This document summarizes a model of the relationship between foraging effort, resource density, and social change in hunter-gatherer societies. The model assumes open access to resources and examines how individual foragers increasing their extraction per unit area impacts the resilience of the forager-resource system. It outlines the assumptions of the model, equations for resource growth and harvest, conversion of biomass to energy, time allocation dynamics, and how the system responds to changes in foraging effort and population density. Simulation results show the maximally resilient system occurs at a population density of 0.5.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
SEEING THE WOOD FOR THE TREES:beyond bio-forfication: nutrion, cooking &...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Presentation by Professor Tony Cunningham at CBD COP11 Event in Hyderabad, 17October2012. World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF. Title: "Seeing the Wood for the Trees.".
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
SEEING THE WOOD FOR THE TREES:beyond bio-forfication: nutrion, cooking &...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Presentation by Professor Tony Cunningham at CBD COP11 Event in Hyderabad, 17October2012. World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF. Title: "Seeing the Wood for the Trees.".
This is the deck from a talk we gave on New Approaches to Business Model Innovation at the Product Development Management Association (PDMA) Summer Innovation Event in Detroit Michigan.
Many organizations focus on driving innovation through new products and services. While these are productive and profitable sources of innovation, organizations that consider innovating against a broader definition of their business model -- including not only WHAT they sell, but also HOW their business operates and delivers value, will find new opportunities to drive top and bottom line growth and ensure that they stay relevant in an increasingly turbulent marketplace.
In this presentation, The Garage Group introduces practical frameworks and exercises to enable Business Model Innovation:
● The “What/How” framework, which can be used to map and plan business model innovation within any organization.
● Examples from multiple industries to inspire Innovation across unexpected elements of organizations’ business models.
● A templated exercise to capture multiple elements of your organization’s business model which could be prime for innovation.
The Garage Group is a new kind of strategy firm building entrepreneurial processes and capabilities for innovation.
This is my ICOS 2012 presentation for my published paper entitled "Location Based Early Disaster Warning and Evacuation System on Mobile Phones Using OpenStreetMap"
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This is the deck from a talk we gave on New Approaches to Business Model Innovation at the Product Development Management Association (PDMA) Summer Innovation Event in Detroit Michigan.
Many organizations focus on driving innovation through new products and services. While these are productive and profitable sources of innovation, organizations that consider innovating against a broader definition of their business model -- including not only WHAT they sell, but also HOW their business operates and delivers value, will find new opportunities to drive top and bottom line growth and ensure that they stay relevant in an increasingly turbulent marketplace.
In this presentation, The Garage Group introduces practical frameworks and exercises to enable Business Model Innovation:
● The “What/How” framework, which can be used to map and plan business model innovation within any organization.
● Examples from multiple industries to inspire Innovation across unexpected elements of organizations’ business models.
● A templated exercise to capture multiple elements of your organization’s business model which could be prime for innovation.
The Garage Group is a new kind of strategy firm building entrepreneurial processes and capabilities for innovation.
This is my ICOS 2012 presentation for my published paper entitled "Location Based Early Disaster Warning and Evacuation System on Mobile Phones Using OpenStreetMap"
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Jacob Freeman (ASU) Mutual feedback between resource base and foraging decisions on the evolution of hunter-gatherer societies
1. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Intensification, Tipping Points, and Social
Change in a Coupled Forager-Resource
System
Jacob Freeman1 John M. Anderies 1
1 The School of Human Evolution and Social Change
Arizona State University
CUNY Human Ecodynamics Workshop
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
2. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Outline
1 Motivation
2 The Foraging Effort Model
3 Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
4 Discussion
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
3. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Question
Question: Given the open-access nature of resources
among hunters and gatherers, if individual foragers extract
more resources per unit area, how does this behavior
impact the resilience of a forager-resource system?
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
4. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Basic Assumptions
1 Foragers groups primarily exploit open-access resources
within a habitat and this habitat is embedded in a
landscape of habitats
2 The interpretation of the model is restricted to the use of
stationary resources
3 Forager population density is a parameter
4 Foraging effort (e) is interpreted as time spent harvesting
resources (workdays per day)
5 Two energy targets motivate behavior, c and γ
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
5. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Resource Growth and Harvest
x
G(x) = rx(1 − ) (1)
K
resource growth rate
0 resource density K
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
6. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Resource Growth and Harvest
H(x, e) = ph(x, e) (2)
h(x, e) = qxe (3)
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
7. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
The Conversion of Biomass to Energy
α = le(−mp) (4)
efficiency of converting biomass into energy (α)
1
m = 0.5
m = 0.8
0
forager group density (p)
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
8. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
The Conversion of Biomass to Energy
α = le(−mp) (4)
efficiency of converting biomass into energy (α)
1
m = 0.5
m = 0.8
0
forager group density (p)
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
9. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Time Allocation
δ = γ − αh(x, e) (5)
16 Jacob Freeman, John M. A
1
Region 2a. Resource density is high enough to
meet basic metabolic needs. Thus, foragers attempt
Region 1. Resource density is so low
to meet their daily energy goal of g by changing
that more foraging effort is required to
effort in proportion to their energy deficit. That is
Foraging deficit, d
meet basic metabolic needs than for-
D(x, e) ⇡ a1 d so that de/dt ⇡ a1 d . Here, d > 0 so
agers are willing to tolerate (or are cap-
foraging effort will increase.
