese ▪It is read up to down and right to left, which is how most Japanese books are written. In Japanese, writing the strokes in the correct order and direction is important, especially for Kanji. Because handwritten letters look slightly different from typed letters (just like how 'a' looks totally different when typed).
  • 10. notes 1. Except for 「し」、「ち」、「つ」、and 「ん」、you can get a sense of how each letter is pronounced by matching the consonant on the top row to the vowel. For example, 「き」 would become / ki / and 「ゆ」would become / yu / and so on. 2. As you can see, not all sounds match the way our consonant system works. As written in the table, 「ち」is pronounced "chi" and 「つ」is pronounced "tsu". 3. The / r / or / l / sound in Japanese is quite different from any sound in English. It involves more of a roll and a clip by hitting the roof of your mouth with your tongue. Pay careful attention to that whole column. 4. Pay careful attention to the difference between / tsu / and / su /. 5. The 「ん」character is a special character because it is rarely used by itself and does not have a vowel sound. It is attached to another character to add a / n / sound. For example,「かん」becomes 'kan' instead of 'ka', 「まん」becomes 'man' instead of 'ma', and so on and so forth.
  • 11. The Muddied Sounds Once you memorize all the characters in Hiragana, there are still some additional sounds left to be learned. There are five more consonant sounds that are written by either affixing two tiny lines similar to a double quotation mark called dakuten (濁点) or a tiny circle called handakuten (半濁点). This essentially creates a "muddy" or less clipped version of the consonant (technically called a voiced consonant, which literally means to become muddy). All the voiced consonant sounds are shown in the table below.
  • 12. Notice that 「ぢ」 sounds essentially identical to 「じ」 and both are pronounced as / ji/, while 「づ」is pronounced like / dzu /. Place your screenshot here
  • 13. The Small 「や」、「ゆ」、and 「よ」 You can also combine a consonant with a / ya / yu / yo / sound by attaching a small 「や」、「ゆ」、or 「よ」to the / i / vowel character of each consonant. Yoon is a combination of the consonant i-column syllabus and ya, yu, or yo. For example, k + ya = kya Place your screenshot here
  • 14. notes 1. The above table is the same as before. Match the top consonants to the vowel sound on the right. Ex: きゃ= kya. 2. Also note that since「 じ 」 is pronounced / ji /, all the small「や」、 「ゆ」、「よ」sounds are also based off of that, namely: / jya / jyu / jyo /. 3. The same thing also applies to 「ち」 which becomes / cha / chu / cho / and 「し」which becomes / sha / shu / sho /. (Though arguably, you can still think of it as / sya / syu / syo/.)
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  • 18. The Small 「つ」 A small 「つ」is inserted between two characters to carry the consonant sound of the second character to the end of the first. For example, if you inserted a small 「つ」between 「び」 and 「く」to make 「びっ く」, the / k / consonant sound is carried back to the end of the first character to produce "bikku". Similarly, 「はっぱ」becomes "happa", 「ろっく」becomes "rokku" and so on and so forth. Examples 1. ざっし(zas-shi) - magazine 2. カップ(kap-pu) – cup Sokuon is a pause (no sound) between two syllables.
  • 19. notes 1. A small 「つ」is used to carry the consonant sound of the second character to the end of the first. Ex: 「がっき」= "gakki". 2. The addition of another consonant almost always creates the characteristic clipping sound. But make sure you're clipping with the right consonant (the consonant of the second character).
  • 20. The Long Vowel Sound In this last portion, we will go over the long vowel sound which is simply extending the duration of a vowel sound. You can extend the vowel sound of a character by adding either 「あ」、「い」、or 「う」 depending on the vowel in accordance to the following chart. Place your screenshot here
  • 21. The Long Vowel For example, if you wanted to create an extended vowel sound from 「か」, you would add「あ」to create 「かあ」. Other examples would include: 「き→ きい」, 「く→ くう」, 「け→ けい」, 「こ→ こう」, 「さ→ さあ」and so on. The reasoning for this is quite simple. Try saying 「か」and 「あ」separately. Then say them in succession as fast as you can. You'll notice that soon enough, it sounds like you're dragging out the / ka/ for a longer duration than just saying / ka / by itself. When pronouncing long vowel sounds, try to remember that they are really two sounds merged together. It's important to make sure you hold the vowel sound long enough because you can be saying things like "here" (ここ) instead of "high school" (こう こう) or "middle-aged lady" (おばさん) instead of "grandmother" (おばあさん) if you don't stretch it out correctly!
