- The document discusses Russia's foreign policy under Vladimir Putin and his pursuit of national security through territory acquisition, economic resources, and military buildup. It analyzes Russia's invasions of Georgia in 2008 and Ukraine/Crimea in 2014 as acts of territory acquisition. It also discusses Russia's use of oil/gas exports and partnerships with other resource-rich countries to bolster its economy. Finally, it notes Russia's large military buildup since the 1990s to protect its resources and assert sovereignty. Overall, the document argues that Putin's aggressive foreign policy has strained US-Russia relations.
Newsbud Exclusive – “From the Atlantic to the Pacific”: Vladimir Putin & the ...Chris Helweg
During the Beijing summit, Putin intentionally contrasted the positive prospects of Eurasian integrations “to promote steady development, increase citizens’ incomes and improve education and health care” with the instability, uncertainty, and unpredictability in other regions of the world, including the EU and the U.S. He stated that in the U.S. “an intense internal political struggle continues, creating a nervous atmosphere in both politics and the economy,” while in Europe,
Former US ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul will discuss the diplomatic challenges facing the US and Russia, examining these issues from both the Western and the Russian perspective.
Vladimir Putin has been President of Russia for 15 years, during which time he has pursued two objectives: stabilizing Russia and making it a global power. To achieve these, Putin has implemented aggressive domestic and foreign policies. Domestically, he cracked down on oligarchs and consolidated power around himself and the central government in Moscow. In foreign policy, he seeks to restore Russia's influence and undermine the U.S.-led global order. Putin has proven remarkably successful in these goals, strengthening his popularity at home and power abroad, though economic troubles and corruption remain issues.
The Realist Perspectives of the Crisis in UkraineDylan Mulvey
Mass protests in Ukraine led to the ousting of President Yanukovych in 2014. Russia then annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine. This document discusses the crisis from the perspectives of classical and structural realism. A classical realist would argue that Putin seeks power and influence over Ukraine. A structural realist would argue that Putin's actions are defensive and aimed at ensuring Russian security against Western expansion. Overall, structural realism provides the most compelling explanation, as Russia views the crisis as an effort to preserve its status and security in the face of growing Western influence.
This document provides an overview of Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine and the West. Some key points:
- Russia sees Ukraine's experience with hybrid warfare as a lesson for other countries to learn from, as Russia aims to weaken states from within before military aggression.
- Russian political experts and officials see this as a time of opportunity, as they view the West as weak under Obama/Trump and burdened by other conflicts. Russia aims to reassert itself as a great power over a Eurasian sphere of influence.
- Ukraine has faced aggression, occupation, cyberattacks, and political/economic pressure from Russia. Other tactics include fueling internal/external conflicts, supporting radical groups, and controlling the narrative through
This document summarizes the key events and responses surrounding the 2008 Georgia crisis. It describes Russia's military intervention in Georgia and South Ossetia in August 2008 in response to Georgia's attack on Tskhinvali. It then discusses the various reactions from organizations like NATO, the EU, and individual countries. Key points of tension are noted, such as differing interpretations of the ceasefire agreement and recognition of South Ossetian independence. The implications for the Partnership for Peace program are also assessed.
A Call to Realism: How the ukrainian Crisis Exposed the Weak EUBright Mhango
Despite being all that a state should be and more, the EU is still unable to effectively move past some foreign policy hurdles. The Ukrainian Crisis, which was sparked by the EU is an example of the weak EU foreign policy. This paper argues that the EU, due primarily to its structure, makes it vulnerable in times of crisis such as the Ukrainian Crisis. The paper suggests that the EU can become a better player, and a stronger one by becoming more like the United States, with member states’ maintaining sovereignty over many issues but with a united and centralized foreign policy and security front.
Newsbud Exclusive – “From the Atlantic to the Pacific”: Vladimir Putin & the ...Chris Helweg
During the Beijing summit, Putin intentionally contrasted the positive prospects of Eurasian integrations “to promote steady development, increase citizens’ incomes and improve education and health care” with the instability, uncertainty, and unpredictability in other regions of the world, including the EU and the U.S. He stated that in the U.S. “an intense internal political struggle continues, creating a nervous atmosphere in both politics and the economy,” while in Europe,
Former US ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul will discuss the diplomatic challenges facing the US and Russia, examining these issues from both the Western and the Russian perspective.
Vladimir Putin has been President of Russia for 15 years, during which time he has pursued two objectives: stabilizing Russia and making it a global power. To achieve these, Putin has implemented aggressive domestic and foreign policies. Domestically, he cracked down on oligarchs and consolidated power around himself and the central government in Moscow. In foreign policy, he seeks to restore Russia's influence and undermine the U.S.-led global order. Putin has proven remarkably successful in these goals, strengthening his popularity at home and power abroad, though economic troubles and corruption remain issues.
The Realist Perspectives of the Crisis in UkraineDylan Mulvey
Mass protests in Ukraine led to the ousting of President Yanukovych in 2014. Russia then annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine. This document discusses the crisis from the perspectives of classical and structural realism. A classical realist would argue that Putin seeks power and influence over Ukraine. A structural realist would argue that Putin's actions are defensive and aimed at ensuring Russian security against Western expansion. Overall, structural realism provides the most compelling explanation, as Russia views the crisis as an effort to preserve its status and security in the face of growing Western influence.
This document provides an overview of Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine and the West. Some key points:
- Russia sees Ukraine's experience with hybrid warfare as a lesson for other countries to learn from, as Russia aims to weaken states from within before military aggression.
- Russian political experts and officials see this as a time of opportunity, as they view the West as weak under Obama/Trump and burdened by other conflicts. Russia aims to reassert itself as a great power over a Eurasian sphere of influence.
- Ukraine has faced aggression, occupation, cyberattacks, and political/economic pressure from Russia. Other tactics include fueling internal/external conflicts, supporting radical groups, and controlling the narrative through
This document summarizes the key events and responses surrounding the 2008 Georgia crisis. It describes Russia's military intervention in Georgia and South Ossetia in August 2008 in response to Georgia's attack on Tskhinvali. It then discusses the various reactions from organizations like NATO, the EU, and individual countries. Key points of tension are noted, such as differing interpretations of the ceasefire agreement and recognition of South Ossetian independence. The implications for the Partnership for Peace program are also assessed.
A Call to Realism: How the ukrainian Crisis Exposed the Weak EUBright Mhango
Despite being all that a state should be and more, the EU is still unable to effectively move past some foreign policy hurdles. The Ukrainian Crisis, which was sparked by the EU is an example of the weak EU foreign policy. This paper argues that the EU, due primarily to its structure, makes it vulnerable in times of crisis such as the Ukrainian Crisis. The paper suggests that the EU can become a better player, and a stronger one by becoming more like the United States, with member states’ maintaining sovereignty over many issues but with a united and centralized foreign policy and security front.
1) Georgia has faced a difficult geopolitical position since independence from the Soviet Union, wanting to align with the West but facing complications from Russia and internal conflicts.
2) Early nationalist policies under Zviad Gamsakhurdia exacerbated ethnic tensions that led to conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Eduard Shevardnadze then took power amid civil unrest.
3) Current relations with Russia remain icy due to the 2008 conflict and Russia's support of breakaway regions. Georgia also seeks closer ties with the EU and NATO but these aspirations are threatened by territorial disputes.
Authors’ note:
A lot has happened in the last 5 days since Russia started its invasion of Ukraine on the 24th February 2022. In my bulletin I aim to conclude and share the information what I have gathered either through the support of the European Cyber Community or through my discussions with current and former members of armed forces in Europe. As my main profession – raising cyber resilience for organizations and nations to resist large scale cyber and hybrid incidents – requires me to holistically analyze the impact of multiple events happening parallel, I will not only focus on the cyber space aspect, but overall. For the strictly military movement timeline and events or ongoing fights there are many trustworthy resources out there, hence I will not put focus on that. This is not a study, I will not provide links and references. Many of the information you can simply search for, some or relying on personal discussions with subject matter experts.
