2. OBJECTIVES
• Define the term environment.
• What are the components of environment.
• Identify the factors and its impact on community health.
3. • Environment : environment refers to internal and external factors that affect the
human health.
• Components of environment :
• Physical environment
• Biological environment
• Social environment
• Cultural environment.
4. FACTORS
• The factors that influence the health of the people will include food , water housing
and clothing.
• Environment if gets polluted , affects the living as well as non-living components.
Air is part of external environment, if air gets polluted then it affects th health and
require measures to control air pollution.
• In the same as light , housing, impure water , improper sanitation, also affects
human beings.
5. IMPACT ON COMMUNITY HEALTH
• The community health nurses , while visiting homes, doing survey or working at
health centers can teach public regarding the prevention and control of pollution.
• The community health nurse can identify the cases suffering due to pollution of
water , poor housing pollution of air and can refer for appropriate treatment for the
control of the disease and can prevent the complication.
7. OBJECTIVES
• Define safe and wholesome water.
• What are the uses of water.
• Describe the daily requirement of water for one person.
• Enlist the sources of water and how water pollution occurs.
• Name the water borne disease,
• Describe the water purification on small and large scales.
8. WATER
• Water is a primary necessity of life. Water helps the man in many ways, i.e. it
replaces loss of fluids from tissues , maintains fluidity of blood and lymph , helps in
excretion of waste products, helps in digestion and regulates body temperature.
• PURPOSE OF WATER
• DOMESTIC PURPOSES : Water is required for drinking, cooking washing, personal
cleanliness and flushing latrine.
• PUBLIC PURPOSES : Water is required for public cleaning, fire fighting, swimming
pools and maintenance of public garden.
9. • INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES : some industrial such as the iron, pharmaceutical, steel and
paper industries need a lot of water.
• AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES : For cultivation of food , vegetables and fruits and raw
materials water is essential.
10. SAFE WATER AND WHOLESOME WATER
• Safe water or potable water defined as
free from pathogenic agents
Free from harmful chemicals substances
Pleasant to the taste
Usable for domestic purposes.
Potable water means that water , which is physically, chemically and bacteriologically
suitable for drinking.
• Wholesome water : unpolluted water, free from toxic and free from excessive
mineral quantity organic matter that may make poor the water quality.
11. USES OF WATER
• DOMESTIC PURPOSES : Water is required for drinking, cooking washing, personal
cleanliness and flushing latrine.
• PUBLIC PURPOSES : Water is required for public cleaning, fire fighting, swimming
pools and maintenance of public garden.
• INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES : some industrial such as the iron, pharmaceutical, steel and
paper industries need a lot of water.
• AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES : For cultivation of food , vegetables and fruits and raw
materials water is essential.
12. REQUIREMENT OF WATER
• Daily requirement of water is 135 liters
• Cooking [5 L]
• Drinking [5 L]
• Bathing [50 L]
• Washing clothes [25 L]
• Washing utensils [15 L]
• Cleaning places [10 L]
• Flushing [25 L]
13. SOURCES OF WATER
• Rain water
• Surface water
• River and streams tanks
• Seawater
• Ground water
• Shallow and deep wells
• Tube wells
• Spring
14. WATER- BORNE DISEASE
• Water borne diseases are those in which infectious agent remains alive in drinking
water, e.g. cholera, typhoid, para typhoid, gastroenteritis, bacteria and viruses , viral
hepatitis, poliomyelitis, etc. the incidence can be reduced by the purification of
water.
15. WATER POLLUTION
• Water contain impurities which may be natural or manmade.
• Due to water pollution many new diseases were found this includes:
• Dental health: the presence of fluoride at about 1mg/L in drinking water is known to
protect against dental caries but high level of fluoride causes mottling of dental
enamel.
• Cyanosis in infant: high nitrate content of water is associated with
methemoglobinemia.
• Cardiovascular disease: hardness of water appears to have a beneficial effect against
cardiovascular disease.
16. WATER PURIFICATION ON LARGE SCALE
• The purification of water by treatment is to produce safe and wholesome water.
Water purification system comprises of storage, filtration and treatment.
1. Storage
• It provides a reserve of water from which further pollution is prevented.
• This is natural purification and process takes place :
a] physical b] chemical c] biological.
• when river water is stored, the total bacterial count drops by as much as
90% in the first 5-7 days.
17. 2. FILTRATION
• Second stage of purification of water
• 98-99% of the bacteria are removed by filtration.
• Two types of filters used , the biological or slow sand filters and the rapid sand or
mechanical filters.
• 3 Under drainage system
• Under drainage system consists of porous or perforated pipes, which serve the dual
purpose of providing an outlet for filtered water and supporting the filter medium
above.
18. 4. RAPID SAND FILTER
• Rapid sand filters are of two types , the gravity type [Paterson’s filter] and the
pressure type [ candy’s filter] both the types are in use. It involve ,Coagulation ,Rapid
mixing ,Flocculation sedimentation filtration.
• 5. Disinfection
• For a chemical or an agent to be potentially useful as a disinfectant in water
supplies, it has to satisfy
• It should be capable of destroying the pathogenic organisms present within the
contact time.
19. 6.CHLORINATION
• Chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria, but it has no effect on spores and certain viruses [
e.g. polio, viral hepatitis] except in high doses.
• Secondary properties of value in water treatment such as it destroys some taste and
odor producing constituents, it controls algae, slime organisms, and aids
coagulation.
• The hypochlorous acid is the most effective form of chlorine.
• Methods of chlorination
• Chlorine gas: chlorine gas is the first choice because it is cheap, quick in action, efficient
and easy to apply.
• Chloramine : greatest drawback of chloramines is that they slower action than chlorine
and not used in water treatment.
20. CONTI…
• Chlorine alternatives: ozone is showing the greatest promise and ultraviolet (UV)
radiations limited usefulness as complimentary agent.
21. WATER PURIFICATION AT SMALL SCALE
• Purification of water on domestic level: three methods for purifying water on an
individual or domestic scale, boiling , chemical disinfection and filtration.
1. Boiling : water must be brought to rolling boil for 5-10 minutes.
2. Bleaching powder / chlorinated lime
3. Chlorine solution
4. Chlorine tablet : a single tablet of 0.5 g is sufficient to disinfect 20 liters of water.
5. Iodine: used for emergency disinfection of water. Two drops of 2% ethanol
solution of iodine will suffice for 1 liter of clear water
6. Potassium permanganate: it may kill vibrio cholera.
7. Double Pot method
22. REFERENCE
• Basavanthappa, B.T. (1999). Community Health Nursing (3rd ed).
• New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
• Clarke. J., (1999) Revising the concepts of community care and community health
nursing. Nursing standards, 10 34-36.
• www.wikipedia.com
