This document discusses the pharmacological evaluation of the diuretic activity of Tinospora cordifolia in rats. It provides background on various medical systems including Ayurveda and Unani. It describes the kidney, diuretics, and the plant Tinospora cordifolia. The aim is to study the diuretic potential of the plant. It lists some of the chemical constituents that have been found in the plant such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and sesquiterpenoids.

1. PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF
DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF TINOSPORA
CARDIFOLIA IN SWISS ALBINO RAT
BY
• Name : Booshi Shailaja
• College: KGR Institute of technology and Management
• University : OU
• Hall Ticket No : 256821887001
• Supervisor: Dr.Nagaraju M Kulkarni
• Title : Assistant Professor

2. INDEX
 Indian system of medicine
 Ayurvedic medicines
 Unanii system of medicine
 Homeopathic system of medicine
 Aroma theraphy
 Siddhha system of medicine
 Kidney
 Function of the kidney
 Diseases of urinary system
 Diuretics and its importance
 Plant profile
 Appropriation
 Chemical constituents
 Therapeutic properties
 Conventional use
 Aim
 Objectives of the study
 need for the study
 References

3. Indian system of
medicine
• . India has the rich legacy of customary
medication and the conventional
medicinal services framework
• Ayurvedic arrangement of drug built up a
broad utilization of pharmaceutical from
plants dating from no less than 1000 B.C.
• Western pharmaceutical consistent to
demonstrate the impact of old practices.
Ex: cardiovascular
glycoside from Digitalis pup urea, Morphine
from Papavera samnifera.etc

4. AYURVEDIC MEDICINES
• Ayurvedic medication (likewise called Ayurveda) is one of
the world's most seasoned therapeu¬tic frameworks
• It began in India and has advanced there more than a
large number of years
• In the United States, Ayurvedic prescription is viewed as
correlative and elective drug
• Advancement in various societies and separated from
regular drug
• Precedents of entire therapeutic frameworks incorporate
conventional Chinese pharmaceutical, Ayurvedic
prescription, Homeopathy and Naturopathy
• Utilized through home grown back rub, squeezing,
rubbing, and moving muscles and other delicate tissues
of the body, utilizing the hands and fingers
• The treatment expanded the stream of blood and oxygen
to the rubbed territory

5. Ayurvedic Medicine in
India
• Ayurvedic medication, as honed in India, is one of the most seasoned frameworks of solution on the planet
• Numerous Ayurvedic rehearses prior composed records and were passed on by listening in on others' conversations
• Two old books, written in Sanskrit over 2,000 years prior, are viewed as the pharmaceutical—Caraka Samhita and Sushruta
Samhita
• writings portray eight parts of Ayurvedic solution
• Internal medicine
• Surgery
• Treatment of head and neck disease
• Gynaecology, obstetrics, and paediatrics
• Toxicology
• Psychiatry
• Care of the elderly and rejuvenation
• Sexual vitality.

6. UNANII
SYSTEM
OF
MEDICINE
• Unani arrangement of solution is begun in Greece by the Greek scholar,
doctor Hippocrates (460-377 B.C)
• The hypothetical casing work of Unani solution depends on the lessons of
Hippocrates
• After him, various other Greek researchers took after the framework consider.
Among them Galen (131-212 A.D) was one to settle its establishment, on
which Arab doctors like Razzes (850-925 A.D) and Avicenna (980-1037 A.D)
built as forcing structure
• Unani drug got its significance among alternate frameworks of medication in
Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Persia, India, China and other Middle East and Far East
nations
• In India, Arabs presented Unani arrangement of solution, and soon it advanced
in India
• Unani drug trusts in advancement of wellbeing, anticipation of sickness and fix
• Soundness of human depends on the six basics
• environmental air, beverages and sustenance, rest and alertness,
discharge and maintenance, physical movement and rest and mental
action and rest.

7. HOMEOPATHIC SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE
• Homeopathy may be a specialised system of medicine,
developed by Dr prophetChristian Friedrich Hahnemann
(1755- 1843),
• A general MD, chemist and a health care
provider, supported concept of healing:
• similia similibus curantur, which suggests ‘Likes are cured by
likes’. Homois suggests that like (similar) and pathos suggests
thattreatment.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HOMEOPATHY
• Homeopathy as a science of medical treatment has a
philosophy of its own
• Therapeutics is based on certain fundamental principles that
are quite distinct and different between from those of other
school of medical science
• These fundamental principles were discussed by Hahnemann in
different sections of his medicine and philosophy.

