The document provides an overview of the history, values, and culture of Islam. It discusses how Islam began in the 7th century AD under the prophet Muhammad in Mecca and spread throughout the Middle East and other parts of the world. It outlines the key beliefs and practices of Muslims, including the five pillars of faith, and discusses Islamic teachings on warfare, treatment of non-Muslims, and important sects like Sunni and Shia.

1. Islam: History, values and culture Shahbaz Younis

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introductory Remarks Historical overview Islam as a monotheistic religion the Quran God or Allah pillars and values social code and reforms relation with other faiths the Sunni and Shiha sects Science and civilization Islam today, and Arab Americans Suggested reading, distribution of educational material Qs & As

3. Islam Founder: Muhammad Ibn (son of) Adballah Born: 571 AD in Mecca, Arabia Descendant of Abraham Nicknames: Almustapha (the chosen), Alamin (the faithful) Titles: The prophet, the messenger (Alrasul) Tribe: Quraiysh Holy Book: The Quran, derived from ‘read’

4. Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth (661-750) (750-1258) Muhammad Ali Adbelmuttalib Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty Abraham Ismail Adnan

5. Historical Overview

6. • Mecca • Medinah The Levant Mesopotamia The fertile Crescent H I j a z EGYPT ARABIA Dynasties of the South

7. Middle East, 7th Century The Arabian Peninsula The source of Arabs and the Semitic race Mostly desert, few urbanized areas Urban centers, Mecca Mainly tribal society First mention of ‘Arabs’, 854 B.C. Arabs of the North and Arabs of the South Dynasties in the south Religions Christianity (inclusive), Judaism (exclusive), polytheism The Sassanid or Persian Empire Ailing The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire Christianity is the state religion, 3rd century A foreign occupying power Sectarian conflicts with the locals

8. Byzantine Empire * Persian Empire An Arabian dynasty An Arabian dynasty * •

9. 571 Muhammad born in Mecca. 610 First revelation in the Harraa cave (27 Ramadan). 622 “Hijra”or Escape. Muhammad and followers escape prosecution and go to Almadinah (Yathrib). Year 1 in the Islamic calendar ‘ Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia building peaceful coalition 629 Muhammad conquers Mecca peacefully (NO REVENGE) destroys idols in Alqaaba. single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia 632 Muhammad dies in Almadinah. Unmarked grave (his will) Islam, 610-632

10. Islam by the death of Mohammed 632

11. Abu-Bakr - 632-634 The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager Omar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644 A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just. Conquered the Levant, Egypt, Iraq, Persia Damascus (9 / 635) and Jerusalem (5 / 638) surrender peacefully Omar’s pledge to the Jerusalemites A modern state: Treasury, communication, defense. Engraved currency. Othman bin Affan - 644-656 Collected and compiled the Quran Emergence of power struggle Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661 Power struggle escalated to armed conflict Emergence of political parties End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia (661-680) 632-661: the Four Elected Successors (Caliphs )

12. Islam at 644, the year Omar died

13. The Ummayah Dynasty, 661-750 Empire center and capital move to Damascus Expansion: All N. Africa (Atlantic), W. Europe, much of C. Asia, the wall of China 711: Conquer of Spain and Portugal. Tariq Bin Ziyad Expansion into W. Europe blocked in France by Charles Martial, 732 Power Struggle continues, but the Caliphs brutally liquidate all rivals Karbalaa in S. Iraq (10 Nov, 680) and the emerge of the Shiha Addelmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691) Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings Arabization of the empire Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and science

14. 732, 100 Yrs after Mohammed

15. The Abbassides Dynasty, 750-1258 The center of the Empire moves to Iraq and Iran Baghdad, built 762 AD by Almansur (2nd Caliph). With over 2 M, Baghdad becomes the glamorous center of the world Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals everywhere Other dynasties in Egypt, Spain, and parts of the Levant. A 2nd Ummayah dynasty in Spain, 9th century Qurtoba (Cordova) competes with Baghdad Cairo, built 968 AD

16. Islam as Monotheistic Religion

17. Islam: ” Surrender”, related to ‘salaam’, or peace. Abraham, father of all prophets, is the first Muslim Islam is also a code for social conduct Quran plus the authentic statements of Muhammad (Hadith) = Shareeha (constitution), as Interpreted by Islamic scholars Muhammad is the last prophet (33: 40). Gabriel highest ranking angel The Quran: Islam’s holy book, an inspired scripture. God’s word inspired to his messenger, 114 Chapters (chapter = Surah), 4 to >200 verses/chapter (verse = Aiyah) Confirms most narratives and prophets of the Jewish and Christian faiths Special place for Virgin Mary, the only female (the Chapter of Mary) Allah is the word for God used by Christian and Muslim Arabs God = Allah (Arabic) = Eluhim (Hebrew) = El (Aramaic) One and only one God, no trinity Arabic as the language of the Quran

