This document outlines Mark Jacobson's research on transitioning 139 countries to 100% renewable wind, water, and solar (WWS) energy systems to meet all energy needs by 2050. It details the types of WWS technologies that could be implemented, such as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric power. Jacobson's models show that meeting all energy demands through WWS by 2050 is technically and economically feasible, and would significantly reduce air pollution, climate change risks and energy costs while creating jobs. The transition poses challenges related to upfront costs, transmission infrastructure needs and political obstacles but no material limits.

1. Transitioning the Energy
Infrastructures of States and Countries
to 100% Wind, Water, and Solar for all
Purposes
J. G. Swanepoel/Dreamstime.com Wind farm near Middelgrunden, Denmark
Mark Z. Jacobson Climate Change Solutions
Atmosphere/Energy Program Raleigh, NC
Stanford University February 4, 2017

2. ELECTRICITY TRANSPORTATION HEATING/COOLING INDUSTRY
Wind Battery-electric Electric heat pumps Electric arc furnaces
Solar PV/CSP HFC-BE hybrids Solar water preheat Induction furnaces
Geothermal Dielectric heating
Hydro Electric resistance
Tidal/Wave
Wind, Water, Solar (WWS) All-Sector Solutions to Energy
and Job Security, Air Pollution, Global Warming
Energy & Env. Sci, 2, 148 (2009)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZAZa0lEqaA

3. ELECTRICITY HEATING/COOLING OTHER
CSP with storage Water Hydrogen
Pumped hydro Ice Demand-response
Existing hydroelectric Rocks in soil
Batteries
Types of Storage for 100% WWS System

4. Nighttime Storage in Ice for Daytime Air Cooling
https://www.torontohydro.com/sites/electricsystem/electricityconservation/businessconservation/Pages/IceBearEnergyStoragePilot.aspx

5. Stanford Boilers/Chillers & Heat/Cold Demand & Recovery
Over Year
https://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/SESI_Condensed_factsheet_0.pdf

6. Seasonal Heat Storage in Underground Rocks, Okotoks,
Canada
http://www.sustainapedia.com/drake-landing-solar-community/ https://www.leidos.com/project/north-america’s-first- Mark Z. Jacobson (2015) right

7. In-Home Batteries
Photo by M.Z. Jacobson

8. 1) Produces6-24timesmoreCO2 &pollutionperkWh thanwind
2) Takes10-19yrsbetweenplanning&operationvs2-5yrsforwind/solar
3) Costs3-4xthatofonshorewind/utilityPV
4) Takes2-10timeslongertoobtain1/3rd to1/4th theCO2 savingsperdollarthan
wind/solar.
5) IPCC2014:P.517.“Robustevidence,highagreement”thatincreaseduseof
nuclearleadstomore
(a) Weaponsproliferationrisk
(b) Meltdownrisk
(c) Wasterisk
(d) Miningrisk
Why Not Nuclear?

9. 50 times more CO2 emissions per
kWh than wind
150 times more air pollutant
emissions per kWh than wind
Requires 25% more energy, thus
25% more coal mining and transport
and traditional pollution than normal
coal.
Why Not Clean Coal (With Carbon Capture)?
Clean coal mining with wind
turbines obscuring the view:
Jonathan Leake

10. End-Use Power Demand For All
Energy Purposes
Year and Fuel Type 139-
Countries
2012 Demand 12.1 TW
2050 Demand with current fuels (BAU) 20.6 TW
2050 Demand with WWS 11.8 TW
2050 Demand reduction w/ WWS
23.0% electrification
12.6% energy self use
6.9% efficiency beyond BAU
42.5%

11. TECHNOLOGY PCT SUPPLY 2050 NUMBER
5-MW onshore wind turbines 23.5% 1,582,000
5-MW offshore wind turbines 13.6 935,000
5-kW Res. roof PV systems 16.0 1.96 billion
100-kW com/gov roof PV systems 12.2 78.6 million
50-MW Solar PV plants 19.7 233,000
100-MW CSP plants 9.7 21,500
100-MW geothermal plants 0.67 839
1300-MW hydro plants 4.0 0
1-MW tidal turbines 0.06 30,000
0.75-MW wave devices 0.58 410,000
100%
Number of New Plants to Power 139 Countries All Purposes

