The document discusses various threats to information security assets including data, hardware, and users. It covers common types of hacking such as denial-of-service attacks, spoofing, and social engineering. The document also outlines protective measures that can be taken including access control, keeping software updated, network protection, employee training, and backups. Vulnerabilities related to hardware, software, networks, personnel, physical sites and organizational issues are described.
Our bad neighbor makes us early stirrers,
Which is both healthful and good husbandry.
-- William Shakespeare (1564–1616), King Henry, in Henry V, act 4, sc. 1, l. 6-7.
This document provides an overview of cyber security concepts and threats. It discusses the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It then outlines various cyber threats like insider threats, social engineering, dumpster diving, phishing and types of attacks against personal computers and networks. The document also defines cyber security terms and categories of threats. It discusses tools used in attacks like botnets, adware, spyware and spam. Finally, it provides examples of network attacks and recommendations for defending networks through policies, procedures and technical safeguards.
This document discusses computer security and various cyber threats. It begins by explaining how computer security became increasingly important with the development of modems and personal computers in the late 20th century. It then discusses different methods used to protect computer systems and information, including serial numbers, locks, alarms, and various security strategies to address threats like data theft, vandalism, fraud, and privacy invasion. The document also provides definitions and examples of cryptography, encryption, malware, and other cyber attacks like phishing, watering hole attacks, and cybercrime. It concludes by listing some common reasons for web threats and tips to protect against web service attacks, such as backups, multi-factor authentication, malware scanning, and keeping software updated.
Priyanka Singh presented on cyber security. As computer usage has grown since the 1970s, so too have security threats. Cyber security now protects computers and networks from theft, damage, disruption or information disclosure of electronic data, software or hardware. It covers various elements like data, application, mobile, network, endpoint, cloud, database and infrastructure security. Cyber threats include cybercrime, cyberattacks and cyberterrorism. Common threat methods are phishing, malware, SQL injection, and backdoors. The presentation provided tips for building cyber security through password management, software protection, multi-factor authentication and disaster recovery planning.
This IT audit assesses an organization for the existence of any shadow IT systems. Area’s accessed were:
Network/Information Security Controls
Unsanctioned Software’s and Applications
Asset Identification and Classification
Threats and Vulnerability Controls
Information Technology Security BasicsMohan Jadhav
The document discusses various topics related to IT security basics. It begins by providing two examples of security breaches to illustrate why security is important. It then discusses the four virtues of security and the nine rules of security. The document also defines information security, its goal of ensuring confidentiality, integrity and availability of systems, and the potential impacts of security failures. Additionally, it outlines common security definitions, 10 security domains, and provides an overview of access control and application security.
The document discusses various threats to information security. It begins by outlining the functions of information security, including protecting systems and data. It then discusses the need for security due to threats like human error, theft, and software or hardware failures. Specific threats covered include insider abuse, targeted attacks causing financial losses, and security incidents reported to law enforcement. The document categorizes and describes different types of threats in detail.
This document provides an overview of computer safety and ethics. It discusses identifying security risks and protecting data by restricting access to devices, protecting against viruses, and disregarding false information. Specific security measures covered include using firewalls, strong passwords, protection programs, and antivirus software. The document also addresses avoiding data loss through regular backups and describes different types of malware like viruses, worms, Trojan horses and spyware.
Our bad neighbor makes us early stirrers,
Which is both healthful and good husbandry.
-- William Shakespeare (1564–1616), King Henry, in Henry V, act 4, sc. 1, l. 6-7.
This document provides an overview of cyber security concepts and threats. It discusses the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It then outlines various cyber threats like insider threats, social engineering, dumpster diving, phishing and types of attacks against personal computers and networks. The document also defines cyber security terms and categories of threats. It discusses tools used in attacks like botnets, adware, spyware and spam. Finally, it provides examples of network attacks and recommendations for defending networks through policies, procedures and technical safeguards.
This document discusses computer security and various cyber threats. It begins by explaining how computer security became increasingly important with the development of modems and personal computers in the late 20th century. It then discusses different methods used to protect computer systems and information, including serial numbers, locks, alarms, and various security strategies to address threats like data theft, vandalism, fraud, and privacy invasion. The document also provides definitions and examples of cryptography, encryption, malware, and other cyber attacks like phishing, watering hole attacks, and cybercrime. It concludes by listing some common reasons for web threats and tips to protect against web service attacks, such as backups, multi-factor authentication, malware scanning, and keeping software updated.
