The document discusses the research process and key aspects of conducting research. It defines research and discusses the importance of research. It then enumerates the four frameworks of the research process - measurement objectives, data collection processes, recommended survey, and reporting plan. Finally, it discusses the importance of having a literature review and how the research process starts with identifying a problem and reviewing literature before collecting and analyzing data.
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherché”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recherché” a compound word from “re-“, again, + “cerchier”, or “searcher”, meaning “search”.
The Western Sydney University online research (2020) defines research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcome.
OverviewAs a social science student, it is vitally important t.docxkarlhennesey
Overview
As a social science student, it is vitally important that you become an educated consumer of social science research, even if you never get to conduct an actual research study.
You need to have a basic understanding of the steps in the scientific process, a familiarity with commonly used social science research designs and methods, and a knowledge of procedures for collecting and analyzing social science data.
This module provides very basic information about these topics. It addresses the following subjects:
· the scientific method
· qualitative and quantitative research
· data analysis and presentation
· discipline-specific research designs and methods The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a form of inquiry that was originally developed to answer questions in the natural sciences. The scientific method uses systematic observation and measurement to confirm or disconfirm hypotheses that most often are derived from underlying theories.
When a hypothesis is confirmed, it lends support to the underlying theory. When it is not confirmed, researchers must reformulate the theory and come up with other explanations. Scientists share their findings by presenting at conferences or publishing in peer-reviewed journals. Sharing results with the research world is an important part of the scientific method because science is an iterative activity.
As social scientists, we have a great challenge. Because we cannot exert complete control over human behavior, it is not possible to conduct true experiments. Real life cannot be captured in a lab, and human behavior cannot be explained by one or even two causes. This makes it difficult to determine "cause and effect." For example, if we are interested in knowing why poor people have compromised health outcomes, we would need to account for an impossibly large number of factors or variables such as race, ethnicity, genetic markers, income, education level, access to health care services, and living conditions.
Steps for Conducting a Research Study
Figure 4.1
Steps for Conducting a Research Study
Source: UMUC PSYC 100.
The use of the scientific method allows researchers to develop explanations of social science phenomena. The steps of the research process are explained from a psychological perspective in this tutorial (Bradley, 2000).
Step 1: Make an Observation
The starting place for any research study is an observation (idea) regarding a topic of interest to you, the researcher. It may come from a conversation with a friend, a book or television program, or the conclusion of a related research project. All that is needed at this point is your interest in pursuing the topic further.
Let's take an example that we will use for all of the steps in the process. You observe that you are able to memorize items such as telephone numbers better when you eat candy. Because of this, you wonder if there is a connection between the primary component of candy (sugar) and memory.
Step 2: Propose a Hypoth ...
BUS 499 Module 3 Homework AssignmentDirections Throughout this.docxRAHUL126667
BUS 499: Module 3 Homework Assignment
Directions: Throughout this course, you will be working on your senior capstone project. You will submit a component for this project at the end of each module.
Submit the following:
1. Find at least four more articles (scholarly journal articles) that apply to your topic.
2. Submit an Annotated Bibliography for each article you found. This is to be separate from the bibliography for the research proposal (also known as references in APA format).
3. Submit a bibliography in correct APA format for all of the articles you have read for your research proposal up to this point. You will add to this as you continue with your project with updated research that you find, but this will constitute the basis of your research on your topic.
4. Identify the top two articles that you find most pertinent to your topic and explain why.
5. Explain the theories and research methods that were used in those top 2 articles.
6. Explain whether you will use one of those theories to study your particular business problem.
7. Separately, submit a progress report that is one page in length and covers the state of the project, including accomplishments, issues, and concerns.
American Psychological Association. Basics of APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org/.).
xercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area you are interested in. For e ...
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7BUS 499 Module 1 Homework AssignmentPa.docxhanneloremccaffery
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7
BUS 499: Module 1 Homework Assignment
Part I
Directions: For this first week, you will work on a draft. It may change during the course of this class, but do your best and start with a business problem that you find interesting. It may be in your field or it may be interesting in another way. Begin to narrow the choices that you selected in the Check Your Understanding.
Submit the following:
The working title of your topic.
Two to three paragraphs describing the topic and the rationale for choosing the topic. Use the 8 steps to outline your ideas.
A preliminary list of 10 to 15 resources, composed exclusively of titles and URLs.
