ISH100

• The student should be able to explain :
• What is filth/Najs according to Islamic Law.
• What is the sources, usage, requirement of
Raw Material.
• Requirements for Halal raw material selection.
• Raw Material Audit.

INTRODUCTION
• FILTH/NAJS ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC LAW
• Cleanliness is an important part of Islam, including
Qur'anic verses that teach how to achieve ritual
cleanliness. Keeping oral hygiene through cleaning
the teeth with the use of a form of toothbrush called
miswak is considered Sunnah , the way of
Prophet Muhammad. Ritual ablution is also very
important, as observed by the practices
of wudu (partial ablution), ghusl (full ablution),
and tayammum (water-free alternative using any
natural surface such as rock, sand, or dust).

–Hygiene is a prominent topic in
Islam. Islam has always placed a strong
emphasis on personal hygiene. Other than the
need to be ritually clean in time for the daily
prayer through wudu and ghusl, there are a
large number of other hygiene-related rules
governing the lives of Muslim.

CONCEPTS OF CLEANLINESS
• Cleanliness may be wed with a moral quality,
as indicated by the aphorism "CLEANLINESS IS
NEXT TO GODLINESS," and may be regarded
as contributing to other ideals such
as health and beauty.

CONCEPTS OF CLEANLINESS
• In emphasizing an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the
purpose of maintenance and prevention, the concept of
cleanliness differs from purity, which is a physical, moral, or
ritual state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas PURITY is
usually a quality of an individual or substance, cleanliness has
a social dimension, or implies a system of interactions.
• A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness,
but not ordinarily purity; cleanliness also would be a
characteristic of the people who maintain cleanness or
prevent dirtying.

• On a practical level, cleanliness is thus related
to hygiene and disease prevention.
• Washing is one way of achieving physical
cleanliness, usually with water and often some
kind of soap or detergent.
• Procedures of cleanliness are of utmost
importance in many forms of manufacturing.

Two kind of cleanliness in Islam
PHYSICAL
RELATED TO HUMAN
BODY
RELATED TO
ENVIRONMENT, WATER,
HOUSE & PUBLIC
PLACES
SPIRITUAL
FREE FROM POLYTHEISM,
ILL MANNERS, LOVE OF
WEALTH, LOVE OF FAME
CLEANLINESS OF THE
INNER-SELF THAT IS
HEART, MIND AND
SOUL

FILTH/NAJS ACCORDING TO
ISLAMIC LAW
• In Islamic Law, najis are things or persons regarded as
ritually unclean. According to Islam, there are two
kinds of najis:
1. The essential najis which
cannot be cleaned
Blood
2. The unessential najis which
become najis while in contact
with another najis
Shirt which
contact
with urine

Filth/najs in Islam
• Pig
• Dog
• Descendents
Najs mughalazah
(heavy najasah)
• Blood
• Urine
• Feces
Najs
Mutawasitah
• Urinate of baby boy under 2 years old -
Suckling from the mother
Najs Mukhafafah
(light Najasah)

SWINE
3 of the 6 most common food-borne parasitic diseases of humans
are associated with pork consumption. These includes toxoplasmosis,
taeniasis or cysticercosis (caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia
solium) and trichinellosis.
“one reason for God’s rule forbidding pork is that the digestive
system of a pig is completely different from that of a cow. It is similar to
ours, in that the stomach is very acidic. Pigs are gluttonous. Their
stomach acids become diluted because of the volume of food,
allowing all kinds of vermin to pass through this protective barrier.
Parasites, bacteria, viruses and toxins can pass into the pig’s flesh.”