18. The framework for Muslim life. Essential practices 1. The declaration of faith: "There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God" 2. Prayer: Five obligatory prayers each day. A direct link between the worshiper and God. No hierarchical authority or priesthood 3 . Zakat: Obligatory charitable giving. Wealth belong to God and it is held in trust by humans. Zakat , or, "purification" by setting aside a portion (2.5%) for the needy 4. Fasting: From sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage: A pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca, Arabia. Only those who can The 'Five Pillars' of Islam

19. Jihad and the Conduct of War Islam is not addicted to war, and jihad is not one of its "pillars” Jihad in Arabic does not mean "holy war”. It means "struggle” or “strive”. It is the difficult effort needed to put God's will into practice at every level The "greater jihad” in the Quran is that of the soul, of the tongue, of the pen, of faith, of morality, etc. The "smaller jihad" is that of arms. Many directives in the authentic statements of Muhammad (Hadiths): He told his companions as they go home after a battle "We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad, at home" Three levels: Personal: That of the soul Verbal: Raising one's voice in the name of Allah on behalf of justice. " The most excellent jihad is the speaking of truth in the face of a tyrant " (Hadith) Physical: Combat waged in defense against oppression and transgression. Profoundly misunderstood in today's world .

20. Much of the Koran revealed in the context of an all-out war imposed on early Muslims by the powerful city of Mecca, and many passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle. While one finds " slay [enemies] wherever you find them!" (e.g., 4: 89), in almost every case it is followed by something like "if they let you be, and do not make war on you, and offer you peace, God does not allow you to harm them" (2:90; 4: 90; 5: 2; 8: 61; 22: 39) Since good and evil cannot be equal, repel thou evil with something that is better, and love he between whom and thy self was enmity may then become as though he had always been close unto thee, a true friend" (41:34) God does not allow harm of civilian, and requests the protection of women, children and the elderly during war (4:96; 9: 91; 48: 16,17) “ If any one slew a person--unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land--it would be as if he slew the whole people; and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.” (5:32) You shall feed and protect prisoners of war, and you shall not expect a reward (4: 25,36; 5:24) Thus, the only permissible war in the Quran is one of self-defense, you cannot kill unarmed (civilian), and you have to protect prisoners of war Jihad and the Conduct of War

21. Jihad and the Conduct of War Warfare is always evil. Sometimes you have to fight to avoid persecution. e.g., the one Mecca inflicted on early Muslims (2: 191; 2: 217), or to preserve decent values (4: 75; 22: 40) Muslims may not begin hostilities "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loves not transgressors." (2: 190). Notice: Defensive war, fight back Hostilities must be brought to an end as quickly as possible, and must cease the minute the enemy sues for peace (2:192-3; 41:34) ‘ Martyrdom’: Those killed during fighting or while doing civic duties (martyrs) are promised a place in heaven (several passages, e.g., 2:154; 3:169-172) However, suicide is not allowed; it is forbidden and condemned (e.g., 6:151, 17:33, 25:68) One of my favorite Hadiths 'Do not attack a temple, a church, a synagogue. Do not bring a tree or a plant down. Do not harm a horse or a camel’

22. Relation with other Faiths Like the Torah, the Quran permits retaliation eye for eye, tooth for tooth. But, like the Gospels, it says “it is meritorious to forgo revenge in a spirit of charity (5: 45) Acknowledges Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, David, Solomon, Zacharia, Jesus, John the paptist, and others as the “ the good prophets of God” A special place for Jesus and Mary (e.g., 3:45,46; 4:156-158; 19:1-98) Accepts that Mary’s conception is from God’s soul. Rejects the divinity of Jesus (no trinity). Jesus was not killed (e.g., 4:155-159; 5:17-19)

23. Islam did not impose itself by the sword. "There must be no coercion in matters of faith" (2: 256) Muslims have to respect Jews and Christians, the "People of the Book," who worship the same God (e.g., 2:62; 29:46). "And dispute ye not with the People of the Book , except with means better, unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong: but say, 'We believe in the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one ; and it is to Him we bow.” In one of his last public sermons Muhammad said “ God tells all human beings, "O people! We have formed you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another" (49: 13). Do not conquer, convert, subjugate, revile or slaughter but to reach out toward others with intelligence and understanding” The Levant remained mainly Christian for almost 200 Yrs. No one was forced to convert to Islam The right of all faiths to warship was respected Sites of warship, holy places and shrines of all faiths were protected Relation with other Faiths