Priyanka Singh presented on cyber security. As computer usage has grown since the 1970s, so too have security threats. Cyber security now protects computers and networks from theft, damage, disruption or information disclosure of electronic data, software or hardware. It covers various elements like data, application, mobile, network, endpoint, cloud, database and infrastructure security. Cyber threats include cybercrime, cyberattacks and cyberterrorism. Common threat methods are phishing, malware, SQL injection, and backdoors. The presentation provided tips for building cyber security through password management, software protection, multi-factor authentication and disaster recovery planning.
This IT audit assesses an organization for the existence of any shadow IT systems. Area’s accessed were:
Network/Information Security Controls
Unsanctioned Software’s and Applications
Asset Identification and Classification
Threats and Vulnerability Controls
Information Technology Security BasicsMohan Jadhav
The document discusses various topics related to IT security basics. It begins by providing two examples of security breaches to illustrate why security is important. It then discusses the four virtues of security and the nine rules of security. The document also defines information security, its goal of ensuring confidentiality, integrity and availability of systems, and the potential impacts of security failures. Additionally, it outlines common security definitions, 10 security domains, and provides an overview of access control and application security.
The document discusses various threats to information security. It begins by outlining the functions of information security, including protecting systems and data. It then discusses the need for security due to threats like human error, theft, and software or hardware failures. Specific threats covered include insider abuse, targeted attacks causing financial losses, and security incidents reported to law enforcement. The document categorizes and describes different types of threats in detail.
This document provides an overview of computer safety and ethics. It discusses identifying security risks and protecting data by restricting access to devices, protecting against viruses, and disregarding false information. Specific security measures covered include using firewalls, strong passwords, protection programs, and antivirus software. The document also addresses avoiding data loss through regular backups and describes different types of malware like viruses, worms, Trojan horses and spyware.
It is clear that information security technology has advanced much faster than
the number of people who are knowledgeable to apply it. It is even clearer that with these advancements come more difficulties in keeping networks secure from intruders, viruses and other threats.
This chapter discusses the need for information security in organizations. It explains that information security has four main functions: protecting organizational functionality, enabling safe application operations, protecting collected data, and safeguarding technology assets. The chapter also identifies common threats like malware, hacking, and human error that can compromise information security. It emphasizes that effective security requires identifying threats, implementing appropriate controls, and developing secure software.
This chapter discusses the need for information security in organizations. It explains that information security has four main functions: protecting organizational functionality, enabling safe application operations, protecting collected data, and safeguarding technology assets. The chapter also identifies common threats like malware, hacking, and human error that can compromise information security. It emphasizes that effective security requires identifying threats, implementing appropriate controls, and developing secure software.
The document discusses the topic of security and ethical challenges in management information systems. It covers issues like computer crime, hacking, cyber theft, software piracy, computer security risks, and safeguards to address unauthorized access and use. Potential health concerns of computer use as well as theories of corporate social responsibility and principles of technology ethics are also summarized.
Can you tell if your computer has been compromised?
Cyber Security is a practice which intends to protect computers, networks, programs and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change or destruction
More than 50% of the world's population is actively connected to the internet.
Cyber Security is becoming a fundamental requirement for every business organization worldwide. We are all susceptible to this new frontier of crime and it is our responsibility to be prepared.
we have made this like computer application course material which is so functionable and any one can use it to develop your technological concept skill.
We Belete And Tadelech
Cyber Security: A Hands on review on what is cyber security and how to prevent your devices from hacking and data breach. In today's era almost all devices are connected to internet are available for hackers to breach into and do their work. The data breach can be very dangerous and sometimes even more that it can demolish a company or a person.
In this presentation we will discuss about the ways and short description on Cyber Securty and Techniques.
The document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It describes threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy breaching intellectual property, internet service disruptions, power outages, espionage, hacking, human error, social engineering, information extortion, and sabotage/vandalism. Management is responsible for being informed of these threats and implementing appropriate security controls and contingency plans to address them.
The document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It describes threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy breaching intellectual property, internet service disruptions, power outages, espionage, hacking, human error, social engineering, information extortion, and sabotage/vandalism. The threats can originate from hackers, employees, forces of nature, errors, or other sources; and they pose risks to an organization's data, systems, services, and reputation. An effective information security program requires awareness of the threats and implementing appropriate controls and response plans.