One paragraph with your initial ideas for how you will conduct the research for this topic. Discuss the applicability of Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method research methods. How could you apply each one? Which one seems best at this time to use for your proposal? Begin to narrow down the selection you might use for your proposal.
Note: Before submitting your final topic, please confer with your faculty advisor about your choice and options for a topic and get his or her input. The sooner you submit your topic to your advisor, the sooner you can begin your research on the topic.
Part II
Directions: Please fill in the areas shaded in blue.
Exercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area y.
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherché”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recherché” a compound word from “re-“, again, + “cerchier”, or “searcher”, meaning “search”.
The Western Sydney University online research (2020) defines research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcome.
OverviewAs a social science student, it is vitally important t.docxkarlhennesey
Overview
As a social science student, it is vitally important that you become an educated consumer of social science research, even if you never get to conduct an actual research study.
You need to have a basic understanding of the steps in the scientific process, a familiarity with commonly used social science research designs and methods, and a knowledge of procedures for collecting and analyzing social science data.
This module provides very basic information about these topics. It addresses the following subjects:
· the scientific method
· qualitative and quantitative research
· data analysis and presentation
· discipline-specific research designs and methods The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a form of inquiry that was originally developed to answer questions in the natural sciences. The scientific method uses systematic observation and measurement to confirm or disconfirm hypotheses that most often are derived from underlying theories.
When a hypothesis is confirmed, it lends support to the underlying theory. When it is not confirmed, researchers must reformulate the theory and come up with other explanations. Scientists share their findings by presenting at conferences or publishing in peer-reviewed journals. Sharing results with the research world is an important part of the scientific method because science is an iterative activity.
As social scientists, we have a great challenge. Because we cannot exert complete control over human behavior, it is not possible to conduct true experiments. Real life cannot be captured in a lab, and human behavior cannot be explained by one or even two causes. This makes it difficult to determine "cause and effect." For example, if we are interested in knowing why poor people have compromised health outcomes, we would need to account for an impossibly large number of factors or variables such as race, ethnicity, genetic markers, income, education level, access to health care services, and living conditions.
Steps for Conducting a Research Study
Figure 4.1
Steps for Conducting a Research Study
Source: UMUC PSYC 100.
The use of the scientific method allows researchers to develop explanations of social science phenomena. The steps of the research process are explained from a psychological perspective in this tutorial (Bradley, 2000).
Step 1: Make an Observation
The starting place for any research study is an observation (idea) regarding a topic of interest to you, the researcher. It may come from a conversation with a friend, a book or television program, or the conclusion of a related research project. All that is needed at this point is your interest in pursuing the topic further.
Let's take an example that we will use for all of the steps in the process. You observe that you are able to memorize items such as telephone numbers better when you eat candy. Because of this, you wonder if there is a connection between the primary component of candy (sugar) and memory.
Step 2: Propose a Hypoth ...
BUS 499 Module 3 Homework AssignmentDirections Throughout this.docxRAHUL126667
BUS 499: Module 3 Homework Assignment
Directions: Throughout this course, you will be working on your senior capstone project. You will submit a component for this project at the end of each module.
Submit the following:
1. Find at least four more articles (scholarly journal articles) that apply to your topic.
2. Submit an Annotated Bibliography for each article you found. This is to be separate from the bibliography for the research proposal (also known as references in APA format).
3. Submit a bibliography in correct APA format for all of the articles you have read for your research proposal up to this point. You will add to this as you continue with your project with updated research that you find, but this will constitute the basis of your research on your topic.
4. Identify the top two articles that you find most pertinent to your topic and explain why.
5. Explain the theories and research methods that were used in those top 2 articles.
6. Explain whether you will use one of those theories to study your particular business problem.
7. Separately, submit a progress report that is one page in length and covers the state of the project, including accomplishments, issues, and concerns.
American Psychological Association. Basics of APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org/.).
xercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area you are interested in. For e ...
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7BUS 499 Module 1 Homework AssignmentPa.docxhanneloremccaffery
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7
BUS 499: Module 1 Homework Assignment
Part I
Directions: For this first week, you will work on a draft. It may change during the course of this class, but do your best and start with a business problem that you find interesting. It may be in your field or it may be interesting in another way. Begin to narrow the choices that you selected in the Check Your Understanding.
Submit the following:
The working title of your topic.
Two to three paragraphs describing the topic and the rationale for choosing the topic. Use the 8 steps to outline your ideas.
A preliminary list of 10 to 15 resources, composed exclusively of titles and URLs.