Finally, everything written here is reflecting my own personal view.
This document analyzes Russia's pattern of involvement in separatist conflicts in neighboring states like Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. It finds that Russia uses military intervention to help separatist groups gain the upper hand, then brokers ceasefires that leave its troops stationed as "peacekeepers," effectively freezing the conflicts and creating buffer zones. The document argues the best response from the US is to train Ukrainian forces rather than provide lethal aid, as escalating violence would only play into Russia's goal of a destabilized Ukraine.
This document provides a national security strategy for Ukraine with the aim of achieving sovereignty, independence, strength, freedom and prosperity within NATO and the EU. It identifies the main objectives of Russia, which is to dominate Ukraine and reduce costs and risks of invasion through political means. It also outlines Ukraine's main objectives in the war, which is to fight using all means to defend its independence and sovereignty against Russian encroachment. The top challenges for Ukraine are addressed across legal/political, socio-economic, military, foreign relations, and hybrid dimensions. Key issues discussed include the role of the President, containing Russia strategically, economic and social revival, restructuring organizations, reforming defense, and international relations.
NATO is reluctant to allow Georgia to join due to concerns about further angering Russia. Georgia is strategically important as a partner for the West, located between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. If Georgia becomes more secular and pro-Western, it could become an important ally. However, Russia sees Georgia as within its sphere of influence. This has led to tensions between Russia and NATO over energy pipelines and military exercises in the region.
Lillith Solomon Undergraduate Research PresentationLillithSolomon
This is a summary of my paper Russia’s Manipulative Influence in the Politics of Serbia and the United States:
Breaking the Grip of United States Unipolarity
The document provides a summary of the strategic communication, military, cyber, and economic aspects of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. It notes that Ukraine has gained the upper hand in strategic communication by portraying Zelensky as a heroic leader defending against Russian aggression. Militarily, Russian forces have encircled some Ukrainian cities but are facing stronger-than-expected resistance in urban areas. There has been a global uprising of cyber partisans attacking Russian targets, while Russian cyber operations have targeted Ukrainian infrastructure. Western sanctions are severely impacting the Russian economy. The outlook is that Russia will escalate violence in Ukrainian cities as its economy begins to collapse under sanctions.
Gustavo De Arístegui: "Putin Has Lost Touch with Reality, He Considers That W...Lina Maya
Gustavo de Arístegui, an international affairs expert, was interviewed about the situation in Ukraine. He criticized Putin's aggressive actions, saying Putin has lost touch with reality and believes invading Ukraine is an act of self-defense. De Arístegui discussed how most Russians currently support the invasion due to nationalism and state-controlled media. He argued the geopolitical balance has changed with the invasion, and countries like Finland may reconsider their neutrality and join NATO for protection. The economic and strategic consequences will also be complex as other countries replace Russian exports.
#38 who is the true threat to the west-5pgDaniel Wambua
Very good essay about threats to the west. America and other western have had threats coming from the middle west and economic threats from Asia particularly China.
1) Russia has amassed over 100,000 troops on Ukraine's borders and is poised to attack, but the US and Russia are engaged in political posturing rather than decisive action.
2) Putin seeks to reassert Russian power and regain territory lost after the fall of the Soviet Union. An invasion of Ukraine could weaken NATO in the long run if it bogs Russia down in a costly war.
3) The US response has been threats of sanctions rather than military deterrence, which may actually provoke Russia to invade rather than deescalate tensions. It remains to be seen whether Russia's aggression or the US gamble on sanctions will prove the more effective strategy.
This document summarizes the political and military situation in Ukraine. It describes how Russia's 2014 military intervention in Ukraine continues to define Ukrainian politics, with a stalemated conflict and peace process. The document discusses Russia's strategy of destabilizing Ukraine and influencing its policies through the conflict. It also notes growing political disillusionment in Ukraine due to corruption and lack of reforms, which could benefit Russian-backed political forces. The document analyzes the Minsk peace agreements and how Russia uses this process to maintain influence in eastern Ukraine.
Du bow digest germany edition july 11, 2013dubowdigest
This document summarizes recent news and events related to Germany, Israel, Egypt, and the American Jewish community. It discusses the tensions between Germany and the US over spying allegations, the unstable political situation in Egypt and its implications for Israel's security, the ordination of the first female "Maharats" in the Orthodox Jewish community in the US, and Pope Francis' condemnation of anti-Semitism during his first meeting with Jewish leaders at the Vatican.
U.S – RUSSIAN RELATIONS UNDER THE OBAMA-MEDVEDEV PRESIDENCIES: THE RESULTS OF...Susana Gallardo
U.S. – Russian relations have always been at the forefront of academic
debates, particularly since the advent of World War II. For better or
worse, the people who have not experienced the worst phase of the
Cold War were obliged to bring about rapprochement to this often
complicated relationship. ‘Hope’, ‘Yes We Can’ and ‘reset’ slogans made
their way into our lives and greatly enriched our diplomatic vocabulary.
A new promising era seemed to be underway with the Presidents
Barack H. Obama and Dmitri A. Medvedev since they were both encouraging
prospects of rapprochement and engagement.
1. Russia claims a special right over its "sphere of influence" in the former Soviet republics, which has impacted its increasingly aggressive foreign policy since 2008.
2. The 2008 Russo-Georgian War showed Russia's willingness to use military force to pressure states like Georgia that are drifting away from Moscow's orbit.
3. Russia recognizes independence of breakaway regions in Georgia and Ukraine and stations troops there, undermining sovereignty of its neighbors and isolating itself internationally. However, this "hard power" approach aims to stop further NATO and EU expansion into the post-Soviet space.
The document summarizes the story of a KGB officer, Nikolai, who defected to the CIA at the end of the Cold War. It describes:
- How the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 sparked the greatest wave of Soviet defectors, including over a dozen KGB officers who provided valuable intelligence on Soviet activities.
- The complex relationship between CIA case officer John Tellaray and Nikolai as they negotiated Nikolai's defection from the KGB to the United States, with each having competing goals and Nikolai demanding an immediate resettlement commitment.
- How Nikolai revealed intelligence about ongoing Russian espionage operations in the US despite the end of the Cold War, foreshadowing
George W. Bush's memoir Decision Points details critical decisions made during his presidency related to quitting drinking, selecting key administration officials, relationships with family and advisors, counterterrorism programs, Hurricane Katrina, the Iraq War surge, legislative achievements and failures, relationships with world leaders, and bringing Osama bin Laden to justice. The memoir provides Bush's perspective on eight impactful years in the White House and aims to change views of his presidency.
1) Russia is concerned about NATO expansion and sees it as a threat, given past assurances that NATO would not expand into Russia's sphere of influence.
2) Tensions are rising as Russia has built up forces near Ukraine's border, threatening invasion over Ukraine's moves towards NATO membership.
3) The conflict has potential to escalate into a major war between nuclear-armed powers, with leaders on both sides making threats of military action.
Ukraine faces three major challenges: 1) a coup overthrew the legitimate government led by President Yanukovych; 2) a deteriorating economy with high corruption, insolvency, and reliance on Russian gas; 3) the risk of fragmentation with a real threat of eastern parts disintegrating. Russia intervened in Ukraine due to the coup overthrowing Yanukovych and fears losing Ukraine to western influence. The new Ukrainian government faces enormous challenges resolving internal and external problems as Ukraine has become a pawn between powerful international interests.
Putin’s geopolitical chess game with washington in syria and eurasia by f. wi...Parti Djibouti
Putin is actively engaged in diplomacy to prevent the Syrian conflict from escalating into a larger war. He is working to promote a ceasefire and negotiated settlement as outlined in the Annan peace plan rather than regime change. Russia has significant interests in maintaining its naval base in Syria and preventing instability that could spread to other countries in the region. By blocking NATO intervention and supporting the current Syrian government, Russia aims to preserve Syria's sovereignty and stability while also protecting its own strategic interests.