This document discusses network security and defines key concepts. It explains that security aims to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. The main pillars of security are the CIA triangle of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats to carry out attacks, which aim to intercept, interrupt, modify or fabricate information. Common attacks include eavesdropping, cryptanalysis, password pilfering through guessing, social engineering, dictionary attacks and password sniffing. Controls work to reduce vulnerabilities and block threats to prevent harm.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information security from a lecture on security concepts. It defines security as keeping the possibility of threats low, and discusses specialized security areas like physical, personal, communications, network, and data security. It also defines computer security as protecting computer systems, hardware, software, data and information from threats. The document then examines common security vulnerabilities, threats, and the vulnerability-threat-control paradigm. It discusses goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability.
This document discusses securing information systems and provides an overview of security concepts and tools. It covers system vulnerabilities, threats like malware and hackers, establishing security frameworks, and technologies to safeguard systems like firewalls, encryption, and digital certificates. The key topics are securing systems from internal and external threats, implementing controls and policies, and using technical tools to protect information assets and ensure system availability.
08 -Securing Information Systems at workplace.pptRoshni814224
Computer security involves protecting hardware, software, networks, data, and personnel from accidental or intentional threats. Common security violations include data theft, password cracking, and industrial espionage. While awareness of security issues has increased over time, systems remain vulnerable due to greater access and complexity, cyber threats on the internet, and weak network security. Security controls can help reduce breaches through application controls like passwords and backups, development controls like documentation and encryption, and physical facility controls. A disaster recovery plan outlines steps for responding to security incidents and restoring operations. Maintaining security requires recognizing breach symptoms, protecting against disgruntled employees, cooperating with law enforcement during investigations, and gaining management support for security measures.
Securing Management Information Systems.pptRoshni814224
Computer security involves protecting hardware, software, networks, data, and personnel from accidental or intentional threats. Common security violations include data theft, password cracking to gain unauthorized access to networks, and industrial espionage. Many information systems are vulnerable due to increased access, complex systems, cyber threats on the internet, and weak network security. Security controls can reduce vulnerabilities through application controls like passwords and backups, development controls like documentation and encryption, and physical facility controls. A disaster recovery plan outlines steps to recover critical assets and functions if disaster strikes.
This document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It outlines threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy compromising intellectual property, issues with internet and power services impacting quality of service, espionage from unauthorized access, forces of nature disrupting operations, human error, social engineering tricks, information extortion, and sabotage or vandalism of information systems and data. Management must understand these threats to implement proper security controls and safeguard their organizations' information assets.
This chapter discusses various digital security risks and cybercrimes. It describes different types of Internet and network attacks and ways to prevent unauthorized access. The chapter also covers techniques for securing information, such as encryption, backups, and wireless security. Additionally, it addresses ethics and privacy issues regarding the use and storage of personal information. Safeguarding digital assets from threats requires understanding risks and implementing appropriate security measures.
Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to Indiadavidjhones387
"Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to India! From cost-effective services and expert professionals to round-the-clock work advantages, learn how your business can achieve digital success with Indian SEO solutions.
It is clear that information security technology has advanced much faster than
the number of people who are knowledgeable to apply it. It is even clearer that with these advancements come more difficulties in keeping networks secure from intruders, viruses and other threats.
This chapter discusses the need for information security in organizations. It explains that information security has four main functions: protecting organizational functionality, enabling safe application operations, protecting collected data, and safeguarding technology assets. The chapter also identifies common threats like malware, hacking, and human error that can compromise information security. It emphasizes that effective security requires identifying threats, implementing appropriate controls, and developing secure software.
This chapter discusses the need for information security in organizations. It explains that information security has four main functions: protecting organizational functionality, enabling safe application operations, protecting collected data, and safeguarding technology assets. The chapter also identifies common threats like malware, hacking, and human error that can compromise information security. It emphasizes that effective security requires identifying threats, implementing appropriate controls, and developing secure software.
The document discusses the topic of security and ethical challenges in management information systems. It covers issues like computer crime, hacking, cyber theft, software piracy, computer security risks, and safeguards to address unauthorized access and use. Potential health concerns of computer use as well as theories of corporate social responsibility and principles of technology ethics are also summarized.
Can you tell if your computer has been compromised?
Cyber Security is a practice which intends to protect computers, networks, programs and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change or destruction
More than 50% of the world's population is actively connected to the internet.
Cyber Security is becoming a fundamental requirement for every business organization worldwide. We are all susceptible to this new frontier of crime and it is our responsibility to be prepared.
we have made this like computer application course material which is so functionable and any one can use it to develop your technological concept skill.