Purify
1. To rid of impurities: purify water.
2. To rid of foreign or objectionable elements: tried to purify the
party of its dissenters.
3. To free from moral or spiritual defilement: rituals to purify the
soul.
What are the methods of purification?
We commonly use these methods for purification of substances:
 Simple crystallisation.
 Fractional crystallisation.
 Sublimation.
 Simple distillation.
 Fractional distillation.
 Distillation under reduced pressure.
 Steam distillation.
 Azeotropic distillation

The Muṭahhirāt
(The Purifying Agents)
• It is possible to purify a thing which has
become najis. These muṭahhirāt agents that can
purify najis can be divided into two groups:
a. Nature
1. Water
The Qur'an says:
“He (Allah) is the one who sends the winds as good news before
His mercy; and We send down pure water from the cloud.”
(25:48)
According to the shari'ah, water can be of two types: muṭlaq
and muḍāf. Muṭlaq is pure water without putting it to a
scientific test. The five forms of muṭlaq are the following: rain,
well water, running or flowing water (river or stream), Kur water
(lake, sea or ocean), and less than kur. Muḍāf is mixed water as
in tea or kool aid
2. The
Earth -
tayamum
3. The
Sun

What are some agents used to
purify water?
Common Methods of Water Purification
Chlorine.
NaDCC.
Iodine.
Boiling.
Filtration.
Chlorine Dioxide.

The Muṭahhirāt
istiḥālah (chemical change)
inqilāb (change in properties)
intiqāl (change in place)
zawāl li-ʿayni n-najāsah (disappearance of the source of najāsah)
istibrāʾ (quarantining)
b. Physical Change

Istihalah
• literally means transformation and conversion of
substances to other material. It is one of alternative
methods of determination on halal and haram.
• Basically, the main sources of Istihalah are from Quran,
Sunnah (prophetic tradition), Ijma’ (consensus of legal
opinion) and Qiyas (analogy) (Nyazee, 2000). While,
secondary sources of Istihalah namely, al-Maslahah (public
interest), al-‘Uruf (custom), al-Istihsan (juridical
preference), Sad al-Dhari’ah (blocking the means), al-
Istishab (presumption of continuity) and others (Audah,
2010).

Istihalah
• can be define as a transformation of one material to other
materials (Qal‘ahji, 1996). Zuhayli (1997) also defines
Istihalah as transformation or conversion of material to
other material which involves conversion of the
composition and properties includes the conversion of
filthy (Najs) materials into pure (al-Thahir) materials.
• Hammad (2004) add that Istihalah is a transformation of
filthy or haram materials to other materials which include
physical appearance and its properties such as name, odor,
taste, color and nature.
• Therefore, Istihalah can be defined as a complete
transformation occurred physically and chemically (Aizat &
Radzi, 2009).
• Therefore, fiqh Istihalah is the concept of understanding
the process of physical and chemical transformation or
conversion of materials which affect the halal and haram
status.

Istihalah can be divided in three
types
• First, Istihalah includes the transformation physical
appearances,
• secondly transformation of chemical substances and
• thirdly the transformation occurred both in physical and
chemical.
• Physical transformation includes odour, taste and colour.
• While chemical transformation is the changes of chemical
substances in materials.
• At the same time, transformation of physical and chemical
of one substance involve complete changes hence produce
new materials. Classical manual in Islamic law noted that
the complete transformation can be described such in
several examples.
• One of them is the blood of roe deer transform into nourish
essence. It also includes the transformation of animal’s
faeces into ashes through burning process.

• While, physical transformation includes all animal
skin except dogs and pigs through tanning process.
• Finally, the example of chemical transformation is
the changes of wine to vinegar through
fermentation process (Zuhayli, 1997). Both wine and
vinegar are still in liquid form, but they are
difference in term of chemically properties. In
Islamic law, vinegar is permitted, while wine is
prohibited because of the intoxication effects.

The Muṭahhirāt
C. SPIRITUAL CHANGE

MEANING OF RAW MATERIAL
1
2
3
•BASIC MATERIAL USED IN THE
PRODUCTION OF GOODS, FINISHED
PRODUCTS OR INTERMEDIATE
MATERIALSTHAT ARE THEMSELVES
FEEDSTOCK FOR FINISHED PRODUCT
•AS FEED STOCK, THE TERM
CONNOTES IT IS A BOTTLENECK ASSET
CRITICAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF
OTHER PRODUCTS
•WHEN WE TALK ABOUT RAW FOOD, IT
MEANS THE FOOD HAS NOT BEEN
PROCESSED BY COOKING. WHEN WE
PROCESS SOMETHING WE DO
SOMETHING TO IT TO TURN IT INTO
SOMETHING ELSE WITH DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES.