12. www.thesolutionsproject.org

13. Area (km2) Beyond 2015 Installations to Power 100% of 139
Countries for all Purposes w/ WWS in 2050

14. Matching 100% 2050-51 U.S. & Canada All-Sector Load w/WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

15. Matching 100% 2050-51 South America (12 Countries) All-Sector
Load w/WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

16. Matching 100% 2050-51 Australia All-Sector Load With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

17. Matching 100% 2050-51 Japan-South Korea All-Sector Load With
WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

18. Matching 100% 2050-51 China-Hong Kong-Mongolia-North Korea
All-Sector Load With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

19. Matching 100% 2050-51 Russia-Georgia All-Sector Load With
WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

20. Matching 100% 2050-51 India-Nepal-Sri Lanka All-Sector Load
With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

21. Matching 100% 2050-51 Central Asia (6 Countries) All-Sector Load
With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

22. Matching 100% 2050-51 Middle East (16 Countries) All-Sector
Load With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

23. Matching 100% 2050-51 Europe (40 Countries) All-Sector Load
With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

24. Matching 100% 2050-51 Iceland All-Sector Load With WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

25. Matching 100% 2050-51 Africa (27 Countries) All-Sector Load With
WWS
Red = Energy supply
Blue = Energy demand + change in storage + losses + shedding

26. WWS electricity for electricity sector total cost 9.8
(Includes short+long T&D, elect+heat storage; stable grids)
Conventional electricity sector total cost 38.3
Conventional fuel for elec sector (incl T&D+storage) 9.8
Conventional fuel health cost 12.7
Conventional fuel climate cost 15.8
WWS electricity for all sectors 10.7
(elec, transport, heating/cooling, indus, ag/for/fish)
2050 139 Country WWS vs. Conventional Fuel Cost (¢/kWh)
Jacobsonet al.(2016)

27. Timeline to Transition
139 Countries to WWS

28. Reduces 2050 139-country BAU power demand by ~42.5%
Avoids ~4-7 mil. air pollution deaths per year (~$23 tril/yr; 12.7¢/kWh)
Avoids ~$27 trillion/yr global climate costs 2050 (15.8 ¢/kWh)
Gives a 100% stable grid in all 20 world regions at a cost
(energy+storage+T&D) of 10.7 (7.3-13) ¢/kWh
Summary–Converting 139 Countries to 100% WWS

29. Creates ~24 million more jobs than are lost
Requires only 0.22% of land for footprint; 0.92% for spacing
Makes countries energy independent, reducing international conflict
Creates distributed power, reducing terrorism/catastrophic risk
Reduces energy poverty of up to 4 billion people worldwide
Summary–Converting 139 Countries to 100% WWS

30. Up-front costs
Transmission needs
Lobbying
Politics
Materials are not limits
Challenges/Barriers

31. Articles and data
web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWS-50-
USState-plans.html
Infographic maps
www.thesolutionsproject.org
100.org
Twitter: @mzjacobson

32. Original 2009 Study: 100% Clean, renewable wind, water,
and sunlight (WWS) roadmap for the world - A path to
sustainable energy by 2030 (Sci Amer, Nov 2009) (pdf).
Detailed analysis of 2009 global roadmap plus U.S.
roadmap for 100% Wind, water, sunlight (WWS) for world and
U.S., Part I (Energy Policy, 2011) (pdf-Part I) Spreadsheet (xls-
spreadsheet)
100% WWS energy plans for the world and U.S. Part II (Energy
Policy, 2011) (pdf-Part II) Spreadsheet (xls-spreadsheet)

33. Response to comments on 2011 Energy Policy world
plans. 2012 (pdf) 2013 (pdf)
Individual 139-country roadmaps for 139 countries
(link)
Individual 50-U.S.-state roadmaps (link)
Original basis for selecting WWS technologies
Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and
energy security (Energy and Environmental Sciences, 2009) (link)