We Belete And Tadelech
Cyber Security: A Hands on review on what is cyber security and how to prevent your devices from hacking and data breach. In today's era almost all devices are connected to internet are available for hackers to breach into and do their work. The data breach can be very dangerous and sometimes even more that it can demolish a company or a person.
In this presentation we will discuss about the ways and short description on Cyber Securty and Techniques.
The document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It describes threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy breaching intellectual property, internet service disruptions, power outages, espionage, hacking, human error, social engineering, information extortion, and sabotage/vandalism. Management is responsible for being informed of these threats and implementing appropriate security controls and contingency plans to address them.
The document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It describes threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy breaching intellectual property, internet service disruptions, power outages, espionage, hacking, human error, social engineering, information extortion, and sabotage/vandalism. The threats can originate from hackers, employees, forces of nature, errors, or other sources; and they pose risks to an organization's data, systems, services, and reputation. An effective information security program requires awareness of the threats and implementing appropriate controls and response plans.
This document discusses network security and defines key concepts. It explains that security aims to protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. The main pillars of security are the CIA triangle of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats to carry out attacks, which aim to intercept, interrupt, modify or fabricate information. Common attacks include eavesdropping, cryptanalysis, password pilfering through guessing, social engineering, dictionary attacks and password sniffing. Controls work to reduce vulnerabilities and block threats to prevent harm.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information security from a lecture on security concepts. It defines security as keeping the possibility of threats low, and discusses specialized security areas like physical, personal, communications, network, and data security. It also defines computer security as protecting computer systems, hardware, software, data and information from threats. The document then examines common security vulnerabilities, threats, and the vulnerability-threat-control paradigm. It discusses goals of security like confidentiality, integrity and availability.
This document discusses securing information systems and provides an overview of security concepts and tools. It covers system vulnerabilities, threats like malware and hackers, establishing security frameworks, and technologies to safeguard systems like firewalls, encryption, and digital certificates. The key topics are securing systems from internal and external threats, implementing controls and policies, and using technical tools to protect information assets and ensure system availability.
08 -Securing Information Systems at workplace.pptRoshni814224
Computer security involves protecting hardware, software, networks, data, and personnel from accidental or intentional threats. Common security violations include data theft, password cracking, and industrial espionage. While awareness of security issues has increased over time, systems remain vulnerable due to greater access and complexity, cyber threats on the internet, and weak network security. Security controls can help reduce breaches through application controls like passwords and backups, development controls like documentation and encryption, and physical facility controls. A disaster recovery plan outlines steps for responding to security incidents and restoring operations. Maintaining security requires recognizing breach symptoms, protecting against disgruntled employees, cooperating with law enforcement during investigations, and gaining management support for security measures.
Securing Management Information Systems.pptRoshni814224
Computer security involves protecting hardware, software, networks, data, and personnel from accidental or intentional threats. Common security violations include data theft, password cracking to gain unauthorized access to networks, and industrial espionage. Many information systems are vulnerable due to increased access, complex systems, cyber threats on the internet, and weak network security. Security controls can reduce vulnerabilities through application controls like passwords and backups, development controls like documentation and encryption, and physical facility controls. A disaster recovery plan outlines steps to recover critical assets and functions if disaster strikes.
This document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It outlines threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy compromising intellectual property, issues with internet and power services impacting quality of service, espionage from unauthorized access, forces of nature disrupting operations, human error, social engineering tricks, information extortion, and sabotage or vandalism of information systems and data. Management must understand these threats to implement proper security controls and safeguard their organizations' information assets.
This chapter discusses various digital security risks and cybercrimes. It describes different types of Internet and network attacks and ways to prevent unauthorized access. The chapter also covers techniques for securing information, such as encryption, backups, and wireless security. Additionally, it addresses ethics and privacy issues regarding the use and storage of personal information. Safeguarding digital assets from threats requires understanding risks and implementing appropriate security measures.
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HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process HollowingDonato Onofri
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
3. Slide 3
IT Security
IT security is the protection of computer systems and
networks from information disclosure, theft of or damage to
their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the
disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
IT security performs four important functions for an
organization:
Protects the organization’s ability to function
Enables the safe operation of applications implemented on
the organization’s IT systems
Protects the data the organization collects and uses
Safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization
4. Slide 4
IT Security: Features
Confidentiality:-
Assurance that information is
shared only among authorized
persons or organizations.