Du bow digest germany edition march 6, 2013dubowdigest
The document summarizes recent political developments in Israel following its national election. The main points are:
1) Prime Minister Netanyahu is working to form a governing coalition but has faced challenges from new parties opposed to including ultra-Orthodox parties.
2) The emerging coalition will likely be more liberal on domestic issues but maintain the status quo on peace negotiations with Palestinians.
3) While Germany remains committed to acknowledging the Holocaust, public opinion has turned against Israel and anti-Semitism seems to be becoming more socially acceptable, according to some analysts.
Secretary Kerry is examining ways to strengthen international law. A recommendation is made to restrict reservations in treaties to prevent loopholes. Another is to restructure the UN Security Council to avoid vetoes blocking action. Recognizing human security in international law could clarify interventions. The US ratifying the Rome Statute and observing universal jurisdiction would endorse growing international criminal justice. Finally, ratifying the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea supports codifying customary international law and managing maritime zones.
Corey Kirschbaum is a highly accomplished accounting professional with over 20 years of experience in various controller and accounting manager roles. He has extensive expertise in areas such as financial statement preparation, cost cutting strategies, spreadsheet creation, auditing, and multi-department supervision. Throughout his career, Kirschbaum has successfully implemented cost saving measures, upgraded accounting systems, reconciled financial reports, and trained employees. He holds a B.S. in Accounting and Finance from Arizona State University.
1) Georgia has faced a difficult geopolitical position since independence from the Soviet Union, wanting to align with the West but facing complications from Russia and internal conflicts.
2) Early nationalist policies under Zviad Gamsakhurdia exacerbated ethnic tensions that led to conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Eduard Shevardnadze then took power amid civil unrest.
3) Current relations with Russia remain icy due to the 2008 conflict and Russia's support of breakaway regions. Georgia also seeks closer ties with the EU and NATO but these aspirations are threatened by territorial disputes.
Authors’ note:
A lot has happened in the last 5 days since Russia started its invasion of Ukraine on the 24th February 2022. In my bulletin I aim to conclude and share the information what I have gathered either through the support of the European Cyber Community or through my discussions with current and former members of armed forces in Europe. As my main profession – raising cyber resilience for organizations and nations to resist large scale cyber and hybrid incidents – requires me to holistically analyze the impact of multiple events happening parallel, I will not only focus on the cyber space aspect, but overall. For the strictly military movement timeline and events or ongoing fights there are many trustworthy resources out there, hence I will not put focus on that. This is not a study, I will not provide links and references. Many of the information you can simply search for, some or relying on personal discussions with subject matter experts.
Finally, everything written here is reflecting my own personal view.
This document analyzes Russia's pattern of involvement in separatist conflicts in neighboring states like Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. It finds that Russia uses military intervention to help separatist groups gain the upper hand, then brokers ceasefires that leave its troops stationed as "peacekeepers," effectively freezing the conflicts and creating buffer zones. The document argues the best response from the US is to train Ukrainian forces rather than provide lethal aid, as escalating violence would only play into Russia's goal of a destabilized Ukraine.
This document provides a national security strategy for Ukraine with the aim of achieving sovereignty, independence, strength, freedom and prosperity within NATO and the EU. It identifies the main objectives of Russia, which is to dominate Ukraine and reduce costs and risks of invasion through political means. It also outlines Ukraine's main objectives in the war, which is to fight using all means to defend its independence and sovereignty against Russian encroachment. The top challenges for Ukraine are addressed across legal/political, socio-economic, military, foreign relations, and hybrid dimensions. Key issues discussed include the role of the President, containing Russia strategically, economic and social revival, restructuring organizations, reforming defense, and international relations.
NATO is reluctant to allow Georgia to join due to concerns about further angering Russia. Georgia is strategically important as a partner for the West, located between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. If Georgia becomes more secular and pro-Western, it could become an important ally. However, Russia sees Georgia as within its sphere of influence. This has led to tensions between Russia and NATO over energy pipelines and military exercises in the region.
Lillith Solomon Undergraduate Research PresentationLillithSolomon
This is a summary of my paper Russia’s Manipulative Influence in the Politics of Serbia and the United States:
Breaking the Grip of United States Unipolarity
The document provides a summary of the strategic communication, military, cyber, and economic aspects of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. It notes that Ukraine has gained the upper hand in strategic communication by portraying Zelensky as a heroic leader defending against Russian aggression. Militarily, Russian forces have encircled some Ukrainian cities but are facing stronger-than-expected resistance in urban areas. There has been a global uprising of cyber partisans attacking Russian targets, while Russian cyber operations have targeted Ukrainian infrastructure. Western sanctions are severely impacting the Russian economy. The outlook is that Russia will escalate violence in Ukrainian cities as its economy begins to collapse under sanctions.
Gustavo De Arístegui: "Putin Has Lost Touch with Reality, He Considers That W...Lina Maya
Gustavo de Arístegui, an international affairs expert, was interviewed about the situation in Ukraine. He criticized Putin's aggressive actions, saying Putin has lost touch with reality and believes invading Ukraine is an act of self-defense. De Arístegui discussed how most Russians currently support the invasion due to nationalism and state-controlled media. He argued the geopolitical balance has changed with the invasion, and countries like Finland may reconsider their neutrality and join NATO for protection. The economic and strategic consequences will also be complex as other countries replace Russian exports.
#38 who is the true threat to the west-5pgDaniel Wambua
Very good essay about threats to the west. America and other western have had threats coming from the middle west and economic threats from Asia particularly China.
1) Russia has amassed over 100,000 troops on Ukraine's borders and is poised to attack, but the US and Russia are engaged in political posturing rather than decisive action.
2) Putin seeks to reassert Russian power and regain territory lost after the fall of the Soviet Union. An invasion of Ukraine could weaken NATO in the long run if it bogs Russia down in a costly war.
3) The US response has been threats of sanctions rather than military deterrence, which may actually provoke Russia to invade rather than deescalate tensions. It remains to be seen whether Russia's aggression or the US gamble on sanctions will prove the more effective strategy.
This document summarizes the political and military situation in Ukraine. It describes how Russia's 2014 military intervention in Ukraine continues to define Ukrainian politics, with a stalemated conflict and peace process. The document discusses Russia's strategy of destabilizing Ukraine and influencing its policies through the conflict. It also notes growing political disillusionment in Ukraine due to corruption and lack of reforms, which could benefit Russian-backed political forces. The document analyzes the Minsk peace agreements and how Russia uses this process to maintain influence in eastern Ukraine.
Du bow digest germany edition july 11, 2013dubowdigest
This document summarizes recent news and events related to Germany, Israel, Egypt, and the American Jewish community. It discusses the tensions between Germany and the US over spying allegations, the unstable political situation in Egypt and its implications for Israel's security, the ordination of the first female "Maharats" in the Orthodox Jewish community in the US, and Pope Francis' condemnation of anti-Semitism during his first meeting with Jewish leaders at the Vatican.
U.S – RUSSIAN RELATIONS UNDER THE OBAMA-MEDVEDEV PRESIDENCIES: THE RESULTS OF...Susana Gallardo
U.S. – Russian relations have always been at the forefront of academic
debates, particularly since the advent of World War II. For better or
worse, the people who have not experienced the worst phase of the
Cold War were obliged to bring about rapprochement to this often
complicated relationship. ‘Hope’, ‘Yes We Can’ and ‘reset’ slogans made
their way into our lives and greatly enriched our diplomatic vocabulary.
A new promising era seemed to be underway with the Presidents
Barack H. Obama and Dmitri A. Medvedev since they were both encouraging
prospects of rapprochement and engagement.
1. Russia claims a special right over its "sphere of influence" in the former Soviet republics, which has impacted its increasingly aggressive foreign policy since 2008.
2. The 2008 Russo-Georgian War showed Russia's willingness to use military force to pressure states like Georgia that are drifting away from Moscow's orbit.