Raw Materials
• Raw materials, including ingredients, processing
aids, and packaging, are the foundation of
finished food products.
• Raw material origin for food, drugs, cosmetics:
Plant, animal, microbial and miscellaneous:
mineral, synthetic, mixture.
• they must meet regulatory requirements (safe
and legal for your intended use) and your
specifications (contribute to the functionality and
quality of your process and product).

Examples of raw materials used
to make other materials
Clay is moulded
and burned to
make ceramics,
such as teacups,
teapots and
vases
Animal wool is used to make
clothes, such as jerseys and
scarves
Coal and oil are
used to make
plastics, paints
and fabrics
Sand is a natural, raw material.
Sand is heated to extremely
high temperatures and melted
to make glass.
Wood and plant
fibres are used
to make paper.
Animal skin is a raw material and
is processed into leather to make
shoes, handbags and belts

Substance Description Islamic Opinion
Acetic Acid
Occurs naturally in plant
juices and can be
prepared synthetically
and can be obtained from
animal tissues.n
Halal if it is made from
plant sources or
synthetically. If it is made
from animal tissues, then
it will not be Halal
Adipic Acid
Occurs naturally in beets
and can be prepared
synthetically.
As the source is plant, it is
Halal.
Agar Agar
Naturally occurs as
seaweed, used in place of
gelatine
Halal.
Beta-apo-8- Carotenal
(C30) (Apocarotenal)
(E160e)
An orange/yellow colour
derived from plants but
may utilise gelatine or
lard to dissolve in water.
If lard or gelatine made
from animal (other than
fish) is used then it will
not be suitable for Halal
use.
Carmine / Cochineal
(E120)
A colour obtained from a
dried female insect,
cochineal
It is not suitable for Halal
use.
Examples of Raw Materials

Casein
A protein of milk used in the
manufacture of cheeses. It is
precipitated by acid or by
animal or vegetable
enzymes.
If animal enzyme is used
then it will not be suitable
for Halal use.
Chocolate Liquor
Syrup made from chocolate
and used for chocolate
flavoured products. It is not
liquor or alcohol but because
it is a liquid it is called liquor.
It is suitable for Halal use.
Dextrose (corn syrup)
Made from starch, used as a
sweetener or colouring
agent.
suitable for Halal use.
E153 Carbon Black
A colour obtained by
charring bones, meat, blood,
wood, vegetable etc.
If charred from wood or
vegetables then it will be
suitable for Halal use.
E322 Lecithin
An emulsifier originally
obtained from egg yolk but
commercially prepared from
Soya bean oil
It is suitable for Halal use.

Sources of Halal Raw Materials
from al-Quran

SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
1. Islam Permits What Is wholesome
• Al Baqarah : 168 – (O mankind! Eat of what is
permissible and good on earth and do not follow the
foodsteps of Satan, truly he is and open adversary to
you)
• Allah provide for mankind on this vast outspreed
table, the earth the good things to eat.

Plants Animals Microorganism

• Don’t follow of satan who has alluring to some people things
which Allah has made halal.
• Allah said (Al Baqarah 172-173) : (O you who believe! Eat of
the good things that We have provided for you and be
thankful to Allah if it is He alone Whom you worship. Indeed
that He has forbidden to you is (1) the flesh of dead animals
and (2) blood and (3) the flesh of swine and (4) that which
has been sacrificed to anyone other than Allah. But if one is
compelled by necessity, neither craving (it) nor transgressing,
there is no sin on him, indeed, Allah is Ever Forgiving, Ever
Merciful)

Islam Permits What Is wholesome
Allah has explains that no food is haram to mankind except 4 kind mentioned.
Then Allah has detailed in al Maidah: 3
(Forbidden for you are :
1. the flesh of dead animals and
2. blood and
3. the flesh of swine and
4. that which has been dedicated to any other than Allah, and
5. that which has been killed by strangling or
6. by beating or
7. by falling or
8. by being gore and
9. that which has been (partly) eaten by a wild beast except that which you make
lawful by slaughtering (before its death) and
10. that which has secrificed to idols…)