One paragraph with your initial ideas for how you will conduct the research for this topic. Discuss the applicability of Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method research methods. How could you apply each one? Which one seems best at this time to use for your proposal? Begin to narrow down the selection you might use for your proposal.
Note: Before submitting your final topic, please confer with your faculty advisor about your choice and options for a topic and get his or her input. The sooner you submit your topic to your advisor, the sooner you can begin your research on the topic.
Part II
Directions: Please fill in the areas shaded in blue.
Exercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area y.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
JALWIN_CPE311.docx
1. CPE311 – Methods of Research
Name: Siegrique Ceasar A. Jalwin Course: BSCPE-3A Date: 02/17/2021
1. What is research?
- Research is a method writer, speakers, knowledge makers . . . use to gain knowledge
about a topic,to develop new knowledge, and to create new businesses, new
applications. Learn how to solve problems at work,school, and home by developing
your competencies as a researcher. Learn how to develop new knowledge and test
knowledge claims using informal, qualitative, quantitative, textual, and mixed research
methods.
2. Discuss theimportanceofresearch
- Research is essential to find out whichtreatments workbetter forpatients. ... Research
can find answers to things that are unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and changing the
way that healthcare professionals work.Some of the common aims forconducting
research studies are to:Diagnose diseases and health problems.
3. Enumeratethe fourframeworksoftheresearchprocess.Discusshowthese
frameworksarerelatedto each other.
A. Measurement Objectives
- Measurement Objectivesare the reasons for the research and the expected outcomes.
The objectives are the “why” of the research. They should be clear and concise. Explain
each measurement objectivein detail. Be precise, so as not to leave any room for
erroneous interpretation of the results.
B. Data Collection Processes
- Data Collection methodology coversthe logistics of the research. Determine how data
should be collected.If there willbe multiple data collectionsources, the methodology
should describe each source and how they fittogether to make the big picture. Explain
the pros and cons of each data collectionsource, especially if you are using any sources
that are new to team members or if youexpect to encounter problems with "buy in."
C. Recommended Survey
- Base each question on at least one of the research objectives. Make a distinct
connection between every survey question and the research objective.Don'task
questions that don'tlink directly to a research objective.
D. Reporting Plan
- Finally, always have a Reporting Plan. Explain how youplan to share the information
gathered. Discuss the format in whichyouwill deliver the reports (e.g., PowerPoint).
Indicate how long the reports will be and what information each report willcontain.
Prepare a timeline with milestones and KPIsso everyoneknows when to expect
2. deliverables. Designing the research methodology may be the most important phase of
any research projectbecause it is the blueprint for all to follow.Don'tattempt to
conductviable research on a whim. The results could be extremely misleading and
outright erroneous. The research methodology has everything that everyone needs to
know about conductingthe project, presented in a format that is referenceable
throughout a project.
4. Discusstheimportanceofhavinga literaturereviewinthe conductof research.
- Literature reviews constantly feed new research, that constantly feeds literature
reviews…and we could go on and on. The fact is, one acts like a forceover the other and
this is what makes science, as a global discipline, constantly develop and evolve.As a
scientist, writing a literature review can be very beneficial to your career, and set you
apart fromthe expert elite in yourfield of interest. But it also can be an overwhelming
task, so don’t hesitate in contacting Elsevierfor text editing services, either for profound
edition or just a last revision. Weguarantee the very highest standards. You can also
save time by letting us suggest and make the necessary amendments to your
manuscript, so that it fits the structural pattern of a literature review.Who knowshow
many worldwide researchers youwill impact with your next perfectly written literature
review?
5. Discusshowtheresearchprocessstarts.
The steps of how research process starts are the following.
Step 1: Identify the Problem
The first step in the process is to identify a problem or develop a research question. The
research problem may be something the agency identifies as a problem, some knowledge or
information that is needed by the agency,or the desire to identify a recreation trend
nationally. In the example in table 2.4, the problem that the agency has identified is
childhood obesity, whichis a local problem and concern within the community. This serves
as the focusof the study.
Step 2: Review the Literature
Now that the problem has been identified, the researcher must learn more about the topic
under investigation. Todo this, the researcher must review the literature related to the
research problem. This step provides foundational knowledge about the problem area. The
review of literature also educates the researcher about what studies have been conducted
in the past, how these studies were conducted, and the conclusions in the problem area. In
the obesity study, the review of literature enables the programmer to discover horrifying
statistics related to the long-term effectsof childhood obesity in terms of health issues,
death rates, and projected medical costs. In addition, the programmer finds several articles
and information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that describe the
benefits of walking 10,000 steps a day. The information discovered during this step helps
3. the programmer fully understand the magnitude of the problem, recognize the future
consequences of obesity, and identify a strategy to combat obesity (i.e., walking).