  • 22. ▪Katakana is mainly used for words imported from foreign languages. ▪Katakana represents the same set of phonetic sounds as Hiragana except all the characters are different. Since foreign words must fit into this limited set of [consonants+vowel] sounds. ▪Also, since Japanese doesn't have any spaces, sometimes the symbol 「・」is used to show the spaces like 「ロック・アンド・ロ ール」for "rock and roll". Using the symbol is completely optional so sometimes nothing will be used at all. Katakana
  • 23. notes 1. All the sounds are identical to what they were for Hiragana. 2. As we will learn later,「を」is only ever used as a particle and all particles are in Hiragana. Therefore, you will almost never need to use 「ヲ」and it can be safely ignored. (Unless you are reading very old telegrams or something.) 3. The four characters 「シ」、「ン」、「ツ」、and 「ソ 」are similar to each other. Basically, the difference is that the first two are more "horizontal" than the second two. The little lines are slanted more horizontally and the long line is drawn in a curve from bottom to top. The second two have almost vertical little lines and the long line doesn't curve as much as it is drawn from top to bottom. It is almost like a slash while the former is more like an arc. These characters are hard to sort out and require some patience and practice. 4. The characters 「ノ」、「メ」、and 「ヌ」are also something to pay careful attention to, as well as, 「フ」,「ワ」、and 「ウ」. Yes, they all look very similar. No, I can't do anything about it.
  • 24. The Long Vowel Long vowels have been radically simplified in Katakana. Instead of having to muck around thinking about vowel sounds, all long vowel sounds are denoted by a simple dash like so: ー. Examples 1. ツアー(tsu-a) - tour 2. メール(me-ru) - email 3. ケーキ(ke-ki) - cake Summary All long vowel sounds in Katakana are denoted by a dash. For example, "cute" would be written in Katakana like so: 「キュート」.
  • 25. The Small 「ア、イ、ウ、エ、オ」 Due to the limitations of the sound set in Hiragana, some new combinations have been devised over the years to account for sounds that were not originally in Japanese. Most notable is the lack of the / ti / di / and / tu / du / sounds (because of the / chi / tsu / sounds), and the lack of the / f / consonant sound except for 「ふ」. The / sh / j / ch / consonants are also missing for the / e/ vowel sound. The decision to resolve these deficiencies was to add small versions of the five vowel sounds. The convention of using the little double slashes on the「ウ」vowel (ヴ) with the small「ア、イ、エ、オ」 to designate the / v / consonant has also been established but it's not often used probably due to the fact that Japanese people still have difficulty pronouncing / v /. For instance, while you may guess that "volume" would be pronounced with a / v / sound, the Japanese have opted for the easier to pronounce "bolume" (ボリューム). You can write "violin" as「バ イオリン」. It really doesn't matter however because almost all Japanese people will pronounce it with a / b / sound anyway. The following table shows the added sounds that were lacking with a highlight. Other sounds that already existed are reused as appropriate.
  • 26. notes 1. Notice that there is no / wu / sound. For example, the Katakana for "woman" is written as "u-man" (ウーマン). 2. While the / tu / sound (as in "too") can technically be produced given the rules as 「トゥ」, foreign words that have become popular before these sounds were available simply used / tsu / to make do. For instance, "tool" is still 「 ツール」and "tour" is similarly still 「ツ アー」. 3. Back in the old days, without these new sounds, there was no choice but to just take characters off the regular table without regard for actual pronunciation. On old buildings, you may still see 「ビルヂング」instead of the modern spelling 「ビルディング」.