Integrity:-
Assurance that the information is authentic and complete.
Maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of
data over its entire life-cycle.
Availability:-
Assurance that the systems responsible for delivering,
storing and processing information are accessible when
needed, by those who need them.
5. Slide 5
Vulnerabilities
A vulnerability is a weakness which can be exploited by a threat actor, such
as an attacker, to cross privilege boundaries (i.e. perform unauthorized
actions) within a computer system.
Vulnerabilities are classified according to the asset class they are related to:-
Hardware:- Susceptibility to humidity/dust ; Unprotected storage;
Over-heating.
Software:- Insufficient testing; insecure coding; lack of audit trail;
Design flaw.
Network:- Unprotected communication lines; Insecure network
architecture.
Personnel:- Inadequate recruiting process; Inadequate security
awareness; insider threat
Physical site:- Area subject to natural disasters (e.g. flood,
earthquake); interruption to power source
Organizational:- Lack of regular audits; lack of continuity plans;
6. Slide 6
Threats
A threat is a potential negative action or event facilitated
by a vulnerability that results in an unwanted impact to a
computer system or application.
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely
impact an IS through unauthorized access, destruction,
disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service.
A countermeasure is any step you take to ward off a threat
to protect user, data, or computer from harm.
Various Security threats:-
Users:- Identity Theft; Loss of Privacy; Exposure to Spam; Physical
Injuries.
Hardware:- Power-related problems; theft; vandalism; and natural
disasters.
Data:- Malwares; Hacking; Cybercrime; and Cyber-terrorism.
8. Slide 8
Threats(Keywords)
Spam:-Unsolicited commercial e-mail/Junk e-mail
Cookie:- Small text file that a Web server put on computer
Web Bugs:-a small gif embedded in webpage/email
Malwares:-Malicious Software
Virus(require Some executables), Worms(Self executables), Spyware, Trojan
Horses, Botnet (Robot Network)
Shoulder Surfing
Hacking:-
Sniffing:- finding user’s password(Password Sharing, Password
Guessing or Password Capture
Social Engineering:- Dumpster Diving, Phishing(Email) &
Vishing(Phone Calls)
Spoofing
DDoS:-Distributed Denial of Services.
Cybercrime; and Cyber-terrorism.
9. Slide 9
Attack Descriptions
Denial-of-service (DoS) –
attacker sends a large number of connection or
information requests to a target
so many requests are made that the target system cannot
handle them successfully along with other, legitimate
requests for service
may result in a system crash, or merely an inability to
perform ordinary functions
Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) - an attack
in which a coordinated stream of requests is
launched against a target from many locations at
the same time
11. Slide 11
Attack Descriptions
Spoofing - technique used to gain unauthorized
access whereby the intruder sends messages to
a computer with an IP address indicating that
the message is coming from a trusted host
Man-in-the-Middle - an attacker sniffs packets
from the network, modifies them, and inserts
them back into the network
14. Protective Measures
Slide 14
1. Bolster Access Control
by using a strong password system. You should have a mix of
uppercase and lower case letters, numbers, and special
characters.
Also, always reset all default passwords.
Finally, create a strong access control policy.
2. Keep All Software Updated
From anti-virus software to computer operating systems,
ensure your software is updated.
When a new version of software is released, the version
usually includes fixes for security vulnerabilities.
Manual software updates can be time-consuming. Use
automatic software updates for as many programs as possible.
15. Protective Measures
Slide 15
3. Standardize Software
Keep your systems protecting by standardizing software like
Operating system, Browser, Media player, Plug-in.
Ensure that users cannot install software onto the system
without approval.
4. Use Network Protection Measures
Install a firewall
Ensure proper access controls
Use IDS/IPS to track potential packet floods
Use network segmentation
Use a virtual private network (VPN)
Conduct proper maintenance
16. Protective Measures
Slide 16
5. Employee Training
Sometimes external threats are successful because of an
insider threat. The weakest link in data protection can be your
own employees.
Ensure your employees understand network security.
Employees should be able to identify threats.
They should also know who to contact to avoid a security
breach
6. Schedule backups
You can schedule backups to external hard drives or in the
cloud in order to keep your data stored safely.
The right frequency is weekly but you can do incremental
backups every few days.