Step 3: Clarify the Problem
Many times the initial problem identified in the first step of the process is too large or broad
in scope. In step 3 of the process, the researcher clarifies the problem and narrows the
scope of the study. This can only be done after the literature has been reviewed. The
knowledge gained through the review of literature guides the researcher in clarifying and
narrowing the research project.In the example, the programmer has identified childhood
obesity as the problem and the purpose of the study. This topic is very broad and could be
studied based on genetics, family environment, diet, exercise, self-confidence,leisure
activities, or health issues. All of these areas cannot be investigated in a single study;
therefore, the problem and purpose of the study must be more clearly defined. The
programmer has decided that the purpose of the study is to determine if walking 10,000
steps a day for three days a week will improve the individual's health. This purpose is more
narrowly focused and researchable than the original problem.
Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
Terms and concepts are words or phrases used in the purpose statement of the study or the
description of the study. These items need to be specifically defined as they apply to the
study. Terms or concepts oftenhave different definitions depending on whois reading the
study. To minimize confusionabout whatthe terms and phrases mean, the researcher must
specifically define them for the study. In the obesity study, the concept of “individual's
health” can be defined in hundreds of ways,such as physical, mental, emotional, or spiritual
health. For this study, the individual's health is defined as physical health. The conceptof
physical health may also be defined and measured in many ways.In this case, the
programmer decides to more narrowly define “individual health” to refer to the areas of
weight, percentage of body fat, and cholesterol. By defining the terms or conceptsmore
narrowly,the scope of the study is more manageable forthe programmer, making it easier
to collectthe necessary data forthe study. This also makes the concepts more
understandable to the reader.
Step 5: Define the Population
Research projects can focuson a specific group of people, facilities, park development,
employee evaluations, programs, financial status, marketing efforts,or the integration of
technology into the operations. For example, if a researcher wants to examine a specific
group of people in the community,the study could examine a specific age group, males or
females, people living in a specific geographic area, or a specific ethnic group. Literally
thousands of options are available to the researcher to specifically identify the group to
study. The research problem and the purpose of the study assist the researcher in
identifying the group to involvein the study. In research terms, the group to involve in the
study is alwayscalled the population. Defining the population assists the researcher in
several ways. First, it narrows the scope of the study froma very large population to one
4. that is manageable. Second, the population identifies the group that the researcher's efforts
will be focused on within the study. This helps ensure that the researcher stays on the right
path during the study. Finally, by defining the population, the researcher identifies the
group that the results willapply to at the conclusion of the study. In the example in table
2.4, the programmer has identified the population of the study as children ages 10 to 12
years. This narrower population makes the study more manageable in terms of time and
resources.
Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan
The plan forthe study is referred to as the instrumentation plan. The instrumentation plan
serves as the road map forthe entire study, specifying whowill participate in the study;
how,when, and where data will be collected;and the content of the program. This plan is
composed of numerous decisions and considerations that are addressed in chapter 8 of this
text. In the obesity study, the researcher has decided to have the children participate in a
walking program forsix months. The group of participants is called the sample, whichis a
smaller group selected from the population specified for the study. The study cannot
possibly include every 10- to 12-year-old child in the community, so a smaller group is used
to represent the population. The researcher develops the plan for the walking program,
indicating what data will be collected, when and how the data will be collected, whowill
collectthe data, and how the data will be analyzed. The instrumentation plan specifies all
the steps that must be completed for the study. This ensures that the programmer has
carefully thought through all these decisions and that she provides a step-by-step plan to be
followedin the study.
Step 7: Collect Data
Once the instrumentation plan is completed, the actual study begins with the collection of
data. The collectionof data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer
the research question. Every study includes the collectionof some type of data—whether it
is fromthe literature or from subjects—toanswer the research question. Data can be
collectedin the form of words on a survey, witha questionnaire, through observations, or
from the literature. In the obesity study, the programmers will be collecting data on the
defined variables: weight, percentage of body fat, cholesterol levels, and the number of days
the person walked a total of 10,000 steps during the class.
The researcher collectsthese data at the first session and at the last session of the program.