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  • 40. Lesson 1 Simple Greetings and Introductions
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  • 43. Language Tips どうも doumo is often used to emphasize things. For example, you can say the following: どうも ありがとうございます。 Doumo arigatou gozaimasu. Thank you very much. But you can use it by itself in a casual situation, and the rest of this expression is implied: どうも (ありがとうございます.) Doumo (arigatou gozaimasu) Very much (thank you.) You can use it with other words as well: どうも すみません。 どうも こまりました。 Doumo sumimasen Doumo komarimashita Im very sorry. Im very troubled.
  • 44. Cultural Notes From a very early age, Japanese school kids are taught to say ご ちそうさまでした gochisou-sama deshita after every meal. You will inevitably hear it at almost every Japanese meal you attend. But, it doesn’t literally mean that the food was delicious. ご go at the beginning of the phrase and さま sama at the end make it more honorable. But, what abou ちそう chisou? now means feast, but long ago it meant to run around usually on horses. ちそう was written with two kanji 一馳 chi (to gallop, to sail or drive a wagon) and 走 sou (to run). So literally it means ‘to gallop run.’ Before an important guest came over to eat a meal, people would have to run around town on or off horses to pick up all the things they needed for the feast. And that’s how running around came to mean a feast. In the Edo period 1603-1868 ご and さま were added to make it more honorable.
  • 45. Cultural Notes In Japan, it is very common for people to bring back a gift or omiyage おみやげ from their trips. Colorful and neatly wrapped packages of food can be bought at train stations and major tourist destinations in Japan. These gifts should be bought for family, friends, and co-workers. Your omiyage needs to be something from the local area that you visited. For instance, if you go to Kyoto, you might want to pick up yatsuhashi 八つ橋, a triangle-shape Japanese sweet made from rice flour, sugar and cinnamon.
  • 46. Cultural Notes The prayer gesture, putting your hands together in front of your face, may seem to be an odd way of apologizing in the West. However, this is a very common way to apologize casually in Japanese. The same gesture is used when saying いただきます itadakimasu before a meal, or ごちぞうさまでした gochisou- sama deshita after finishing a meal to show thanks.
  • 47. Lesson 2  Verbs  いーadjectives  Difference between あります and います  Numbers  Counters  な- adjectives  The は and が particles
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  • 50. Verbs
  • 51. Polite Non-Past Form To talk about the present and future the non-past politely, you can use the ます masu and です desu forms.
  • 52. Language Tips Why is this form called the non-past form? Well, Japanese only has two tenses – past and non-past. The non-past form can be used to talk about the present as well as the future. You will need to read and understand the context carefully in order to understand if the sentence is about the future or the present. Pay attention to time expressions like きょう kyou, today or あ した ashita, tomorrow that can provide clues to the context.
  • 53. If the second to last kana is from the え-row of kana (i.e. it is one of the highlighted kana above), it is probably a Group 2 verb. There are exceptions to this, however. At the N5 level, the three exceptions are probably いる (for existence), おりる、and きる*. These three verbs look like they are Group 1, but they are Group 2. To form the negative, you just have to remove す and add せん: ▪いきます ― いきません たべます ー たべません ▪(I) go ― (I) don’t go (I) eat ― (I) don’t eat
  • 55. You can substitute でしょう for です、if you want to make a guess based on information Adjectives Affirmative non-past Negative non-past い – adjective おもしろいです (it’s) interesting おもしろくないです (It’s) not interesting おもしろくありません (It’s) not interesting な – adjectives nouns べんりです (it’s) convenient べんり (じゃ / では) ないです (it’s) not convenient べんり (じゃ / では) ありません (it’s) not convenient いい (irregular) いいです (it’s) good よくないです (it’s) not good よくありません (it’s) not good
  • 56. Examples ▪ とうきょう に いきます (Group 1 verb) I’m going to Tokyo. ▪ ドア を しません。(Group 2 verb) I’m going to close the door. ▪ にほんご を れんしゅうします。(Group 3 verb) I’m going to practice Japanese. ▪ たなかさん は ほそいです。(いーadjective) Mr. Tanaka is slender. ▪ あした は ひまじゃありません。(なーadjective negative) I’m not free tomorrow.
  • 57. Examples ▪ わたし は いしゃ です。(noun) ▪ I’m a doctor. ▪ あの ひと は いしゃ でしょう。(noun) ▪ That person is probably a doctor.