8. They are as follows:
 Law of similia.
 Law of simplex.
 Law of minimum.
 Drug proving.
 Drug dynamization or potentiation.
 Vital force.
 Acute and chronic disease.
 Individualization.
 Direction of cure.

9. AROMA
THERAPHY
• The word Aroma theraphy implies treatment utilizing
fragrances
• It alludes to the utilization of fundamental oils in
Holistic mending
• it enhance wellbeing and enthusiastic prosperity, and
in reestablishing harmony to the body
• Fundamental oils are sweet-smelling characters
removed from plants, blooms, trees, natural product,
bark, grasses and seeds
• There are in excess of 150 kinds of oils that can be
separated
• Fundamental oils get assimilated into our body and
apply an impact on it. The deposit gets scattered
from the body normally. They can likewise influence
our brain and feelings
• They enter the body in three different ways: by
inward breath, assimilation and utilization.
Synthetically, fundamental oils are a blend of natural
mixes like ketones, terpenes, esters, liquor, aldehyde
and 100 of other natural atoms which are to a great
degree hard to order, as they are little and complex

10. Some of the common essential oil
used in Aroma-therapy
 Clary-sage (saliva scared)
 Eucallyptus (eucalyptus
globules)
 Geraanium (pelargonium
graveolens)
 Lavvender (citrus lemon)
 Pepppermint (mentha pipertia)

11. SIDDHHA
SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE
• Siddha medication is drilled in southern India. The source of the
Tamil dialect is credited to the sage Agasthya, and the root of
Siddha solution is likewise ascribed to him
• There is say of mercury, sulfur, copper, arsenic and gold utilized a
helpful operators
PRINCIPLE OF SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
• There are 5 Major components : Mann (strong), Neer (liquid),
Thee (radions), Vaayu (gas) and Agasum (ether)
• Earth, water, fire, air and ether are indication of five components
• The individuals made up these five components detached mix,
the physiological capacity in the body is interceded by three
substances (dravyas), which are comprised of the five
components
• They are vatham, pitham and karpam
• In every last cell of the body these three doshas exist together
and work agreeably.

12. The seven dhatus are as follows:
 Rasa (lymph).
 Kurudhi (blood).
 Tasai (muscle).
 Kozhupu (adipose tissue).
 Ezhumpu (bone).
 Majjai (marrow).
 Sukkilam and Artavam (male and
female hormones)

13. KIDNEY
• Kidney is a vital organ that removes waste products in the blood and
also regulates fluid volume in the body
• The basic entities of the kidneys are called nephrons, which filter the
blood and remove the waste products through urine
• The body’s urinary system is made together with the two ureters,
bladder, the single urethra and the kidneys
• Human beings, and all other vertebral species, typically have two
kidneys
• In the body kidneys are dark red in colour and have a shape of beans in
which one side is convex, or rounded, and the other is concave
• The adult human kidneys are about 10 to 13 cm (4 to 5 inches) long
and about 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 inches) wide with the size of a computer
mouse.
• Kidney is present in a thin fibrous capsule which is adherent at hilum

14. • Cut surface of the kidney is made up of well
demarcated peripheral cortex and inner
medulla in which the cortex is 1.2 to 1.5 cm
in thickness showing striations called
medullary rays formed by the collecting
tubules, ascending limbs and straight
portions of the proximal convoluted tubules
• The medulla is composed of several cone
shaped renal pyramids, whose apex is called
papilla is related to a calyx
• 2 to 3 major calyces form funnel shaped
dilated proximal part of the ureter called
pelvis.
• Major calyce is subdivided into 3 to 4 minor
calyces into which the papillae project

15. Function of the
kidney
• The kidneys primary function is to eliminate the poisonous wastes from
the blood
• The nitrogen containing compounds urea and uric acid are chief among
these waste products
• Life threatening diseases occur when large quantities of waste products
accumulate in the blood Stream
• Fortunately, a healthy kidney can easily clear the body of these
substances.
Kidneys serve multiple functions, including the following:
 Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
 Regulation of body fluid osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations
Regulation of arterial pressure
 Regulation of acid –base balance
 Secretion ,metabolism and excretion of hormones
 Gluconeogenesis

16. Diseases of urinary system
Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Kidney stones
Nephrotic
syndrome
Polycystic kidney
disease
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
End stage renal
disease (ESRD):
Papillary necrosis
Diabetic
nephropathy
Hypertensive
nephropathy
Kidney cancer
Interstitial nephritis
Minimal change
disease
Nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus
Renal cyst: Hydronephrosis Nocturnal enuresis
Cystitis Crystalluria
Urethral
obstruction
Painful bladder
syndrome
/interstitial cystitis
(PBS/IC)
Urinary retention or
Bladder-emptying
problems
Urinary
incontinence