3. Russia recognizes independence of breakaway regions in Georgia and Ukraine and stations troops there, undermining sovereignty of its neighbors and isolating itself internationally. However, this "hard power" approach aims to stop further NATO and EU expansion into the post-Soviet space.
The document summarizes the story of a KGB officer, Nikolai, who defected to the CIA at the end of the Cold War. It describes:
- How the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 sparked the greatest wave of Soviet defectors, including over a dozen KGB officers who provided valuable intelligence on Soviet activities.
- The complex relationship between CIA case officer John Tellaray and Nikolai as they negotiated Nikolai's defection from the KGB to the United States, with each having competing goals and Nikolai demanding an immediate resettlement commitment.
- How Nikolai revealed intelligence about ongoing Russian espionage operations in the US despite the end of the Cold War, foreshadowing
George W. Bush's memoir Decision Points details critical decisions made during his presidency related to quitting drinking, selecting key administration officials, relationships with family and advisors, counterterrorism programs, Hurricane Katrina, the Iraq War surge, legislative achievements and failures, relationships with world leaders, and bringing Osama bin Laden to justice. The memoir provides Bush's perspective on eight impactful years in the White House and aims to change views of his presidency.
1) Russia is concerned about NATO expansion and sees it as a threat, given past assurances that NATO would not expand into Russia's sphere of influence.
2) Tensions are rising as Russia has built up forces near Ukraine's border, threatening invasion over Ukraine's moves towards NATO membership.
3) The conflict has potential to escalate into a major war between nuclear-armed powers, with leaders on both sides making threats of military action.
Ukraine faces three major challenges: 1) a coup overthrew the legitimate government led by President Yanukovych; 2) a deteriorating economy with high corruption, insolvency, and reliance on Russian gas; 3) the risk of fragmentation with a real threat of eastern parts disintegrating. Russia intervened in Ukraine due to the coup overthrowing Yanukovych and fears losing Ukraine to western influence. The new Ukrainian government faces enormous challenges resolving internal and external problems as Ukraine has become a pawn between powerful international interests.
Putin’s geopolitical chess game with washington in syria and eurasia by f. wi...Parti Djibouti
Putin is actively engaged in diplomacy to prevent the Syrian conflict from escalating into a larger war. He is working to promote a ceasefire and negotiated settlement as outlined in the Annan peace plan rather than regime change. Russia has significant interests in maintaining its naval base in Syria and preventing instability that could spread to other countries in the region. By blocking NATO intervention and supporting the current Syrian government, Russia aims to preserve Syria's sovereignty and stability while also protecting its own strategic interests.
Du bow digest germany edition march 6, 2013dubowdigest
The document summarizes recent political developments in Israel following its national election. The main points are:
1) Prime Minister Netanyahu is working to form a governing coalition but has faced challenges from new parties opposed to including ultra-Orthodox parties.
2) The emerging coalition will likely be more liberal on domestic issues but maintain the status quo on peace negotiations with Palestinians.
3) While Germany remains committed to acknowledging the Holocaust, public opinion has turned against Israel and anti-Semitism seems to be becoming more socially acceptable, according to some analysts.
Secretary Kerry is examining ways to strengthen international law. A recommendation is made to restrict reservations in treaties to prevent loopholes. Another is to restructure the UN Security Council to avoid vetoes blocking action. Recognizing human security in international law could clarify interventions. The US ratifying the Rome Statute and observing universal jurisdiction would endorse growing international criminal justice. Finally, ratifying the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea supports codifying customary international law and managing maritime zones.
Corey Kirschbaum is a highly accomplished accounting professional with over 20 years of experience in various controller and accounting manager roles. He has extensive expertise in areas such as financial statement preparation, cost cutting strategies, spreadsheet creation, auditing, and multi-department supervision. Throughout his career, Kirschbaum has successfully implemented cost saving measures, upgraded accounting systems, reconciled financial reports, and trained employees. He holds a B.S. in Accounting and Finance from Arizona State University.
This document provides information about Weekend College at Mount St. Mary's College, which allows students to earn a bachelor's degree by attending class only 18 weekends per year. It discusses the benefits of the weekend college format, including convenience for working adults. It outlines majors offered, the course schedule, and student services available. Student and faculty testimonials praise the program.
The document provides a summary of Ajay Vidyasagaran's professional experience and qualifications. It details his over 15 years of experience in marketing, sales, business development and operations management in industries such as FMCG distribution, tourism, and industrial sales in the UAE. It highlights his current role as Senior Sales Coordinator at Middle East Automatic Door Systems LLC in Sharjah, UAE, where he is responsible for sales coordination, marketing strategy planning, and customer relationship management.
SMAC refers to social, mobile, analytics, and cloud technologies which are driving future innovation. It allows for automation of business processes through integration of these technologies. Social media reaches more potential customers, mobile communication enhances business interactions, analytics provides insights into customer behavior, and cloud services allow businesses to focus on their operations rather than technology infrastructure. The trends around increasing social media and mobile users indicate growing opportunities for businesses that leverage SMAC.
Lohika offers employees opportunities for professional development through paid IT certifications and internal and external trainings. Employees enjoy generous paid time off including 20 days of annual vacation, 8 New Year holidays, 1 floating holiday, and fully paid sick leaves. Lohika also provides health benefits like outpatient and inpatient treatment, dental care, emergency medication, and fully paid premium class health insurance. The company aims to create a caring and fun work environment through recreational activities, maternal leave policy, and incentives for referrals and life events.
- In early August 2008, fighting broke out between Georgian forces and South Ossetian militia, escalating into a war with Russian involvement. On August 7th, Georgian forces launched an attack on South Ossetia to restore order, and Russia entered South Ossetia on August 8th to protect peacekeepers and civilians. A ceasefire agreement was reached on August 12th.
- Tensions between Georgia and South Ossetia date back to the 1920s when South Ossetia was an autonomous region within Georgia. Disputes over South Ossetia's status led to conflicts in the 1990s and 2004. On August 7th 2008, the conflict escalated into a major clash between Georgian and Russian forces.
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
Isolation/deisolation of abkhazia in western paradigm-engEI LAT
The document summarizes the evolution of the Western paradigm regarding Abkhazia and its conflict with Georgia following the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. It discusses 3 phases - an initial reactive response to the crisis, a period of reassessment where the West acknowledged Russia as a party to the conflict, and a shift to a more proactive approach of "non-recognition and engagement." The goal of this new approach is to pursue engagement with Abkhazia in order to reduce its isolation while still upholding Georgia's territorial integrity and not recognizing Abkhazia's independence.
This document summarizes the state of U.S.-Russian relations during the Obama administration's early days in 2009. Relations had deteriorated in the prior year due to Russia's invasion of Georgia, but Obama signaled a desire for improved cooperation in his inaugural address. However, the Kremlin's behavior both before and after the U.S. election showed little sign of rapprochement. Experts debated whether declining relations were due to a resurgent Russian nationalism or U.S. policies that antagonized Russia, though the document argues that faults lay with both countries. Meanwhile, Russia under Putin and later Medvedev continued moving away from democracy toward a more authoritarian system and rigid state control.
Six Scenarios How Russia May Use Nukes: Discussion of the unthinkable — The scenarios for Russia to use nuclear weapons.
Russia's war against Ukraine is raising the risks to everyone. It is not a pleasant topic, but one which we must understand for no other reason than we need to be purposeful in watching for indicators that may lead down one of these paths, so we might have the best opportunity in avoiding nuclear tyranny.
2015 03-11 - russia one year after crimea - event summary jmIlya Ponomarev
- Ponomarev emphasized that Russia's foreign policy poses a dangerous threat and prioritizes undermining Western influence over combating threats like ISIS.
- Nationalism in Russia includes xenophobia, ethnic nationalism seeking a purely "Russian Russia", imperialist views, and a possible "healthy nationalism".