  • 58. Watch Out Note the following pairs of sentences: the sentences marked with X are incorrect. X このデザートはあまいじゃないです。 O このデザートはあまくないです。 This dessert is not sweet. X このじんじゃはしずかくないです。 O このじんじゃはしずかじゃないです。 This shrine isn’t quiet./ This shrine is not quiet.
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  • 61. あります and います ‘‘to be’’ or ‘‘to exist’’
  • 62. What is the difference between あります and います? ▪These two verbs can both mean ‘‘to be’’ or ‘‘to exist,’’ but they are not interchangeable. あります is used for inanimate objects (i.e. they don’t move by themselves) like buildings, flowers, parked cars, while います is used for animate objects like humans, animals and (potentially) things that move by themselves like people, dogs, or taxis. Examples: ▪ たなかさん が います。 ▪ (There) is Mr. Tanaka. ▪ いえ が あります。 ▪ (There) is a house.
  • 63. Watch Out! Note the following pairs of sentences: the sentences marked with X are incorrect. X はながいます。 O はながあります。 (There) is/are flowers. X いぬがあります。 O いぬがいます。 (There) is a dog.
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  • 71. Additional Language Tips When talking about numbers used to identify something like an address or a phone number, the dash (-) is pronounced の: わたしのでんわばんごうは070-123 4-5678です。 My phone number is 070-1234-5678. This is some thing that will commonly come up in the listening section of the test, where they might talk about someone’s phone number or address.
  • 72. Counters Japanese has specific counters for a wide variety of objects. But, if you don’t know a particular counter, you can use the native Japanese number system when counting 1- 10. They can also be used for abstract things like もんだい problems or questions.
  • 73. Counters The Native Japanese Number System used for counting 1-10 (used as generic counters) 1 ひとつ 2 ふたつ 3 みっつ 4 よっつ 5 いつつ 6 むっつ 7 ななつ 8 やっつ 9 ここのつ 10 とう
  • 74. ▪ For counting ages over 10 you only have to add じゅう (10), にじゅう (20), etc. before the counters above. 18 years old – じゅうはっさい 31 years old – さんじゅういっさい One exception is for 20 years old: 20 years old – はたち ▪ For counting days of the month after the 10th of the month: Numbers + にち Example 15th – じゅうごにち Except for the following: 14th – じゅうよっか 20th – はつか 24th – にじゅうよっか
  • 75. Form ▪Counter + () + object/subject + verb ▪Object/ subject + counter + verb ▪Examples ▪1. いぬにはよんほんあしがあります。 ▪A dog has four legs. ▪2. ねくたいをにつかいます。 ▪I’m going to buy two neckties. ▪3. にまいのはがきをください。 ▪Two postcards please. ▪4. もういっぽんください。 ▪Another cylindrical item (e.g. a beer bottle) please.
  • 76. ▪5. わたしははたちです。 ▪I’m 20 years old. ▪6. きょうははつか、げつようびです。 ▪Today is Monday the 20th. ▪7. いま、じゅうにじよんじゅうふんです。 ▪Now, it’s 12:45. ▪Watch Out! ▪There will most likely be at least one question in the もじ (vocabulary) section of the exam covers irregular pronunciations of the counters.
  • 77. Adjectives ▪What fun would the world be without adjectives? In Japanese you can use three different parts of speech to talk about a noun: い-adjectves, な-adjectives, and nouns. ▪Form ▪いA ▪なA + な +N ▪N + の
  • 78. Examples 1. これはあまいでざーとです。 This is a sweet dessert. 2. あかるいへやです。 It’s a bright room. 3. きたむらさんはきれいなおんあのひとです。 Ms. Kitamura is a pretty woman. 4. それはゆうめいなほんです。 That is a famous book. 5. ぎたーのれんしゅうをします。 (I’m) going to practice the guitar. 6. これはせんせいのぼうです。 This is the teacher’s hat.