17. Diuretics and its importance
Diuretics are agents which are acts on kidney to
promote the excretion of sodium and water in
urine
Diuretics promote the removal from the body
of excess water, salts, poisons, and
accumulated metabolic products for water and
ionic balance
Diuretics not only alter the excretion of Na+
but also may modify renal handling of other
cations ( K + , H+ , Ca2
+ and Mg2
+), anions ( Cl-,
HCO3
– and H2PO4
- ), and uric acid. In addition,
diuretics may alter renal hemodynamics
activation on indirectly
They serve to rid the body of excess fluid
(edema) that accumulates in the tissues owing
to various disease states
Diuretics are involved some pathological
condition such as Lower high blood pressure,
Reduce fluid retention, edema, swollen ankles,
provide relief from the pain, burning sensation
associated with cystitis, Heart Failure,
Hypertension, Liver Cirrhosis, Kidney Diseases,
Pulmonary and Systemic Edema
They decrease the reabsorption of Na+ and
(usually) Cl from the filtrate, increased water
loss being secondary to the increased excretion
of NaCl (natriuresis)
This can be achieved by: a direct action on the
cells of the nephron indirectly, by modifying
the content of the filtrate Classes of diuretics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors e.g.
Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide Loop
Diuretics e.g. Furosemide, Ethacrynic acid
Thiazides e.g. Chlorothiazide, Benzthiazide
Potassiumsparing diuretics e.g. Spironolactone
Osmotic e.g. Mannitol, Glycerol.
The well documented uses of plants and its
formulated poly herbal products are used as
Diuretics for various clinical condition such as
Lower high blood pressure, Reduce fluid
retention, edema, swollen ankles, provide
relief from the pain, burning sensation
associated with cystitis, Heart Failure,
Hypertension, Liver Cirrhosis, Kidney Diseases,
Pulmonary and Systemic Edema.

18. Pathophysiology of Diuresis
Diuretics play an important
role in the management of
oedema and hypertension
This function is mainly an
increases the excretion in net
negative water in urine and
maintain solute balance in
body
The proximal convoluted
tubule reabsorbs about 50-66
% of fluid by both active and
passive processes
The thin descending limb of
Loop of Henle allows osmotic
water abstraction as it is
highly permeable to water
and impermeable to solutes
The reduced water
absorption from the
descending limb of Loop of
Henle has an important role
in over-all enhanced
condition of diuresis.
The thin ascending limb of
Loop of Henle is
impermeable to water and
highly permeable to chloride
and sodium therefore
diuretics show no effects.

19. PLANT PROFILE
• Tinospora cordifolia is a glabrous, succulent, woody climbing bush local
to India
• It flourishes well in the tropical district, frequently accomplishes an
extraordinary tallness and ascensions up the storage compartment of
vast trees
• The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is dark and rich white, profoundly split
spirally and longitudinally, with the space between spotted with vast
rosette like lenticels
• The wood is white and permeable and the crisply cut surface expect a
yellow tint when presented to air.
• Leaves are basic, exstipulate, long petiolate, substitute, chordate fit as a
fiddle demonstrating multicoated reticulate venation
• Long string like airborne roots come up from the branches.
• Blossoms are little and unisexual
• Male blooms are in groups, Six sepals masterminded in two whorls,
female blossoms are singular, they are obovate and membranous
• Total natural product is red, plump with numerous drupelets on thick
stalk with subterminal style scars, red hued.

20. • The Ayurvedic tranquilize Guduchi or Amrita is the most critical restorative
arrangement specified in different writings of Ayurvedic arrangement of
pharmaceutical viz: Charak, Sushrut and Ashtang Hridaya under different
names viz: Amara, Amritvalli, Chinmarrhuha, Chinnodebha and Vatsadani
and so on, 11-15.
• In Sushurta Samhita, it is specified under Tikta-Saka Varga and asserted tobe
helpful in treating infection, fever, asthma and Aruci (anorexia)
• In different settlements like Charak Samhita and Ashtang Hridaya, it has
been shown in ailments like jaundice, fever and gout. It is considered as
unpleasant tonic, astringent, diuretic and potential love potion and remedial
against skin contaminations, jaundice, diabetes, interminable loose bowels
and dysentery
• In Dhanvantri Nighantu, its therapeutic properties are specified for fix of
draining heaps, advancing life span, restoring tingling and erysipelas
• It is accounted for to be an intense vegetable tonic.
• Tonic, antiperiodic and diuretic properties of this plant grabbed the eye of
European specialists in India as a particular and it was incorporated into
Bengal Pharmacopeia of 1868
 Tinospora cordifolia is said in Ayurvedic writing as a constituent of a few
definitions utilized in debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary sicknesses. A
portion of the essential details are:
 Guduchyadi churna, Guduchi taila, Sanjavani vati, and so forth.