- Russian state propaganda portrays the West as weak and misguided, while Putin presents himself as defending traditional values, but many Russians can access alternative views if desired.
- The West must maintain a consistent long-term policy not based on the old view of competing spheres of influence, and should counter Russian information campaigns rather than offer military aid.
This document summarizes and critiques five common myths about the situation in Ukraine:
1. That the Crimea referendum was illegal, arguing that the West only objects because they disliked the outcome.
2. That the uprisings in Ukraine were solely due to a desire for democracy, rather than also being influenced by Western interference.
3. That Western sanctions support the Ukrainian people, when in reality the sanctions have little impact and the West prioritizes its own economic interests over Ukraine's.
4. That the world is on the verge of World War III, which overstates tensions to justify Western interference despite all sides having economic reasons to avoid war.
5. That the West suddenly cares about the Tat
Is the War in Ukraine Part of the Great Collapse before the Great ResetPeter Hammond
The document discusses how the war in Ukraine may be part of a planned "Great Collapse" to usher in a "Great Reset". It argues that the US and NATO deliberately provoked Russia through actions like expanding NATO eastward and supporting the 2014 coup in Ukraine. This has backfired and instead pushed Russia toward China while endangering European security. The document urges learning lessons from this about respecting other nations' strategic interests and avoiding foreign meddling.
This document is a dissertation analyzing Russia's new foreign policy under President Vladimir Putin and the reasons behind it. It provides theoretical frameworks of realism, geopolitics, and Eurasianism to analyze Putin's doctrine. The document gives a brief historical background of Russia from the Soviet Union to today. It then applies the theoretical lenses to understand Putin's justification for Russia reasserting itself on the global stage and restoring its sphere of influence in places like Ukraine and Crimea.
This document discusses challenges facing continued American global leadership in the 21st century. It outlines geopolitical tensions between countries like China, Japan, and South Korea over disputed islands that could undermine American alliances. Ongoing financial crises in Western Europe and the Middle East also threaten American strategic interests. While America has contributed greatly to human progress, its image has been damaged by issues like the Iraq war and treatment of veterans. The upcoming 2012 presidential election will be important for addressing these challenges and improving America's global standing through strengthened alliances, balanced policies, and moral leadership.
Yeltsin sacked Chubais as Finance Minister due to corruption allegations related to privatization deals. Russia marked the 80th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution with lower turnout for demonstrations. In response to currency instability, Russia raised interest rates and shifted to a more flexible exchange rate policy for the ruble. Moscow brokered a deal between Iraq and the UN to allow weapons inspectors to return to Iraq, averting potential military conflict. Yeltsin and China's Jiang Zemin reaffirmed their countries' strategic partnership and finalized their border demarcation during Yeltsin's visit to Beijing. The first oil was extracted from Azerbaijan's Chirag field, marking the start of major oil production in the
Reshetnikov M.M. The modern world - psycho-political analysis: what attracts young people to terrorist
organizations and groups? // Oxford University Press: J. Social Problems, Issue 4(2), Vol. 64 - 2017. - P. 1132 - 1153
Frozen Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space and Problems on RussiaJeanmarieColbert3
Frozen Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space and Problems on Russia’s Periphery
Hard Targets and Intelligence
Week 3
Duggleby
The Florida State University
1
Sovereignty?
2
Let’s address that sovereignty thing again
Only states deal with sovereignty and exercise authority over territory
States have “national interests,” which drive decision-making and policy
History, Culture and Religion play a major role within a state…
So does Nationalism, Patriotism and Pride!
The United States is the only remaining true super-power following the collapse of the Soviet Union
3
What is a ‘Frozen Conflict’?
Armed conflict has ended, but no peace treaty or political resolution has resolved the tensions to the satisfaction of the different sides(1)
Russia is responsible for ALL internationally recognized ‘frozen conflicts’ that began since the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991
Sovereign nations affected represent 1/3 of countries previously part of the USSR: (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia)
Russia’s response has been to send ‘peacekeepers’, but then remain in the region and ‘stoke the fire’
Moscow’s pretext and justification is the need to ‘protect’ its compatriots—ethnic Russians and Russian speakers (1)
It all begins innocently, with attempts to appeal to the geographically conflicted locals by citing common values, the Orthodox Church, culture
—leads to handing out Russian citizenship/passports(2)
Internal sovereignty is achieved, but external sovereignty is not—no international recognition.
The United States and NATO respects the sovereignty of all states affected
Agnia Grigas: Frozen Conflicts; A Took Kit for US Policymakers
Beyond Crimea, the new Russian empire
4
5
Frozen Conflicts
Ukraine and Moldova are restricting Russian military access to the breakaway territory of Transnistria, where Russia maintains about 1500 “peacekeepers”
6
Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP)
U.S. sponsored, 18-month, $64 million program aimed at increasing the capabilities of the Georgian Armed Forces and enhancing Georgia’s CT capabilities
Began in May, 2002, ultimately trained and equipped four 600-man Special Forces battalions (2 Brigades) with light weapons, vehicles and communications
Was US SOF lead in the beginning, shifting to the USMC and the British Army
GTEP ended in April 2004, but actually continued under the Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program, preparing Georgian troops for operations in Iraq
3d largest troop contributor in Afghanistan in 2008. Georgia had its two U.S. trained brigades deployed at the time Russia invaded in August of that year. This was certainly a calculated strategic move by Putin
7
Georgia Frozen Conflicts
Ukraine and Moldova are restricting Russian military access to the breakaway territory of Transnistria, where Russia maintains about 1500 “peacekeepers”
8
9
10
11
Hybrid Warfare
Hybrid warfare is a military st ...
This document analyzes the security threat posed by Russia to Georgia's sovereignty. It discusses how Russia directly and indirectly challenges Georgia's sovereignty by supporting breakaway republics in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. It notes Russia's strategic interests in reasserting influence over former Soviet states and how the conflict in Georgia fits into larger geopolitical struggles between Russia and the West. The document prescribes courses of action for Georgia to maintain sovereignty in the face of Russian threats.
Understanding Russia and Its Relationship with the Westtnwac
In 1994 at the dawn of the post-Cold War era Marieta Velikova left Surgut, Western Siberia in the Russian Federation bound for Weippe, Idaho as a high school exchange student. She returned to Russia with her first glimpses of life in America that would be followed by graduate and doctoral studies at Mississippi State University starting in 2002. She has lived in the United States ever since and is a proud Nashvillian who travels to Siberia twice a year to visit family.
Professor Velikova has a special perspective on US-Russian relations that she will share at this Global Dialogue session including discussion of President Vladimir Putin — how is he viewed among Russians and why does that differ from the view of the West; the situations in Chechnya, Georgia, Crimea and Ukraine; and the issue of US elections.
This document discusses U.S. foreign policy towards Russia from 2000-2012. It examines the significance of foreign policy and outlines the key areas of study as U.S.-Russia relations and efforts to promote democracy in Russia. The main argument is that while Russia has become more democratic since the fall of the Soviet Union, relations remain tense and U.S. policy has not significantly changed. The document then outlines Russia's principal foreign policy interests in global order, security, and economic growth as well as U.S. interests in international security, the world economy, and global order.
The document summarizes the conflict in Ukraine between pro-Western and pro-Russian factions, and Russia's annexation of Crimea. Key points:
- Ukraine faced economic crisis and had to choose between an EU/IMF deal imposing austerity or a Russian deal with loans and gas concessions, further polarizing the country.
- Protests in Kiev led to the ousting of President Yanukovych, though some violence was carried out by neo-Nazi groups supporting the protesters. This instability spread to Crimea and eastern Ukraine.