These twosets of data are necessary to determine the effectof the walking program on
weight, body fat, and cholesterol level. Once the data are collectedon the variables, the
researcher is ready to moveto the final step of the process, which is the data analysis.
Step 8: Analyze the Data
All the time, effort, and resources dedicated to steps 1 through 7 of the research process
culminate in this final step. The researcher finally has data to analyze so that the research
question can be answered. In the instrumentation plan, the researcher specified how the
5. data willbe analyzed. The researcher now analyzes the data according to the plan. The
results of this analysis are then reviewed and summarized in a manner directly related to
the research questions. In the obesity study, the researcher compares the measurements of
weight, percentage of body fat, and cholesterol that were taken at the first meeting of the
subjects to the measurements of the same variables at the final program session. These two
sets of data will be analyzed to determine if there was a difference between the first
measurement and the second measurement for each individual in the program. Then, the
data willbe analyzed to determine if the differences are statistically significant. If the
differences are statistically significant, the study validates the theory that was the focus of
the study. The results of the study also provide valuable information about one strategy to
combat childhood obesity in the community.
As youhave probably concluded, conducting studies using the eight steps of the scientific
research process requires you to dedicate time and effortto the planning process. You
cannot conducta study using the scientific research process when time is limited or the
study is done at the last minute. Researchers who do this conduct studies that result in
either false conclusions or conclusions that are not of any value to the organization.
6. Discusstheimportanceofethicsin the conductof research.
There are several reasons why it is important toadhere toethical norms in research. First,
norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For
example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying,or misrepresenting research data
promote the truth and minimize error.
7. Enumerateand elaborateatleast fiveethical principlesinconductingaresearch
process.
Respect forpersons -autonomy and protecting diminished autonomy
All participants in research must take part voluntarily, free fromany coercion or undue
influence, and their rights, dignity and autonomy should be respected and appropriately
protected.
An autonomous person is capable of deliberation about personal goals and of acting under
the direction of such deliberation. To respect autonomy is to give weight to autonomous
persons' considered opinions and choices whilerefraining from obstructing their actions
unless they are clearly detrimental toothers.
By contrast, when a potential research participant may lack capacity to make autonomous
decisions, respect for persons requires that they be protected against harm. The capacity for
self-determination matures during an individual's life, and some individuals lose this
capacity wholly or in part because of illness, mental disability, or circumstances that
severely restrict liberty. Respect forthe immature and the incapacitated may require
protecting them as they mature or whilethey are incapacitated. Some persons are in need
6. of extensive protection, even to the point of excluding them from research that has a risk of
harm.
8. When can a projectbedeemedviable?
A project is economically viable if the economic benefits of the projectexceed its economic
costs, when analyzed for society as a whole. The economic costs of the project are not the
same as its financial costs—externalities and environmental impacts should be considered.
9. What are the social-scienceparadigmandhowdo theydifferfromeach other?
- Social science paradigms can be defined as the frames and models according to which
researchers can observe the worldand make conclusions about the certain institutions,
processes, and interactions within the society.As a result, social science paradigms are used
in order to organize the researchers’ observation and reasoning and provide the waysto
discuss different social theories (Babbie, 2014, p. 31). All the social science paradigms
provide the researcher with the opportunity to look at the question froma different
perspective while referring to various important aspects accentuated by the paradigm’s
supporters (Babbie, 2014, p. 31; Gringeri, Barusch, & Cambron, 2013, p. 762). From this
perspective, the most known and used social science paradigms are the conflictparadigm,
symbolic interactionism, and structural functionalism.
10. Discusstherelevanceandvalueofresearchand givean exampleto proveyour
answer.
Value of Research
- The integrity of research is based on adherence to corevalue objectivity,honesty,
openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. These core values help to ensure that
the research enterprise advances knowledge. Example What is the value of research to
students? Studies reveal that research helps restore and protectmemory and enhances
mathematic and problem-solving skills. Therefore,it prepares the mind for a better
understanding of conceptsand theories. A person's learning capacity is improved and they
can perform better in comparison whois reluctant to research
Relevance of Research
- It's important that your dissertation topic is relevant. Relevance means that your research
can contribute something worthwhile. ... The answer is simple: the topic should be relevant
for all of the parties that are involvedin yourdissertation.
Example is, high relevancies mean research whichyou are performing have great potential
to fill a gap in knowledge. For example, if you are performing market survey then the
information which youhave collectfrom it should be useful and valuable to company.