• Physical filth is different from ritual
impurity. Filth includes certain things that
non-Muslims might eat but which are
forbidden to Muslims.
• Filth also includes specified substances that
come out of the bodies of humans or
animals.
• Filth or food that has become contaminated
with filth is prohibited for eating according
to most scholars including Malik, Abu
Hanifa, al-Shafi‛i

• 1. the flesh of dead animals
• The beast or fowl which dies of natural causes, without being
slaughtered or hunted by men. Reason:
1. Eating the flesh of a dead animal is repugnant to civilized taste and is
considered by thinking people in all societies and contrary to human
dignity.
2. Act and intention to take the life of the animal in order to used it as
food.
3. The animal maybe died of some acute or chronic disease, or eating a
poisonous plant – would probably be harmful.
4. It’s a source of food to another animal and birds – mercy from Allah.
5. Encourages the owner to guard it from disease and malnutrition lest it
die and be waste.

• 2. Flowing Blood
• Blood that flows out of a non-aquatic animal is filth
whether the animal is living or dead, even if it is in
the process of being properly slaughtered. Blood
coming from a living animal or a prohibited animal
cannot be eaten in any quantity, no matter how
small it is. (most scholar – small amount of blood
can be ignored)
• Drinking of blood is repugnant of human decency
and that is may likewise be injurious to health.
• Al-Shafi‛i is among those who say that the blood of
fish is clean, while some other scholars disagree

3. Pork
4. That which is dedicated to anyone other
than Allah
Example : the name of an idol – in Arab
polytheist using al Lat or Al Uzza. So the
reason for prohibition is entirely related
to faith, to safeguard the belief in the
Oneness of Allah to purify worship.

5/6/7/8/9. Type of Dead animal (that which has been killed by
strangling or by beating or by falling or by being gore)
• Flesh from warm-blooded dead animals (meaning animals that died
other than by proper intentional slaughter or hunting) not from the
water is filth.
• As for dead animals that lived in water, Malik as well as al-Shafi‛i
and his school say they are clean but Abu Hanifa disagrees.
• Having the same legal status as dead meat is meat from animals
that died as a result of strangulation, falling, being beaten, goring or
being partially eaten by another animal[ and also any part cut off
from a living animal other than its hair. (Dead meat is meat from a
dead animal, meaning an animal that died other than by proper
intentional slaughter or hunting.)

• Ali bin Abi Talib said: “If you can slaughter a
beaten, a fallen, or a gored animal while it
(still) moves it hoof or leg, you may eat it”.
• It’s lawful by slaughtering.

• In the selection of food and drink, Islam has laid down three very
important guidelines, namely;
1. Whether the consumption of the foodstuff is prohibited by Allah,
2. Whether the foodstuff is obtained through Halal or Haram means, and
3. Whether or not the material is harmful to health.
• There are several factors that determine the Halal/Haram status of a
particular foodstuff. Amongst others, it is dependent on its nature, how it
was processed and where it originated from. As an example, any pig
product is considered Haram because the material itself is
Haram. Whereas beef from an animal that has not been slaughtered
according to Islamic rites would still be considered Haram. Also Haram is
food that has been stolen or acquired through unethical means. Islam
also prohibits the usage of any materials that are detrimental to the
spiritual or mental well-being of a person, such as alcoholic drinks and
drugs.

usage OF RAW MATERIAL
MODERN PRODUCT:
1. Fresh meat
2. Meat product
3. Offal product
- liver
4. Bone & hide product
5. Fats as food
6. Imitation
pork product
7.
Pharmaceutical
Product

USAGE OF RAW MATERIAL
1. Fresh Meat
There are many types of animals available and these
may or may not be slaughtered according to the
Islamic law. Some of these animals include chicken,
duck, turkey, quail, cattle, goat, sheep, rabbit, venison

2. Meat
Products
Another important group of
meat products are those using a
mixture of pork and non pork
raw material. These include
luncheon meat, salamis, various
types of sausages etc. In these
products pork fat is used instead
of beef fat.
Of course these products are
also available in a form which no
pork or lard is added as in kosher
salami and beef frankfurter’s.
There are also available chicken
and turkey roll. If these
products contain pork or pork
products and are not made from
Halal slaughtered animals
Muslims will not purchase them.