- Russia claims it is protecting ethnic Russians in Crimea and eastern Ukraine based on bilateral agreements allowing it troops in Crimea. It annexed Crimea after a referendum, though this violates international
1. Russia's Quest for Devine Security and How the U.S. Should Conduct its Foreign Policy
The interactions among the world's greatest powers create an important dynamic in
foreign affairs. State leaders play a pivotal role in balancing their involvement in international
imperatives and domestic politics, defining their depth of participation. The nature of play
between these powers can implement effective and proactive policy in the world, or it can
completely thwart it. A prime example of this has been the long and evolving relationship
between the East and West, proving both outcomes true in a myriad of different circumstances.
President Vladimir Putin's agenda, for example, arises from his experiences, goals, his beliefs
about the world, and sensitivity to the political context given the history of Russia. While he is
regarded as a power hungry, authoritarian ruler in the international community, his self-
awareness is that he is doing what he deems best for his country. Putin is irrepressibly a man of
circumstance and timing, responding to current affairs in Russia and the global community based
on his country's prior involvements. Given the context of Russia's past experiences, it is easy to
rationalize that the driving force behind Putin's various acts of aggression in the international
community are attributed to his pursuit for national security.
Russia has long been scrambling to attain a stable and desirable level of security that it
feels it is entitled to, holding the status of a superpower and upon Putin's his assumption of
power in 2000, he wasted no time unveiling a more pragmatic approach to Russian foreign
policy. His change of heart in comparison to Yeltsin was particularly visible in his dealings with
the West, as he unapologetically asserted Russia’s interests with increasing tenacity.1
Despite
temporary rapprochement in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, sharp disagreements
had developed between the United States government and Russia on a wide range of important
1
Roberts, Kari. 2014. "Détente 2.0? The Meaning of Russia's 'Reset' with the United States." (International Studies
Perspectives Feb 2014, Vol. 15 Issue 1), 3.
2. Jamros 2
issues including US plans for missile defense in Europe, NATO expansion, external involvement
(both Russian and American) in domestic political developments in several post-Soviet states,
including Georgia and Ukraine, agricultural exports and the Iranian Nuclear Program.2
The
Kremlin has been working through multiple political outlets in the post-cold war era to
strategically reach Russia's ultimate goal of soviet recovery and internal victory. This is being
done in three, interrelated ways: territory acquisition, economics/resources and military. The
manner in which Russia has been conducting its foreign policy in order to reach this point
however is questionable. Overall, Putin has made the process of securing his country's interests a
painful one and in the process, has invoked disapproval from the United States on many grounds
while also attracting much international criticism.
Territory acquisition is one of the most notable modes of conduct that Russia has been
taking advantage of to achieve security. The first instance of seeing this unfold was in 2008
when Georgia was invaded and the United States' relationship with Russia undoubtedly began to
sour. The Russo-Georgian conflict was ignited over the provinces of Ossetia and Abkhazia
which had previously subordinated themselves to Russian authority and declared autonomy from
Georgia,3
however, Georgian President Saakashvili continued to push for complete autonomy for
the provinces within a unified Georgian state.4
The ensuing tensions between Russian separatists
in the region and the unstable Georgian government provided what Putin saw as an invitation to
facilitate the conflict in a way that would complement Russia's interests, primarily because it
never quite sat well with Putin that Russian majority of South Ossetia and Abkhazia had been
2
Deyermond, Ruth. 2013. "Assessing the reset: successes and failures in the Obama administration's Russia policy,
2009–2012." (European Security Dec2 2013, Vol.22 Issue 422), 3.
3
Ronald Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Indiana University Press, 1994), 325.
4
Vladimir Soccor, "Georgia offers far-reaching autonomy to Abkhazia" Eurasia Daily Monitor 5 (April 2008): 61.
3. Jamros 3
restored to Georgian control.5
On August 1, 2008, the first momentous act of aggression took
place. A Georgian police lorry was blown up at 8 am by an IED on the road near Tskhinvali,
injuring five Georgian policemen. That same evening, Georgian snipers retaliated by attacking
the South Ossetian border checkpoints, killing four Ossetians and injuring seven.6
Ossetian
separatists began systematically shelling Georgian villages as early as August, with a sporadic
response from Georgian peacekeepers and other troops in the region. Violence continued through
the weeks and on April 20, a Russian jet shot down a Georgian drone flying over Abkhazia.
Abkhazia covered for Russia by claiming that the drone was shot down by an "L-39 aircraft of
the Abkhaz Air Force".7
The United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
confirmed that, that was in fact not true and that the jet did belong to the Russian Air Force.
Putin attempted to downplay this invasion of Georgia by claiming that Russia was acting
as a peacekeeper and protecting its neighbor, ally and former subject. Georgia was in fact
facilitating ethnic cleansing in South Ossetia, and Putin's motives went far beyond
"philanthropy." This region appealed to Putin for very specific reasons, supplementing his drive
for regaining lost territory. Georgia serves as a buffer zone between Russia and the Middle East.8
Along the southern border of Georgia, Turkey and Iran are in close proximity and this is an area
where Putin clearly feels vulnerable, as these countries have a high Muslim population and
access to nuclear energy. In order to deter the entry of terrorists into Russia by using Georgia as
a port and to ensure the security of its ex counterpart, he implemented a plan to take the reins of
Georgia to assure that never happened.
5
Charles King, "Tbilisi Blues" Council on Foreign Affairs (August 2004)
6
M.S. Barabanov, A.V. Lavrov and V.A. Tseluiko, "The Tanks of August" Center for Analysis of Strategies and
Technologies. (August 2009) 45.
7
BBC News Europe, Russia Shot Down Georgia Drone. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7358761.stm
Accessed November 22, 2014.
8
Svante Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus (London:
Curzon Press, 2001). 331-332.
4. Jamros 4
Involvement in Georgia called for a change with the how the United States was
communicating with Russia as a fellow superpower. While not blatantly challenging the
Kremlin's wishes, the US was provoking Georgia's rebelliousness by providing foreign aid and
military training for its troops. US president at the time George W. Bush said, "Russia has
invaded a sovereign neighboring state and threatens a democratic government elected by its
people. Such an action is unacceptable in the 21st century."9
However, to the Clinton
Administration's response to the disaster created by the Chechen Wars, Bush refused to use
military force. Cognizant of the already deteriorating relationship with Russia, the use of military
force against the Kremlin would only provoke unwanted conflict with another superpower. A
senior Republican staff member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee told the Washington,
Post that the United States should hasten the expansion of NATO in order to promote the
"encirclement" of Russia with democracies and free market economies, claiming, "We should
start acting like victors in the Cold War, not apologists."10
Nevertheless, the United States chose
to not intervene with Putin and the Kremlin to any degree, sending an international message that
Russia's actions were acceptable, and that ex-soviet bloc countries were not worth running the
risk of getting involved in a third world war with the US already wrapped up in the middle east.
The act of hostile territorial acquisition appeared again a little less than a decade later. In
November of 2013, pandemonium broke out in Ukraine after severe dissatisfaction with the
conduct of the Ukrainian government. In 2004, the Orange Revolution sent the country into a
whirlwind of economic adversity, currency devaluation, and an inability to successfully receive
9
New York Times (New York City), 22 May 2010.
10
Petro, Nicolai N. 1997. "Legacy of Containment: Reshaping US Foreign Policy toward Russia." (Harvard
International Review, 1997.) 7.
5. Jamros 5
funding from public markets.11
In an attempt to right the wrongs of the country's financial
system, President Victor Yanukovych began to negotiate deals with the European Union that
would strengthen the country's bond, both democratically and economically with Western
Europe and launch talks of Ukrainian accession to the EU. With Yanukovych ready to commit
to a momentous phase to westernizing Ukraine, Putin jumped in and stole the show, offering a
multi-billion dollar loan to Ukraine. Yanukovych, favoring his Russian ties, forgot about the
money the EU would have supplied for Ukraine's reforms and went behind his country's back to
sign away with Russia. This was the start to yet another bloody and nostalgic crusade between
Russia and an ex-soviet state. Riots ensued in the street of Kiev and 80 people12
were killed in a
span of only three days. The civil unrest amid the protesters and law enforcement combined with
President Yanukovych running for his life back to the motherland, only made it easier for Putin
to do what he does best: invade.