  • 79. Note You can also use the の particle to refer to a specific kind of thing. あかい -(a/the) red one げんき - (a/the) energetic one にほんの ― (a/the) Japanese one
  • 80. Watch Out! Note the following pairs of sentences: the sentences marked with X are incorrect. X たなかさんはおきいのえいがあります。 O たなかさんにはおおきいえいがあります。 Mr. Tanaka has a big house. X さとうさんはゆうめいいしゃです。 O さとうさんはゆっめいないしゃです。 Mr. Sato is a famous doctor.
  • 81. The following adjectives are all なーadjectives, even though some of them end with the い sound: べんり convenient だいすき really like きらい hated ゆうめい famous めい famous げんき energetic すき liked きれい pretty きらい hated すき liked
  • 82. Give it a shot Rearrange the clusters of words to form a correct sentence each, like the example below. 例:あります/ ホテル/ おおきい/ が あそこにおおきいほてるがあります。 1. は/ スポーツ/ な/ すき スキー です。 2. たいせつ/ かいぎは/ の/ きょう です。
  • 83. Give it a shot 3. は/ ビール/ のみません/ を/ わたし/ ぬる い 4. おもしろい/ だんさん/ ひと/ です/ は 5. の/ あした/ は/ です/ やまださん/ たんじ ょうび 6. きれい/ です/ な/ なら/ まち/ は
  • 84. あります and います ‘‘to be’’ or ‘‘to exist’’
  • 85. The は and が Particles The は particle is the topic-marking particle in Japanese. It acts as a ‘box’ that rest of the sentence is placed in, giving it context. The topic can often be dropped from the sentence and it will keep a similar meaning. たなかさんはほそいです。 Mr. Tanaka is thin. いぬはかわいいです。 Dogs are cute.
  • 86. The は and が Particles X さとうさんはいます。 さとうさんがいます。 There is Mr. Sato. *Note: が is most often used with あります and います, but は can sometimes be used as well. The は particle can also be used to show contrast. In this way it can be translated as ‘as for~.’ It can also be combined with other particles like で, へ, and に, but not with some particles like を or が.
  • 87. The は and が Particles わたしはビールをのみます。 As for me (in contrast to other people), (I) drink beer. とうきょうはでんしゃでいきます。 As for heading to Tokyo, (I) am going by train. X ビールをのみません。 ビールをのみません。 As for beer, (I) don’t drink (it).
  • 88. The は and が Particles *Note also that the は particle is pronounced ‘wa’ and not ‘ha’. The が particle is the subject-marking particle in Japanese. It often marks the doer in a sentence or it could mark the object when used with certain adjectives like すき (to like). Unlike the topic-marking particle は, removing the subject marked with the が particle from the sentence will make the sentence confusing or ungrammatical.
  • 89. The は and が Particles すみません が にほんご を べんきょう して います。 Mr. Smith studies the Japanese language. すみません は ねこ が すきです。 Mr. Smith likes cats. X とうきょうへがでんしゃでいきます。 とうきょうへでんしゃでいきます。 (I) am going to Tokyo by train.
  • 90. Try it out! 例:わたし/ です/ は/ ジル わたし は ジル です。 1. できます/ にほんご/ は/ みらーさん/ が 2. エレベーター/ あります/ が/ に/ そこ 3. その/ よみません/ は/ ほん 4. は/ スペインじん/ です/ サントスさん 5. が/ め/ です/ いたい
  • 91. Question Words It would be hard to continue a conversation without asking about details such as name, place, reason, etc. だれ・どなた Who なに・なん What いつ When どこ・どちら Where どうして・なぜ Why なんで・どうやって How どう・いかが How (do you like…) どれ・どっち Which (of) どの+Noun Which noun どんな+Noun What kind of + noun どちら Which (polite) いくら How much (does it cost)
  • 92. Form ▪There are two basic structures for questions. Question word + verb + か Topic + は + Question word + ですか Examples A: にほんの ビール は どうですか。 How is Japanese beer? B: おいしいです。 (It) is delicious.
  • 93. Form A: どれがわたしのにもつですか。 Which is my luggage? B. このにもつです。 This luggage is. A. どのくるまをかいますか。 Which car are you going to buy? B. そのあかいくるまをかいます。 (I) am going to buy that red car.