bable of). Foragers reduce effort at a
0 constant rate. That is, D(x, e) ⇡ a2 so
that
de
⇡ a2 .
dt Region 2b. As in Region 2a, but here, d < 0 so
foraging effort will decrease.
-1
0 c 3
Harvest per unit foraging effort, ah(x, e)/e
Fig. 2 Foraging effort decision dynamics. The different regions in the daily energy deficit - daily energy harvest plane generate a simple d
heuristic for forager groups. See Box 2 for the mathematical details of the function used to represent these different regions.
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
10. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
The Story
dx
= G(x) − H(x, e) (6)
dt
de
= D(x, e). (7)
dt
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
11. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
The Maximally Resilient System: p=0.5
2.5
a
2
foraging Effort
1.5
Foraging effort
1 (S)
(S)
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Resourcedensity
resource Density
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
12. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
The Resilient but Vulnerable System: p=0.7
2
(Z) bb
(U)
(Z)
1.5
foraging Effort
(U)
Foragingeffort
1
(S)
(S)
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
resource density
Resource Density
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
13. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
The Degraded System: p=0.8
2
(Z) cC
1.5 (Z)
foraging Effort
Foragingeffort
1
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Resource Density
resource density
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
14. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Institutions and Windows of Vulnerability
. 00 . 20 . 40 . 60 . 80 1. 00 1. 20
1. 40 window of vulnerability 1. 40
equilibrium foraging effort (e*)
1. 20 1. 20
1. 00 1. 00
αh(x,e)/e = c
. 80 . 80
αh(x,e)/e > c
. 60 . 60
. 40 . 40
. 20 . 20
. 00 . 20 . 40 . 60 . 80 1. 00 1. 20
forager group density (p)
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
15. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
Institutions and Windows of Vulnerability
. 00 . 20 . 40 . 60 . 80 1. 00 1. 20
1. 40 window of vulnerability 1. 40
equilibrium foraging effort (e*)
1. 20 1. 20
1. 00 αh(x,e)/e = c 1. 00
. 80 . 80
. 60 αh(x,e)/e > c . 60
. 40 . 40
. 20 . 20
. 00 . 20 . 40 . 60 . 80 1. 00 1. 20
forager group density (p)
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
16. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
1 The very success of an adaptation at the level of an
individual forager group can create system-level
vulnerabilities that subsequently feed back to cause
emergent social change.
2 A looming tipping point creates uncertainty and associated
risk for foragers.
3 Alternatives adaptive strategies: relocate, reform or control
4 Freeman, J. and Anderies J. M. 2012. Intensification,
Tipping Points, and Social Change in a Coupled
Forager-Resource System. Human Nature (DOI)
10.1007/s12110-012-9154-8
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
17. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
1 The very success of an adaptation at the level of an
individual forager group can create system-level
vulnerabilities that subsequently feed back to cause
emergent social change.
2 A looming tipping point creates uncertainty and associated
risk for foragers.
3 Alternatives adaptive strategies: relocate, reform or control
4 Freeman, J. and Anderies J. M. 2012. Intensification,
Tipping Points, and Social Change in a Coupled
Forager-Resource System. Human Nature (DOI)
10.1007/s12110-012-9154-8
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers
18. Motivation
The Foraging Effort Model
Analysis: Resilience and Social Change
Discussion
1 The very success of an adaptation at the level of an
individual forager group can create system-level
vulnerabilities that subsequently feed back to cause
emergent social change.
2 A looming tipping point creates uncertainty and associated
risk for foragers.
3 Alternatives adaptive strategies: relocate, reform or control
4 Freeman, J. and Anderies J. M. 2012. Intensification,
Tipping Points, and Social Change in a Coupled
Forager-Resource System. Human Nature (DOI)
10.1007/s12110-012-9154-8
Jacob Freeman, John M. Anderies The Resilience of Hunter-Gatherers