Roughly three months after the start of the Euromaidan on February 21, Yanukovych was
officially ousted by the unsatisfied people of Ukraine, and just a few days in to the interim
government, Russia invaded and seized Crimea claiming that the rapid collapse of the Ukrainian
government was the result of a coup and was completely illegal. Subsequently, what did Putin
do? He authorized an illegal referendum, and Crimea was annexed. This was to be the start to the
2014 Crimean Crisis. It didn't take long for the pro-Russian separatists to begin their side of the
protests. On February 26, pro-Russian forces began to take up arm against strategic positions and
infrastructure across the Crimean peninsula,13
including parliamentary buildings. With the
country in an absolute mess and violence worsening by the day, a referendum was called to take
11
International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Ukrainians Pessimistic about Country’s Future; Confidence in
Political Leaders Falling. Available from http://www.ifes.org. Internet. Accessed November 28, 2014.
12
Senator Benjamin Cardin, Congressional Hearing on Ukraine: Confronting Internal Challenges and External.
Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe: U.S. Helsinki Commission. April 19, 2014.
13
AlJazeera (London), 8 March, 2014
6. Jamros 6
place on the fate of Crimea's autonomy. The referendum took place on March 16 and officially
resulted in a 96.77% (Crimea) and 95.6% (Sevastopol) affirmative vote, but was condemned by
the EU, the US, Ukraine and the representatives of the Crimean Tatars for violating Ukraine's
constitution and international law. 14
The Crimean Parliament soon after self-declared
independence from Ukraine, asked to re-join Russia, and signed a treaty annexing the Republic
of Crimea and Sevastopol into the Russian Federation. On March 27, the UN General
Assembly passed a non-binding Resolution 68/262that declared the Crimean referendum invalid
and the incorporation of Crimea into Russia illegal. 15
On April 17, Russian president Vladimir
Putin confirmed Russian involvement in Crimea, remarking that "of course, Russian servicemen
backed the Crimean self-defense forces."16
Putin's plan for action in Ukraine put Russia on its worst terms with the United States and
the West since the Cold War and consequently, has severely shifted U.S. foreign policy with
Russia. Not only were his actions illegal, but they violated numerous international obligations,
including the core principles of the Helsinki Final Act.17
In addition to the Helsinki Final Act,
which played a vital role in concluding the Cold War, the US and Ukraine agreed that
by annexing Crimea, Russia violated terms of the Budapest Memorandum on Security
Assurances,18
which included security assurances against threats or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine.19
With Russia breaking agreements and
treaties left and right, uneasiness has developed between Obama and Putin. It is up for debate at
14
Daniel Schearf, Voice of America: Crimea Applied to Join Russia. 17 March, 2014
15
Reuters (London), 27 March 2014.
16
The Washington Post (Washington, DC), 2 October 2014.
17
Cardin, par.6
18
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ukraine, Joint Statement by the United States and Ukraine. Available from
http://mfa.gov.ua/en/news-feeds/foreign-offices-news/20572-spilyna-zajava-ukrajini-ta-spoluchenih-shtativ-
ameriki. Internet. Accessed on November 20, 2014.
19
Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances, Council on Foreign Relations. December 1994. Available from
http://www.cfr.org. Internet. Accessed on November 20, 2014.
7. Jamros 7
any moment whether or not Putin would continue on his path of wreaking havoc in Eastern
Europe. The status regarding abiding by treaties such as the START and NPT have also come
into question of how serious he takes them and what would happen if he chose to break ties with
them. President Obama responded to the invasion in Ukraine by stating that there would be
consequences if violence continues and that the Ukrainian military should not step into a
situation that could be resolved by civilians.20
Obama has also thus far authorized a visa ban on
20 senior Ukrainian officials and individuals who were considered to be part of the protest
brutalities. There was also an overwhelming bi-partisan support for a $1billion aid package,21
passed in U.S. Congress has also been a soft means of condemning Russian foreign policy at this
time.
Enhancing the capacity of the Russian economy through resource management is a
second method that Putin is using to fortify Russia's security. Manipulation of gas routes and
pipelines is a discernable option for Putin and also partially accounts for why he has chosen to
use territorial aggression. A state can only pursue its goals if it has access to money […] and the
ability of the state to extract revenue from society has long been viewed as one of the best
indicators of state capacity.22
In this sense, Putin is literally extracting his money from the earth.
Russia is a huge supplier and facilitator of oil and natural gas and has been a valuable player in
the European energy sector, being the second biggest oil producer in the world after Saudi
Arabia.23
Russia's largest oil company, Rosneft, has been collaborating with US based
20
Reuters (London), 19 February 2014.
21
Cardin, par. 37
22
Taylor, Brian D. 2011. State building in Putin's Russia: policing and coercion after communism. (Cambridge
University Press 2011). 100.
23
Goichi Komori, Sanae Kurita and Keishi Nakashima. Russian Oil Policies and Its Oil Industry Trends. Japan: The
Institute of Energy Economics, 2008
8. Jamros 8
ExxonMobil in Arctic drilling plans24
but recently they have hit a few bumps in the road as to
how the companies will exploit the resources and split the risks, costs since the imposed
sanctions. Putin also undoubtedly has an underlying fear that the United States will attempt to
gain access to Asian oil companies and make arrangements with China, interfering with Russia's
eastern relations in its own domain. In addition to safeguarding natural gas and oil, Russia is also
looking abroad to create partnerships with other resource rich countries. A strain is relations is
also being caused by Russia expressing significant economic interests in Iran, and does not share
America's concern on the Iran Nuclear Program as one of the principal contemporary threats to
international security.25
Military stabilization and growth is also on Putin's agenda for a stronger, more
formidable Russia. Russia is now engaged in its largest military buildup since the collapse of the
Soviet Union more than two decades ago, with major increases in defense spending budgeted
each year to 2020. 26
This is in part due to a growing fear that Russia’s vast natural resource
endowment, particularly in the Arctic, is vulnerable if the country lacks the means to protect it.
Russia feels threatened by NATO's presence in this region and so has implemented extra
measures to assert its sovereignty in the high north. It is estimated that by 2020, Russia's army
will be strongly dependent on easily deployable brigades with 70 percent equipped with next-
generation weaponry and equipment along with a million active-duty personnel, 2300 new tanks,
roughly 1200 new helicopters and planes, a navy equipped with fifty surface ships and twenty-
eight submarines and one hundred new satellites.27
24
The Wall Street Journal (New York), 27 September 2014.
25
Deyermond, p.17
26
Gvosdev, Nikolas K. "The Bear Awakens: Russia's Military Is Back." The National Interest. November 12, 2014.
http://nationalinterest.org. 2.
27
Gvosdev, p.2
9. Jamros 9
While a navy fleet and a growing presence in the Arctic and Baltic Seas are the most
attention worthy aspects of Russia's armed forces stabilization, military ground units are also
adapting a new program known as Ratnik. The Ratnik program is supplying Russia with new
rifles — the AK-12 and the AK-103-4, which increase effectiveness of the Russian soldier. This
program also has the potential to introduce more sophisticated navigation equipment,28
some of
which has already been used in Crimea a year ago.
How the U.S. Should Conduct Foreign Policy with Russia Based on Moscow's Motives:
It would be an understatement to claim that Washington and Moscow hold contrasting
interests in politics. The uniqueness of each country's culture and saga makes cooperation and
negotiation an arduous job, but it is imperative for these two nations to reconcile their differences
for the well-being of international community. Obama must accept and humbly confront a world
today that is much less unipolar than the one in previous decades. Multilateral cooperation in
achieving international goals is not only highly beneficial, but almost mandatory. The United
States is currently spread thin due to the ongoing war in Iraq and military operations in
Afghanistan. The newly posed threat of ISIS is consuming majority of America's time and
military assets, and simply cannot afford to act as the global police force. The U.S. needs not to
look at the rise of other superpowers such as Russia as a negative outcome, but an opportunity to
reinforce a competitive regional power. The Obama Administration as well as the next
presidential candidate, needs to objectively look at the position Russia is in, and discriminate
where they are going to use force, and where they are going to let the country run its course.