All these must be from animals slaughtered in a Halal manner otherwise the whole
product will not be acceptable. Blood on the other hand is never acceptable under any
circumstance.
Example of these include liver, lungs, heart, intestines, tripe, brains and blood. Besides
direct consumption, some of these can also be processed into value-added products.
Intestines in their wet or dry form can be used as casings for various types of sausages.
3. Offal Products

4. Bone
and Hide
Products
Gelatin which is used in many food preparations is another important
animal product. The main sources are skin and bones. The production
from skin basically involves an extraction process of several stages with
increasing temperatures, filtration and concentration in a vacuum
evaporator.
On the other hand production from bones would involve the removal of
fat, demineralization and extraction with dilute alkali. Besides being a
source of gelatin, bones when converted into bone meal and purified, is
used as a natural source of calcium and phosphorus which can be used
in pediatric food.
The hides of the cattle can be processed into edible crackers, while
chicken and pig skin can be emulsified to be used as ingredients in the
production of emulsion type sausages. Again if the bones and hides are
not from the slaughtered animals these products can not be accepted.
Pork and all pig products are prohibited.

5. Fats as Food
Apart from lean meat animal fat has been used
as food for man for a long time. Beside being
highly digestible and providing high calories,
fat plays an important role in adding
palatability to the lean meat because of the
flavor and aroma it provides.
Fats also carry fat soluble vitamins and have
essential fatty acids and
phospholipid. However, in modern diets, the
consumption of fat, especially saturated fats,
has been reduced drastically for health
reasons.
The processed meat industry uses a lot of
unprocessed fat in the production of various
meat products like burgers, sausages and other
small goods.
Back fat from pigs is used substantially in the
manufacture of sausages and salamis and is
used for frying purposes. Shortening from
animal fat are used in bakeries. Only tallow
and shortening made from the fats of Halal
slaughtered animals can be used

6. Imitation Pork Products
Bacon and ham are traditional products made from pork. As
such, they are clearly Haram. However, these products can
also be made from beef and lamb products and are made to
resemble the original pork version.

7. Pharmaceutical Products
A number of
Pharmaceutical
products can be
obtained from
various animal
tissues, especially
from the glands like
pancreas, thyroid,
adrenal, pineal as
well as organs like
liver, stomach, lungs
and also blood as
well as other fine
chemicals obtained
from animals like
bovine serum
albumin and gelatin
which are classified
under protein.
Bovine serum
albumin is
sometimes
used as a
component of
moisturizing
cream and
lotions.
Classified under
hormones are
products like insulin,
glucagon, pituitary
gland powdered
extract,
adrenocorticotropin,
thyroid and
parathyroid, insulin is
used for the
treatment of
diabetes. The
pancreas gland of
the pigs and cattle
are used as the main
source of insulin
although in recent
years, insulin of
microbial origin have
been used.
Glucagon is also
obtained from
the pancreas
gland. It raises
blood sugar
levels and helps
counteract
insulin shock
resulting from
an overdose of
insulin.
Adrenocorticotro
pin’s most
important medical
use in restoring
the activity of
malfunctioning
adrenal glands in
human. It can also
be used in the
treatment of
rheumatic
disorders such as
arthritis, and eye
inflammation due
to allergies.

REQUIREMENT OF RAW MATERIAL
3. The Halal ingredients must not be mixed, or come into contact with haram
materials such as products from pig or dog during storage, transport, cooking,
serving etc.
2. Naturally Halal animals such as cattle, goats etc., must be slaughtered
according to Islamic rites, the rituals specify that the act must be performed by a
mentally sound Muslim, to sever the blood and respiratory channels of the
animal, using a sharp cutting tool such as knife.
1. All raw materials and ingredients used must be Halal.
To determine the Halal-Haram status of foodstuffs and other material, Islam has laid
general guidelines on this matter, namely:

Audit
• The evaluation is to determine the degree of
compliance to a prescribe norm.
• Prescribe norm?
• Requirements of a product or servive
requested the clients.

