Research ethics are important for promoting collaboration between researchers and expanding knowledge. Upholding values like mutual respect and fairness is essential in research because it depends on collaboration. Additionally, ethical standards are needed because research involves coordination between many people in different disciplines and institutions.

1. 1. Why is ethics valuable in research?
Because research ethics are important for a number of reasons.
They promote the aims of research, such as expanding knowledge. They support the
values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. This is
essential because scientific research depends on collaboration between researchers and
groups.
Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination
among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards
promote the values that are essential to collaborative work
2. Prepare a checklist for ethical reflection in research?
- This checklist is designed to provide organizations and individuals with an overview of
how well ethical practices are embedded in the business. With the importance of ethics
and non-financial reporting rising on the global agenda, organizations not only need to
be managing their business responsibly, but increasingly, they are being required to
demonstrate it too.
3. Differentiate anonymity and confidentiality.
- Confidentiality refers to separating or modifying any personal, identifying information
provided by participants from the data. By contrast, anonymity refers to collecting data
without obtaining any personal, identifying information.
4. What questions can a researcher ask during an ethical reflection on engagement with his research
participants?
- There is very little empirical work on the experiences research participants have
engaging in qualitative inquiry; yet, qualitative researchers often think of themselves as
forging important interpersonal relationships with their participants I want to
problematize the idea that we do not need to question what the experience of being a
subject of research is for our participants in qualitative studies.
Some important ethical concerns that should be taken into account while carrying out
qualitative research are: anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent

2. 5. Why is power a fundamental ethical issue in research?
Informed consent is one of the founding principles of research ethics. Its intent is that human
participants can enter research freely (voluntarily) with full information about what it means for
them to take part, and that they give consent before they enter the research.
6. What questions can a researcher ask during an ethical reflection on his engagement with his
research participants?
Researchers face ethical challenges in all stages of the study, from designing to reporting. These
include anonymity, confidentiality, informed consent, researchers' potential impact on the
participants and vice versa.
Begin with words such as “how” or “what”
Tell the reader what you are attempting to “discover,” “generate,” “explore,” “identify,” or
“describe”
Ask “what happened?” ...
Ask “what was the meaning to people of what happened?” ...
Ask “what happened over time?”
7. What is the impact to research if there are suspicions of plagiarism on it?
- As an academic or professional, plagiarizing seriously damages your reputation. You
might also lose your research funding or your job, and you could even face legal
consequences for copyright infringement
8. Discuss the potential harm of a research that is being conducted in the field of medicine.
The major ethical issues in conducting research are: a) Informed consent, b) Beneficence- Do not
harm c) Respect for anonymity and confidentiality d) Respect for privacy.
A. Informed consent is one of the means by which a patient's right to autonomy is
protected. Beauchamp and Childress define autonomy as the ability for self-
determination in action according to a personal plan. [11] Informed consent
seeks to incorporate the rights of autonomous individuals through self-
determination. It also seeks to prevent assaults on the integrity of the patient
and protect personal liberty and veracity. [3] Of course individuals can make
informed decisions in order to participate in research voluntarily only if they
have information on the possible risks and benefits of the research. [12] Free
and informed consent needs to incorporate an introduction to the study and its

3. purpose as well as an explanation about the selection of the research subjects
and the procedures that will be followed.
B. Beneficence is sometimes difficult to predict when creating a hypothesis
especially in qualitative research. Carr says that if the research findings prove
that it was not beneficial as it’s expected, this can raise immense ethical
considerations especially for nurses. Ford and Reutter say that "beneficence
relates to the benefits of the research, while non-maleficence relates to the
potential risks of participation". Omnificence requires a high level of sensitivity
from the researcher about what constitutes "harm". According to Burns and
Grove "discomfort and harm can be physiological, emotional, social and
economic in nature"
C. The issue of confidentiality and anonymity is closely connected with the rights
of beneficence, respect for the dignity and fidelity. ANA suggests anonymity is
protected when the subject's identity cannot be linked with personal responses.
If the researcher is not able to promise anonymity, he has to address
confidentiality, which is the management of private information by the
researcher in order to protect the subject's identity. Levine advocates that
confidentiality means that individuals are free to give and withhold as much
information as they wish to the person they choose. The researcher is
responsible to "maintain confidentiality that goes beyond ordinary loyalty".
Clarke addresses the ethical dilemma of the researcher when confidentiality
must be broken because of the moral duty to protect society.
9. What questions can a researcher ask on the planning phases of his research process?
- The planning process is anchored by five sequential steps: (1) problem/opportunity, (2)
research, (3) policy/programming, (4) implementation, and (5) evaluation. The plan-
making process begins when a planner is presented with a problem or opportunity.

4. 10. What are the important factors to maintain anonymization of Qualitative Data?
- As more companies experience the headaches caused by identity theft and security
breaches, they are becoming increasingly concerned with maintaining their privacy and
confidentiality when participating in qualitative research. Gaining your client’s trust by
ensuring that their privacy will be strictly maintained is the only way to build lasting
relationships and produce quality results. By taking certain precautionary steps, you can
ensure that your client’s identity is protected and your research results are unbiased
and trustworthy.
11. What is the key difference of Confidentiality and Anonymization?
- Confidentiality refers to a condition in which the researcher knows the identity of a
research subject, but takes steps to protect that identity from being discovered by
others. Most human subjects research requires the collection of a signed consent
agreement from participants, and the collection of other personally identifiable data,
and thus researchers are aware of the identity of their subjects. In such
cases, maintaining confidentiality is a key measure to ensure the protection of private
information.
12. What are important things in managing your data?
- Data management helps minimize potential errors by establishing processes and policies
for usage and building trust in the data being used to make decisions across your
organization. With reliable, up-to-date data, companies can respond more efficiently to
market changes and customer needs.