24. Charity, Charity, Charity …. On top of the Zakat. Help the orphan, the poor, the ill, the lost, the homeless, the elderly Endless times in the Quran (16 times in Chapters 2-5 alone) Freedom, Integrity, Equality, Justice …. “ An hour of justice by a ruler is better than sixty days of hard work” (Hadith) Endless request for justice in the Quran (e.g., 2: 282; 6; 152) “ O mankind, We’ve created you from a male and a female and have made you nations and tribes that you may know and interact with each other. The noblest of you in the sight of God is the best in conduct” (49:13). No Arab is privileged over non-Arab but by his or her conduct (Hadith) All people are equal like the teeth of a comb (Hadith) “ You are not considered faithful in the sight of God unless you like for your brother (read, others) what you like for yourself ” (Hadith) when you are greeted with a greeting of peace, answer with an even better greeting, or at least the like thereof " (4: 86). Social Justice

25. Right and Status of Women Eliminated many pre-Islamic discriminatory practices Gave women rights (e.g., inheritance) and equality to men, both were made from a single soul (e.g., 4:1) Limited the number of wives a man can marry Treat women with kindness and respect their rights as equal to men The hijab or head scarf Modest dress apply to women and men equally (Quran and Hadith). Women are required to cover their bodies so that their figure is not revealed. Women are not required to cover their faces. The forbidden or ‘taboo’ (muharramat) include pork, blood, improperly butchered animals, baby animals, gambling, and charging interest Alcohol drinking was gradually disallowed Other Values

26. Science and Civilization

27. A dedicated quest for knowledge and a burst of scientific innovation in a multi-ethnic and multi-faith society Lasted for over 8 centuries, and produced a plethora of knowledge and discoveries in all disciplines Induced the later European renaissance The Arabic tong, invigorated by the Quran, was the vehicle, and tolerant, inclusive, and knowledge-advocate Islamic faith was the culture Repeated requests in both the Quran and the Hadith for seeking knowledge, and application of rational thinking Seek knowledge even in China Seek knowledge from crib to grave On judgement day, the ink of scientists is valued by God higher than the blood of martyrs The two important disciplines of science are theology and Biology Initially, massive translation of Greek and Indian writings preserved all literary and scientific works and transmitted them to Europe

28. Medicine and Pharmacy Chemistry and Physics Mathmatics Astronomy

29. Medicine and Pharmacy Institutionalized and regulated the practice of Medicine and Pharmacy The modern concept of clinics Board exams and license to practice. Regulatory boards (FDA's!!!) Classification of plants and Algae for their medical use, and outlined possible side effects (PDR’s!!) Hospitals : Tens, including specialized, in each of Baghdad, Qurtoba, and Damascus. Mobile hospitals for emergency. Departments and University Hospitals. Patients records and vital signs, urine tests, family history. Surgery : Threads from animals intestine. Opium and Hashish for Anesthesia. Alcohol as disinfectant. Treatment of cataract, and removal of kidney and gallbladder stones Autopsy !!! Students training (Anatomy) Cause of death

30. Abu-bakr Elrazzy ; 9th Century Father of Physicians, great clinician and experimentalist Many books including “Smallpox and Measles” Ibn-Elhaytham : 10th Century Multidisciplinary scientist. Ophthalmologist Mechanism of sight. Function of the eye Over 100 books in Med. and Math. Ibn-Seena (Avisai) : 10th Century The “Qannun”, the medical text book in Europe till 19th Cen. Described the medical use of over 2700 plants Light has a finite speed, which is much faster than the speed of sound Ibn-Rushd (Aviros) : 13th Century Philosopher and Physician. Many books Ibn-Elnafees : Blood circulation and the role of lungs Abulkassim Alzahrawi (Abulcasis or Albucasis) : 11th Century One of the greatest surgeons. A good dentist and GP. Removal of breast cancer. Hemophilia and its hereditary transmission (female to male) Known Physicians

31. Arabic terms and methods of preparation for Alkali, Alcohol, Tartarate Discovered and prepared in pure form 28 elements (Ibn Elhaytham) The processes of crystallization, fermentation, distillation, sublimation, Preparation of acids (H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 ) and bases (NaOH) Light travels in straight lines. Laws of refraction, reflection and illusion of light. Eluded to the Magnetic properties of some objects Chemistry and Physics

32. Arabic numeral and the decimal system of numbers. Right  Left. English. But 1000 Arithmetic. Roots and powers Algorithm = Alkhawarismi The mathematical ZERO Algebra (combining fractions). The Use of (x, y, z) to solve complex arithmetic/geometric problems Trigonometry (Albairuni and Albuzjani), differential and Integral.   = 3.141596535898732. Some known Mathematicians: Abu-bakr Alkhawarismi Thabit Ibn Qarra (9th Century). Calculus. Ibn-elhaytham Albairuni (10th Century) Albuzjani Omar Elkhayam (2° & 3° equations) Mathematics