  • 94. Watch Out! One important rule for question words is that the
  • 95. “gh are cofdjkokakommonly printed as a means of inspiration and to invoke philosophical thoughts from the reader.
  • 96. “Quotations are commonly printed as a means of inspiration and to invoke philosophical thoughts from the reader.
  • 97. Instructions for use EDIT IN GOOGLE SLIDES Click on the button under the presentation preview that says "Use as Google Slides Theme". You will get a copy of this document on your Google Drive and will be able to edit, add or delete slides. You have to be signed in to your Google account. EDIT IN POWERPOINT® Click on the button under the presentation preview that says "Download as PowerPoint template". You will get a .pptx file that you can edit in PowerPoint. Remember to download and install the fonts used in this presentation (you’ll find the links to the font files needed in the Presentation design slide) More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use- presentation-template This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits slide or mention SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer.
  • 98. This is a slide title ▪ Here you have a list of items ▪ And some text ▪ But remember not to overload your slides with content Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both.
  • 99. Big concept Bring the attention of your audience over a key concept using icons or illustrations
  • 100. White Is the color of milk and fresh snow, the color produced by the combination of all the colors of the visible spectrum. You can also split your content Black Is the color of coal, ebony, and of outer space. It is the darkest color, the result of the absence of or complete absorption of light.
  • 101. In two or three columns Yellow Is the color of gold, butter and ripe lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, yellow is found between green and orange. Blue Is the colour of the clear sky and the deep sea. It is located between violet and green on the optical spectrum. Red Is the color of blood, and because of this it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger and courage.
  • 102. A picture is worth a thousand words A complex idea can be conveyed with just a single still image, namely making it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly.
  • 103. Want big impact? Use big image.
  • 104. Use charts to explain your ideas White BlackGray
  • 105. And tables to compare data A B C Yellow 10 20 7 Blue 30 15 10 Orange 5 24 16
  • 107. 89,526,124Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?
  • 108. 89,526,124$That’s a lot of money 100%Total success! 185,244 users And a lot of users
  • 109. Our process is easy first second last
  • 110. Let’s review some concepts Yellow Is the color of gold, butter and ripe lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, yellow is found between green and orange. Blue Is the colour of the clear sky and the deep sea. It is located between violet and green on the optical spectrum. Red Is the color of blood, and because of this it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger and courage. Yellow Is the color of gold, butter and ripe lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, yellow is found between green and orange. Blue Is the colour of the clear sky and the deep sea. It is located between violet and green on the optical spectrum. Red Is the color of blood, and because of this it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger and courage.
  • 111. You can copy&paste graphs from Google Sheets
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  • 116. Thanks!Any questions? You can find me at: @username user@mail.me
  • 117. Credits Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: ▪ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival ▪ Photographs by Unsplash & Death to the Stock Photo (license)
  • 118. Presentation design This presentations uses the following typographies and colors: ▪ Titles: Montserrat ▪ Body copy: Muli You can download the fonts on this page: http://www.google.com/fonts#UsePlace:use/Collection:Muli:400,400italic|Montserrat:400,700 Click on the “arrow button” that appears on the top right ▪ Dark gray #111111 ▪ Teal #6b9fa4 You don’t need to keep this slide in your presentation. It’s only here to serve you as a design guide if you need to create new slides or download the fonts to edit the presentation in PowerPoint®
  • 119. SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes. This means that you can: ● Resize them without losing quality. ● Change fill color and opacity. ● Change line color, width and style. Isn’t that nice? :) Examples:
  • 120. Now you can use any emoji as an icon! And of course it resizes without losing quality and you can change the color. How? Follow Google instructions https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328 ✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂 😉😋😒😭👶😸🐟🍒🍔💣📌📖🔨🎃🎈 🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑 and many more... 😉

Editor's Notes

  1. In this series I’m going to teach you how to master the Japanese alphabet. Did you know written Japanese actually uses three different scripts hiragana katakana and kanji
  2. Hiragana is the basic Japanese contrary to the English alphabet each character represents one syllable sound.
  3. Katakana character represents the same syllable as its Hiragana counterpart however it is written a bit differently and it’s used mostly for foreign words