17. Slide 17
Acts of Human Error or Failure
Includes acts done without malicious
intent
Caused by:
Inexperience
Improper training
Incorrect assumptions
Other circumstances
Employees are greatest threats to
information security – They are
closest to the organizational data
18. Slide 18
Acts of Human Error or Failure
Employee mistakes can
easily lead to the following:
revelation of classified data
entry of erroneous data
accidental deletion or
modification of data
storage of data in unprotected
areas
failure to protect information
Many of these threats can
be prevented with controls
19. Slide 19
Compromises to
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property is “the ownership of ideas
and control over the tangible or virtual
representation of those ideas”
Many organizations are in business to create
intellectual property
trade secrets
copyrights
trademarks
patents
20. Slide 20
Compromises to
Intellectual Property
Most common IP breaches involve software
piracy
Watchdog organizations investigate:
Software & Information Industry Association
(SIIA)
Business Software Alliance (BSA)
Enforcement of copyright has been attempted
with technical security mechanisms
21. Slide 21
Espionage/Trespass
Broad category of activities that
breach confidentiality
Unauthorized accessing of
information
Competitive intelligence vs.
espionage
Shoulder surfing can occur any
place a person is accessing
confidential information
Controls implemented to mark the
boundaries of an organization’s
virtual territory giving notice to
trespassers that they are
encroaching on the organization’s
cyberspace
Hackers uses skill, guile, or fraud
to steal the property of someone
else
23. Slide 23
Espionage/Trespass
Generally two skill levels among hackers:
Expert hacker
develops software scripts and codes exploits
usually a master of many skills
will often create attack software and share with others
Script kiddies
hackers of limited skill
use expert-written software to exploit a system
do not usually fully understand the systems they hack
Other terms for system rule breakers:
Cracker - an individual who “cracks” or removes
protection designed to prevent unauthorized duplication
Phreaker - hacks the public telephone network
25. Slide 25
Information Extortion
Information extortion is
an attacker or formerly
trusted insider stealing
information from a
computer system and
demanding
compensation for its
return or non-use
Extortion found in credit
card number theft
26. Slide 26
Sabotage or Vandalism
Individual or group who want to
deliberately sabotage the
operations of a computer system
or business, or perform acts of
vandalism to either destroy an
asset or damage the image of the
organization
These threats can range from
petty vandalism to organized
sabotage
Organizations rely on image so
Web defacing can lead to
dropping consumer confidence
and sales
Rising threat of hacktivist or
cyber-activist operations – the
most extreme version is cyber-
terrorism
27. Slide 27
Deliberate Acts of Theft
Illegal taking of another’s property - physical,
electronic, or intellectual
The value of information suffers when it is copied
and taken away without the owner’s knowledge
Physical theft can be controlled - a wide variety of
measures used from locked doors to guards or
alarm systems
Electronic theft is a more complex problem to
manage and control - organizations may not even
know it has occurred
28. Slide 28
Internet Service Issues
Loss of Internet service can lead to considerable
loss in the availability of information
organizations have sales staff and telecommuters
working at remote locations
When an organization outsources its web
servers, the outsourcer assumes responsibility for
All Internet Services
The hardware and operating system software used to
operate the web site
29. Slide 29
Communications and Other Services
Other utility services have potential impact
Among these are
telephone
water & wastewater
trash pickup
cable television
natural or propane gas
custodial services
The threat of loss of services can lead to inability to
function properly
30. Slide 30
Power Irregularities
Voltage levels can increase, decrease, or cease:
spike – momentary increase
surge – prolonged increase
sag – momentary low voltage
brownout – prolonged drop
fault – momentary loss of power
blackout – prolonged loss
Electronic equipment is susceptible to fluctuations,
controls can be applied to manage power quality
31. Slide 31
Deliberate Software Attacks
When an individual or group
designs software to attack
systems, they create malicious
code/software called malware
Designed to damage,
destroy, or deny service to
the target systems
Includes:
macro virus
boot virus
worms
Trojan horses
logic bombs
back door or trap door
denial-of-service attacks
polymorphic
hoaxes
W
O
R
M
W
O
R
M
Trojan
Trojan
Horse
Horse
Bomb
Bomb
Virus
Virus
32. Slide 32
Deliberate Software Attacks
Virus is a computer program that attaches
itself to an executable file or application.
It can replicate itself, usually through an
executable program attached to an e-mail.
The keyword is “attaches”. A virus can not
stand on its own.
You must prevent viruses from being installed
on computers in your organizations.
33. Slide 33
Deliberate Software Attacks
There is no foolproof method of preventing
them from attaching themselves to your
computer
Antivirus software compares virus signature
files against the programming code of know
viruses.