Halal Internal Audit
• A systematic and independent process of
obtaining evidence and evaluating it
objectively to determine the extent of
compliance to halal certification
requirements.

Halal Internal Audit
• Halal internal audit one of the important
verification activity in ensuring compliance with
halal standard and requirements.
• In Malaysian Standard (MS1500:2009) for Halal
Food – Production, Preparation, Handling and
Storage – General Guideline (Second Revision)
stated in Clause 4, product to be certified halal
shall comply with Clause 3 of this standard and
shall be verified through inspection as deem
necessary by the competent authority.

• The importance of audit is further stressed in
Clause 3.1 whereby management of the company
shall ensure the availability of competent
personnel to ensure effective implementation of
halal internal control system.
• Halal Internal audit is one of the important tools
which provide proof indicating halal internal
control system within the organization is
implemented and in compliance with regulatory,
standard and system requirements.

Factors Affecting Internal Audit

Raw Material Audit
• A description of team responsibilities helps in the understanding of
the diverse expertise needed to identify key raw material
characteristics.
• Research and Development (R&D) – Invents the finished product to
meet the customer’s expectations.
• Quality – Ensures that the programs and practices will result in
finished product that is safe, is legal, and meets the company
standards as well as specifications outlined by R&D.
• Production (from receiving to shipping) – Handles the raw
materials and in-process and finished product in an appropriate
manner (including equipment capability) to ensure the finished
product is safe, is legal, and meets R&D’s specifications.
• Sales – Works with R&D and the customer to define and negotiate
an acceptable product with an affiliated price point.

RAW MATERIAL AUDIT
• The requirement of halal raw material:
1.Halal sources
2.Non hazarding
3.Non poisoning
• The auditor must aware the sources of
halal raw material

How to proof that materials fulfilling
criteria?
• Tracing the original source of material by using
halal material documents assessment.
• Verification / observation during on site audit.
• Laboratory analysis (if needed).

Requirements of Halal Materials
• Not considered as Najs according to Islamic
Law and MS1500:2009.
• Materials that have possibility to be produced
in the same facility with material from pigs or
their derivatives . It is must be supported by a
pork free facility statements.
• Source of materials must be traceable by
coding system of materials.

Requirements for Animal Derived
Material
• Halal species Animal.
• Must be slaughtered according to Islamic Law

Requirements of Microbial derived
Material
• Do not cause infection and intoxication to
humans.
• Ingredients of growth media additives, and
processing aids do not contain materials from
pork or its derivatives.
• The growth media of microbial materials that
are obtained without separation frim its
media, must consist of pure and halal
materials.

Cont’
• Microbial materials that are obtained by
separation from growth media, if the
ingredients of growth media are haram
(unlawful) and Najis as long as derived from
pork and its derivatives, they must be purified
according to Islamic rule.
• Recombinants microbes must not contain gen
from pigs or humans.

Requirement of Alcohol/ethanol
• Alcohol / ethanol can be used as processing
aids or disinfectant as long as not harmful to
human, not produced by khamr industry.
• Ethanol level which is allowed : end consumer
products is undetected, and intermediate
products : <1%.

Requirements of Khamr by-products
• By products of khamr industry or its derivatives in
liquid form that are physically separated from
khamr cannot be used.
• By products of khamr industry or its derivatives
that are in solid form like brewer yeast can be
used after washed until there is no anymore
smell, taste and odor of khamr.
• By product of khamr industry or its derivatives
can be used if it has been reacted further to
produce new compounds through chemical or
biotransformation reactions.

Materials that must be supported by
Halal Certificate
• Materials derived from slaughtered animal.
• Material which is difficult to trace its halal status
or material contain material which is difficult to
trace.
• Material which the manufacturer could not
provide the information of its ingredients such as
flavor.
• Material which contain complex material if
reviewed from its critical points and complexity
of its production process.

Materials which does not need
Document
• Pure inorganic chemical substance.
• Fresh plant materials and whole dried plant
materials.
• Pure mining material.
• Fresh milk, egg and honey.
• Fresh and frozen aquatic animal.

ISH100

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