Research

1. 1. Whyis ethicsvaluable inresearch?
Because researchethicsare importantfora numberof reasons.
Theypromote the aimsof research,suchas expandingknowledge.Theysupportthe
valuesrequiredforcollaborativework,suchasmutual respectand fairness.Thisis
essential because scientificresearchdependsoncollaborationbetweenresearchersand
groups.
Second,since researchofteninvolvesagreatdeal of cooperationandcoordination
amongmany differentpeople indifferentdisciplinesandinstitutions,ethical standards
promote the valuesthatare essentialtocollaborativework
2. Prepare a checklistfor ethical reflectioninresearch?
- Thischecklistisdesignedtoprovideorganizationsandindividualswithanoverviewof
howwell ethical practicesare embeddedinthe business.Withthe importance of ethics
and non-financial reportingrisingonthe global agenda,organizationsnotonlyneedto
be managingtheirbusinessresponsibly,butincreasingly,theyare beingrequiredto
demonstrate ittoo.
3. Differentiate anonymityand confidentiality.
- Confidentialityreferstoseparatingormodifyinganypersonal,identifyinginformation
providedbyparticipantsfromthe data. By contrast,anonymityreferstocollectingdata
withoutobtaininganypersonal,identifyinginformation.
4. What questionscan a researcherask during an ethical reflectiononengagementwithhis research
participants?
- There isverylittle empirical workonthe experiencesresearchparticipantshave
engaginginqualitativeinquiry;yet,qualitative researchersoftenthinkof themselvesas
forgingimportantinterpersonal relationshipswiththeirparticipantsIwantto
problematizethe ideathatwe donot needtoquestionwhatthe experience of beinga
subjectof researchisfor our participantsinqualitative studies.
Some importantethical concernsthatshouldbe takenintoaccountwhile carryingout
qualitative researchare: anonymity,confidentialityandinformedconsent

2. 5. Whyis power a fundamental ethical issue inresearch?
Informedconsentisone of the foundingprinciplesof researchethics.Itsintentisthat human
participantscanenterresearchfreely(voluntarily) withfullinformationaboutwhatitmeansfor
themto take part, and that theygive consentbefore theyenterthe research.
6. What questionscan a researcherask during an ethical reflectiononhis engagementwithhis
research participants?
Researchersface ethical challengesinall stagesof the study,fromdesigningtoreporting.These
include anonymity, confidentiality,informedconsent,researchers'potentialimpactonthe
participantsandvice versa.
Beginwithwordssuchas “how” or “what”
Tell the readerwhatyou are attemptingto“discover,”“generate,”“explore,”“identify,”or
“describe”
Ask“what happened?”...
Ask“what wasthe meaningtopeople of whathappened?”...
Ask“what happenedovertime?”
7. What is the impact to researchif there are suspicionsof plagiarismon it?
- As an academicor professional,plagiarizingseriouslydamagesyourreputation.You
mightalsolose yourresearchfundingoryour job,andyou couldevenface legal
consequencesforcopyrightinfringement
8. Discuss the potential harm of a research that isbeingconducted in the fieldof medicine.
The major ethical issuesinconductingresearchare:a) Informedconsent,b) Beneficence-Donot
harm c) Respectforanonymityandconfidentialityd) Respectforprivacy.
A. Informedconsentisone of the meansbywhicha patient'srightto autonomyis
protected.BeauchampandChildressdefine autonomyasthe abilityforself-
determinationinactionaccordingtoa personal plan.[11] Informedconsent
seekstoincorporate the rightsof autonomousindividualsthroughself-
determination.Italsoseekstopreventassaultsonthe integrityof the patient
and protectpersonal libertyandveracity.[3] Of course individualscanmake
informeddecisionsinordertoparticipate inresearchvoluntarilyonlyif they
have informationonthe possiblerisksandbenefitsof the research.[12] Free
and informedconsentneedstoincorporate anintroductiontothe studyandits

3. purpose aswell asan explanationaboutthe selectionof the researchsubjects
and the proceduresthatwill be followed.
B. Beneficence issometimesdifficulttopredictwhencreatingahypothesis
especiallyinqualitativeresearch.Carrsaysthat if the researchfindingsprove
that itwas not beneficial asit’sexpected,thiscanraise immense ethical
considerationsespecially fornurses.FordandReuttersaythat "beneficence
relatestothe benefitsof the research,while non-maleficence relatestothe
potential risksof participation".Omnificencerequiresahighlevel of sensitivity
fromthe researcheraboutwhatconstitutes "harm".AccordingtoBurnsand
Grove "discomfortandharm can be physiological,emotional,social and
economicinnature"
C. The issue of confidentialityandanonymityiscloselyconnectedwiththe rights
of beneficence,respectforthe dignityandfidelity.ANA suggestsanonymityis
protectedwhenthe subject'sidentitycannotbe linkedwithpersonal responses.
If the researcherisnotable to promise anonymity,he hastoaddress
confidentiality,whichisthe managementof private informationbythe
researcherinorderto protectthe subject'sidentity.Levine advocatesthat
confidentialitymeansthatindividualsare free togive andwithholdasmuch
informationastheywishtothe persontheychoose.The researcheris
responsible to"maintainconfidentialitythatgoesbeyondordinaryloyalty".
Clarke addressesthe ethical dilemmaof the researcherwhenconfidentiality
mustbe brokenbecause of the moral dutyto protectsociety.
9. What questionscan a researcherask on the planningphases ofhis research process?
- The planningprocessisanchoredbyfive sequential steps: (1) problem/opportunity,(2)
research,(3) policy/programming,(4) implementation,and(5) evaluation.The plan-
makingprocessbeginswhenaplannerispresentedwithaproblemoropportunity.

4. 10. What are the important factors to maintain anonymizationof Qualitative Data?
- As more companiesexperience the headaches causedbyidentitytheftandsecurity
breaches,theyare becomingincreasinglyconcernedwithmaintainingtheirprivacyand
confidentialitywhenparticipatinginqualitativeresearch.Gainingyourclient’strustby
ensuringthattheirprivacywill be strictlymaintainedisthe onlywaytobuildlasting
relationshipsandproduce qualityresults.Bytakingcertainprecautionarysteps,youcan
ensure thatyour client’sidentityisprotectedandyourresearchresultsare unbiased
and trustworthy.
11. What is the key difference ofConfidentialityandAnonymization?
- Confidentiality referstoa condition inwhichthe researcherknowsthe identityof a
researchsubject,buttakesstepstoprotectthat identityfrombeingdiscoveredby
others. Most humansubjectsresearchrequiresthe collectionof asignedconsent
agreementfromparticipants,andthe collectionof otherpersonallyidentifiable data,
and thusresearchersare aware of the identityof theirsubjects. Insuch
cases, maintainingconfidentialityisakeymeasure toensure the protectionof private
information.
12. What are important things inmanaging your data?
- Data managementhelpsminimize potential errorsbyestablishingprocessesandpolicies
for usage andbuildingtrustinthe data beingusedtomake decisionsacrossyour
organization.Withreliable,up-to-date data,companiescanrespondmore efficientlyto
marketchangesand customerneeds.