Regularly update virus signature files is
crucial.
34. Slide 34
Deliberate Software Attacks
A worm is a computer program that replicates and
propagates itself without having to attach itself to a
host.
Most infamous worms are Code Red and Nimda.
Cost businesses millions of dollars in damage as a
result of lost productivity
Computer downtime and the time spent recovering
lost data, reinstalling programming's, operating
systems, and hiring or contracting IT personnel.
35. Slide 35
Deliberate Software Attacks
Trojan Programs disguise themselves as
useful computer programs or applications and
can install a backdoor or rootkit on a
computer.
Backdoors or rootkits are computer programs
that give attackers a means of regaining
access to the attacked computer later.
37. Slide 37
Deliberate Software Attacks
Challenges:
Trojan programs that use common ports, such as
TCP 80, or UPD 53, are more difficult to detect.
Many software firewalls can recognize port-
scanning program or information leaving a
questionable port.
However, they prompt user to allow or disallow,
and users are not aware.
Educate your network users.
Many Trajan programs use standard ports to
conduct their exploits.
38. Slide 38
Deliberate Software Attacks
Spyware
A Spyware program sends info from the infected computer to the
person who initiated the spyware program on your computer
Spyware program can register each keystroke entered.
www.spywareguide.com
Adware
Main purpose is to determine a user’s purchasing habits so that Web
browsers can display advertisements tailored to that user.
Slow down the computer it’s running on.
Adware sometimes displays a banner that notifies the user of its
presence
Both programs can be installed without the user being aware
of their presence
39. Slide 39
Protecting against Deliberate
Software Attacks
Educating Your Users
Many U.S. government organizations make security
awareness programs mandatory, and many private-sector
companies are following their example.
Email monthly security updates to all employees.
Update virus signature files as soon as possible.
Protect a network by implementing a firewall.
Avoiding Fear Tactics
Your approach to users or potential customers should be
promoting awareness rather than instilling fear.
When training users, be sure to build on the knowledge
they already have.
40. Slide 40
Forces of Nature
Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God are
dangerous because they are unexpected and can
occur with very little warning
Can disrupt not only the lives of individuals, but also
the storage, transmission, and use of information
Include fire, flood, earthquake, and lightning as well
as volcanic eruption and insect infestation
Since it is not possible to avoid many of these
threats, management must implement controls to
limit damage and also prepare contingency plans
for continued operations
Snowstorms
Snowstorms
Hurricanes
Hurricanes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Tornadoes
Tornadoes
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms
Earthquakes
Earthquakes
Snowstorms
Snowstorms
Hurricanes
Hurricanes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Tornadoes
Tornadoes
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms
Earthquakes
Earthquakes
Fire
Fire
Landslides
Landslides
Avalanche
Avalanche
Humidity
Humidity
Windstorms
Windstorms
Floods
Floods
Fire
Fire
Landslides
Landslides
Avalanche
Avalanche
Humidity
Humidity
Windstorms
Windstorms
Floods
Floods
41. Slide 41
Deviations in Quality of Service by
Service Providers
Situations of product or services not delivered as
expected
Information system depends on many inter-
dependent support systems
Three sets of service issues that dramatically affect
the availability of information and systems are
Internet service
Communications
Power irregularities
42. Slide 42
Technical Hardware Failures
or Errors
Technical hardware failures or errors occur when a
manufacturer distributes to users equipment containing
flaws
These defects can cause the system to perform outside
of expected parameters, resulting in unreliable service
or lack of availability
Some errors are terminal, in that they result in the
unrecoverable loss of the equipment
Some errors are intermittent, in that they only
periodically manifest themselves, resulting in faults that
are not easily repeated
43. Slide 43
This category of threats comes from purchasing
software with unrevealed faults
Large quantities of computer code are written,
debugged, published, and sold only to determine
that not all bugs were resolved
Sometimes, unique combinations of certain
software and hardware reveal new bugs
Sometimes, these items aren’t errors, but are
purposeful shortcuts left by programmers for honest
or dishonest reasons
Technical Hardware Failures
or Errors
44. Slide 44
Technological Obsolescence
When the infrastructure becomes antiquated or
outdated, it leads to unreliable and untrustworthy
systems
Management must recognize that when technology
becomes outdated, there is a risk of loss of data
integrity to threats and attacks
Ideally, proper planning by management should
prevent the risks from technology obsolesce, but
when obsolescence is identified, management must
take action
45. Slide 45
Attacks
An attack is the deliberate act that exploits