Russia's assertiveness with pushing into countries of which have formally broken off from
the Soviet Union need to be taken seriously and the internationally community needs to take a
28
Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. "With Weapons Modernization, Russia’s Military Ups Its Game as West Watches
Closely." The Washington Post, February 6, 2015. par.3
10. Jamros 10
united front on this issue. Putin has long craved to reclaim what he feels was unjustly stripped
away from the Motherland. Eastern Europe is regarded as an area of interest due to their small,
manageable size and considerable political instability. Many of these countries however, have
made leaps and bounds in their "quest for the West" with the help of the U.S. and the European
Union. Accession talks for these countries into organizations such as the EU and NATO, have
intensified Russia's mistrust with the U.S. and Europe because Russia sees it as an official
goodbye to its little ex-soviet bloc countries and an infringement on what it still considers
territory under its surveillance. Politically, NATO promotes democratic values and encourages
consultation and cooperation on defense and security issues to build trust and, in the long run,
prevent conflict. Militarily, NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. With this
in mind, if diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military capacity needed to undertake crisis-
management operations. Naturally, Russia feels threatened by this motion because it is not a
country fully supporting democratic values, but is surrounded by a myriad of countries that want
to join the NATO alliance or are already members.
I would argue that Russia's goal is not to refuse NATO's expansion, but that it wants
reassurance that it won't infringe on its borders. As with the case of Ukraine, the annexation of
Crimea was illegal and unnecessary. This is an instance where U.S. foreign policy with Russia
may take a more assertive approach. The United States could pass a floor resolution to the
United Nations, suggesting mediated talks between Washington, Simferopol, and Moscow where
an agreement similar to the Good Friday Agreement could be made. This would allow the two
governments to continue to work independently of one another, while also acknowledging the
majority ethnic Russians in Crimea who do not identify as strongly with Europe. Military forces
could be withdrawn as long as there is institutional oversight. This could preserve U.S. Russian
11. Jamros 11
relations by allowing the mainland of Ukraine to move towards western integration as it wishes
with a population that identifies itself as Ukrainian.
Russia can actually see NATO expansion to its advantage. Suggested by Alexander
Ageev of the Moscow Aviation Production Organization (MAPO), Russia could sell fighter
aircraft to NATO members since the Polish, Hungarian, and Czech air forces rely almost
exclusively on these fighters. The integration of Russian-built and European-made aircraft and
control systems has already been tested in France and South Africa. This would be an elegant
and practical way to how to integrate Russia into European security structures.29
U.S. Russian relations in the economic and resource sector could use a softer approach as
well. A recurring theme of concern over the Arctic region has presented a particularly difficult
problem because most sovereignty concepts presume the existence of only land and water,
leaving the legal status of ice undetermined.30
The Russian strategists are also concerned about
the future US plans in the Arctic because given the ice-free Arctic in the foreseeable future (at
least for the part of the year) the Russian military is wary of the U.S. utilizing a submarine fleet
and sea-based anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems in the Arctic Ocean to intervene and prevent
Russian offensive forces.31
The Kola Peninsula in the Arctic region has strategic importance to
Russia’s national security given how it provides direct access to the Arctic and Atlantic oceans
and its proximity to potential U.S./NATO targets. Russia has two-thirds of its sea based nuclear
forces in this region32
and has no plan of removing them. This does not warrant a reactionary
response from the U.S. however, because Moscow's presence in the Peninsula and higher waters
is based strictly on economic interests. These attempts must also be internationally recognized by
29
Petro, par.26
30
Van Efferink, Leonhardt A S. 2012. "Polar Partners or Poles Apart? On the discourses of two US think tanks on
Russia's presence in the 'High North'." (Geographical Journal 178, no. 1) 3.
31
Konyshev, Valery, and Alexander Sergunin. 2014. "Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic?." 5.
32
Konyshev, p.4
12. Jamros 12
the U.S. with Russia's intentions in the Black Sea region. This area is not under U.S. diction and
should not be an area of friction with Russia. If the United States sees the Black Sea region as a
reliable way to move natural gas and oil from the Caspian and Central Asia to Europe and the
West,33
then it should eventually open trade talks with Russia to create a partnership of energy
supplier-energy purchaser. The east has something that the west needs, and while exerting
dominance in the Arctic region as a world power seems like the more attractive option,
strengthening an already existing partnership to remind Russia of its dependence on the U.S. and
the West would improve foreign policy relations.
As a whole, it is the Unites State's best interest to respect Russia's choices that it is
making regarding expanding its economy and military, as it is a superpower and has the right to
do so. What the U.S. needs to be reactive to in its foreign policy with Moscow, are acts of
aggression with neighboring countries that cannot stand up to a force like Russia. This not only
inflates Russia's bully mentality, but also provokes many human rights discrepancies, and the
United States cannot tolerate another super power committing inhumane acts. The international
community has expressed concern with Putin's handling of refugees, citizens and foreigners
alike. Russian separatists and military troops have exhibited flawed conduct in Ukraine and the
Crimean peninsula since protests started about a year ago. Authorities have in many cases
suspended or not honored protest liberties and journalistic privileges. For example, authorities
have compelled Crimean residents who were Ukrainian citizens to declare Russian citizenship,
or be considered foreigners in Crimea.34
Russia also continues to experience internal civil rights
hindrances. The country has had a history of internal scandal concerning elections and fraud
33
Mitchell, Lincoln A. 2008. "More than location: crafting a US policy for the Black Sea region." Journal Of
Southeast European & Black Sea Studies. 4.
34
Human Rights Watch, Crimea: Human Rights in Decline. Available from
http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/17/crimea-human-rights-decline. Internet. Accessed on November 28, 2014.
13. Jamros 13
which led the US to sign the Magnitsky Act in 2012. In 2009, Russian lawyer and auditor Sergei
Magnitsky died in a Moscow prison after investigating fraud involving Russian tax officials.35
After his death, the investigation was essentially dropped and no fair trial was given. Corruption
is among the other major problems that Putin has failed to tackle. In fact, he has only instigated it
during his presidency. Russians experience about twice as much police violence and corruption
in a course of two to three years than Americans do in their entire life.36
All things considered, Russia is not a direct threat the West, but should still be monitored
and given considerable attention, specifically to its foreign policy initiatives concerning
surrounding states which lack the type of military capacity that Russia has. Putin is well aware
that the chances that the only other country which could match him in power and pressure,
(America) does not have the money, resources, or time to get involved in another war with a
nuclear superpower, and he is assuredly taking advantage of that fact. Although NATO states
that an attack on one is an attack on all, I cannot see the organization jumping into a war to save
a country like Ukraine, Estonia or Moldova. These states are not entirely politically or
economically substantial, but rather are important because they act as gateways between the East
and West. While Putin may have been overly reactive, echoing Cold War tensions with his
invasion of Ukraine last year, he is doing his best to pull his country together so as to be a
respectable and involved superpower in global affairs. The psychology of U.S. Russian relations
presents itself as bipolar at times, with America's altruism perceived as infringement on Russia's
internal governance system. However, communication is necessary between two superpowers
when one is not upholding values of humanitarian respect or international recognition of
sovereign states. Aggression unchallenged is aggression unleashed, and the Obama
35
BBC News Europe, Q&A: The Magnitsky Affair. Available http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960.
Internet. Accessed on November 28, 2014.
36
Taylor, p.182
14. Jamros 14
administration needs to realize that working alone to encourage peaceful results in Moscow's
trail to security is not an effective way to check a superpower. Participation among other
Security Council members and the international community as a whole is imperative in making
sure Russia does not overstep its boundaries (literally and figuratively) during this reset.
15. Jamros 15
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