33. Astrology (myth)  Astronomy (science) Movement, path, and location of planets and stars The Asturlab Earth is spherical and rotates along its axis and around the sun. Calculated earth circumference (Albairuni) Calculated the time needed for one rotation around the sun (solar year), with an error of 2’ 22” only (Albattani) Calculated the equinoxes Current names of most constellations, and many stars are from Arabic Some known astronomists: Alkindy (9th Century) Albattani (9th Century) Ibn-elhaytham (11th Century) Thabit Ibn Qarra Almajreeti Astronomy

34. Sunni and Shiha Sunni 90% of Muslims Follow the Quran and the Hadeeth as we have them today, and as interpreted by the Sunni scholars Shiha Came to be as a sect after 680 A.D. Believe in the Quran and Hadeeth, like Sunni However, they place Ali very high as a holy figure, and think ‘main stream’ Islam discriminated against him Today Shiah is mainly in Iran (90%), Iraq (55%) and Lebanon (~40%)

35. Important Holidays Al-adhaa (the sacrifice) Symbolizes Abraham attempt to sacrifice his son Ishmael by God’s request. Should sacrifice an animal and give the food to the poor. The pilgrimage to Mecca Alfetr Observed at the end of the holy month of Ramadan (the fasting month) The Islamic New Year Yr 1, Islamic calendar = 622 A.D. Alisraa Walmaaraj Symbolizes the ascending, in Jerusalem, of Mohammed's soul to heaven The Birthday of Muhammad Ashuraa day (Shiha only)

36. Islam Today 1.3 Billion worldwide, three continents 0.3 Billion Arabs Indonesia (200 M) > India (180 M) > Pakistan (160 M) > Bangladesh (120 M) > China (80 M) > Egypt (70 M) There are about 20 M Christian Arabs Egypt > Syria > Lebanon > Palestine > Iraq About 7 M Muslims in the USA, 3-4 M are Arabs Roughly half of the Arab Americans are Christians

37. Farouq Elbaz (Egypt), NASA, the moon mission Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt) Winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Cal. Tech. Saleh Wakeel (Iraq), member of the Nat’l Acad. Sci., Biochemistry Qais Elawqati (Iraq), member of the Nat’l Acad. Sci., Microbiology Majdi Yacub, first open heart surgery Michael Debakee (Lebanon), chief cardiologist of the White House Ralph Nader (Lebanon), consumer advocate, Green Party founder, and 2000 presidential candidate John Sununu (Palestine), White House Ex-Chief of Staff John Sununu JR., current state governor Donna E. Shalala (Lebanon), Ex secretary of HHS Helen Thomas, Ex dean of the White House press corps. Edward Attiyeh (Syria), Ex governor of OR Spencer Abraham (Lebanon), Secretary of Energy George Mitchell Arab Americans

38. Arab Americans Casey Kasem and Don Bustany (Lebanon) creators of radio's American Top 40 Mustapha Elaqqad (Syria), Hollywood movie director (director of the ‘Halloween’ series) Tom Shadyac (Lebanon), Hollywood movie director Salma Hayic (Lebanon), a Hollywood star Yasser Seirawan (Syria), US Chess Champion Jacques Nasser, president and CEO of Ford Motor Co Ray Irani CEO of Occidental Petroleum (Exxon Mobil) Co The Hyatt, Hagar, and Farah enterprises Christina McAuliffe, an astronaut who died aboard the space shuttle Challenger Candy Lightner, founder of MADD

39. “ History of the Arabs”, Philip Hitti “ The Arab People”, Albert Hourany “ Islam, An Empire of Faith”, PBS Video, 2001 “ Islam: A Short History”, Karen Armstrong, 2000 “ Muhammad”, Karen Armstrong, 1998 “ Jihad: A Commitment to Universal Peace” , Marcel A. Boisard, American Trust Publications, 1988 “ The Oxford History of Islam”, John L Esposito, ed. 1999 “ Islam: The Straight Path”, John L Esposito, ed. 1998 “ The Meaning of the Holy Quran”, Abdullah Yusif, Ali, 1997 “ Lives of the Prophets”, Leila Azzam, 1995 “ From Difference to Equas”, George Kindy, and Philip Saliba, eds., NYAS, 1994 Science in Medieval Islam, Howard R Turner, 1997 Arab American Encyclopedia, Anan Ameri, and Dawn Ramey, eds., 2000 Suggested Reading