vulnerability
It is accomplished by a threat-agent to damage or
steal an organization’s information or physical asset
An exploit is a technique to compromise a system
A vulnerability is an identified weakness of a controlled
system whose controls are not present or are no longer
effective
An attack is then the use of an exploit to achieve the
compromise of a controlled system
46. Slide 46
Malicious Code
This kind of attack includes the
execution of viruses, worms,
Trojan horses, and active web
scripts with the intent to destroy
or steal information
The state of the art in attacking
systems in 2002 is the multi-
vector worm using up to six
attack vectors to exploit a variety
of vulnerabilities in commonly
found information system
devices
48. Slide 48
Attack Descriptions
IP Scan and Attack – Compromised system scans
random or local range of IP addresses and targets
any of several vulnerabilities known to hackers or
left over from previous exploits
Web Browsing - If the infected system has write
access to any Web pages, it makes all Web content
files infectious, so that users who browse to those
pages become infected
Virus - Each infected machine infects certain
common executable or script files on all computers
to which it can write with virus code that can cause
infection
49. Slide 49
Attack Descriptions
Unprotected Shares - using file shares to copy
viral component to all reachable locations
Mass Mail - sending e-mail infections to addresses
found in address book
Simple Network Management Protocol - SNMP
vulnerabilities used to compromise and infect
Hoaxes - A more devious approach to attacking
computer systems is the transmission of a virus
hoax, with a real virus attached
50. Slide 50
Attack Descriptions
Back Doors - Using a known or previously unknown
and newly discovered access mechanism, an attacker
can gain access to a system or network resource
Password Crack - Attempting to reverse calculate a
password
Brute Force - The application of computing and
network resources to try every possible combination of
options of a password
Dictionary - The dictionary password attack narrows
the field by selecting specific accounts to attack and
uses a list of commonly used passwords (the dictionary)
to guide guesses
51. Slide 51
Attack Descriptions
Denial-of-service (DoS) –
attacker sends a large number of connection or
information requests to a target
so many requests are made that the target system cannot
handle them successfully along with other, legitimate
requests for service
may result in a system crash, or merely an inability to
perform ordinary functions
Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) - an attack
in which a coordinated stream of requests is
launched against a target from many locations at
the same time
53. Slide 53
Attack Descriptions
Spoofing - technique used to gain unauthorized
access whereby the intruder sends messages to
a computer with an IP address indicating that
the message is coming from a trusted host
Man-in-the-Middle - an attacker sniffs packets
from the network, modifies them, and inserts
them back into the network
Spam - unsolicited commercial e-mail - while
many consider spam a nuisance rather than an
attack, it is emerging as a vector for some
attacks
56. Slide 56
Attack Descriptions
Mail-bombing - another form of e-mail attack that is
also a DoS, in which an attacker routes large
quantities of e-mail to the target
Sniffers - a program and/or device that can monitor
data traveling over a network. Sniffers can be used
both for legitimate network management functions
and for stealing information from a network
Social Engineering - within the context of
information security, the process of using social
skills to convince people to reveal access
credentials or other valuable information to the
attacker
57. Slide 57
Attack Descriptions
“People are the weakest link. You can have
the best technology; firewalls, intrusion-
detection systems, biometric devices ... and
somebody can call an unsuspecting
employee. That's all she wrote, baby. They
got everything.”
“brick attack” – the best configured firewall in
the world can’t stand up to a well placed brick
58. Slide 58
Attack Descriptions
Buffer Overflow –
application error occurs when more data is sent to a
buffer than it can handle
when the buffer overflows, the attacker can make the
target system execute instructions, or the attacker can
take advantage of some other unintended consequence
of the failure
Usually the attacker fill the overflow buffer with executable
program code to elevate the attacker’s permission to that
of an administrator.
59. Slide 59
Attack Descriptions
Ping of Death Attacks --
A type of DoS attack
Attacker creates an ICMP packet that is
larger than the maximum allowed 65,535
bytes.
The large packet is fragmented into smaller
packets and reassembled at its destination.
Destination user cannot handle the
reassembled oversized papcket, thereby
causing the system to crash or freeze.
60. Slide 60
Attack Descriptions
Timing Attack –
relatively new
works by exploring the contents of a web browser’s cache
can allow collection of information on access to password-
protected sites
another attack by the same name involves attempting to
intercept cryptographic elements to determine keys and
encryption algorithms