21. Chemical
Constituents
• The plant mostly contains alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids,
aliphatic mixes, fundamental oils, blend of unsaturated fats and
polysaccchrides
• The alkaloids incorporate berberine, unpleasant gilonin, non-glycoside
gilonin gilosterol
• The major phyto-constituent in Tinospora cordifolia incorporate
tinosporine, clerodane furano diterpene, tinosporide,
tinosporaside,choline and tinosporin are accounted for from the stem of
the plant
• Phytochemical examination of the methanol concentrate of Tinospora
cordifolia flying parts prompted the separation of four new and seven
known mixes. The structure of the new aporphine alkaloids, N-
formylasimilobine 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl – (1-2)- β-D-glucopyranoside
(tinoscor¬side An) and N-acetylasimilobine 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl – (1-
2)- β-D-glucopyranoside (tinoscor-side B), another clerodane diterpene,
tinoscorside C and another phenylpropanoid , sinapyl 14-O-β-D-
apiofuranosyl-(1-6)- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (tinoscorside D) 32

22. Therapeutic
Properties
• Tinospora cordifolia is most usually utilized restorative
plant in Ayurvedic framework for its general tonic,
antiperiodic, against convulsive, mitigating, antipyretic,
hostile to ligament, against lepritic, against unfavorably
susceptible and against diabetic properties 33
• The plant is utilized to enhance the invulnerable
framework and the body opposition against contami-
nations. The base of this plant is known for its enemy of
stress and hostile to malarial exercises. The stem is
severe, stomachic, diuretic, fortifies bile emissions,
alleviates thirst, advances the blood and fixes jaundice.
The concentrate of the stem is valuable in skin issues.
The root and stem of Tinospora cordifolia is
recommended in blend with different medications as an
antitoxin to snakebite and scorpion
• The plant is additionally utilized in the treatment of
wounds, pneumonia, asthma and hack. Tinospora
cordifolia has against malignancy, safe invigorating,
nerve cell ensuring, hostile to diabetic, cholesterol-
bringing down and liver-defensive activities. Tinospora
cordifolia is additionally in charge of diminishing the
tissue harm caused by radiation, the reactions of a few
types of chemotherapy and speeding mending of dia-
betic foot ulcers 34

23. Conventional use
• The tribals cast , living in the inside regions of different piece
of U.P. make the glue of stem of the Guduchi (T. cordifolia)
and the underlying foundations of Bhatkatiaya (Solanum
surattense). The pills are arranged and utilized in the
treatment of fever for three days
• The tribals of Mumbai and its neighboring zones and the
anglers along the ocean drift utilize cordifoliaas medicate in
the treatment of fever, jaundice, unending the runs and
looseness of the bowels 21
• The tribals of Khedbrahma district of North Gujarat utilize the
plant in their everyday life as nourishment or drug
• They utilize powdered root and stem bark of T. cordifolia with
drain for the treatment of malignancy; decoction of root is
utilized for the fix of looseness of the bowels and the runs and
decoction of old stems is favored in the treatment of
intermittent fever 22
• Decoction of stem is managed orally by the general
population of Jammu (J and K) and Bigwada (Rajasthan) for
the treatment of fever23
• The occupants of Bhuvneshwar (Orissa) utilize the warm
squeeze of foundation of T. cordifolia orally for the treatment
of fever 21

24.  Juice or decoction of leaves is managed orally with nectar in fever by the nearby individuals of Patiyala
(Punjab) 21.
 The Muslim tribals of Rajouri, Jammu (Tawi) including Gujjar and Backwals utilized the plant in bone
crack 24.
 In Dahanu forest division of Maharashtra, innate races, viz. Agaris, Bhils, Dhodias, Dublas, Khakaris,
Rimoshis, Thakurs, Vardaris, Vagharis and Varlis use the stem decoction with cool or high temp water
(around 3-4 gm) in morning in an empty stomach as a tonic when all is said in done debility 25.•Shirt of
kid is colored in juice of Guduchi and worn in balashosha (skinniness in youngsters) by the occupants
of Banka (Bihar) 23.
 Paste or juice of Amrita (T. cordifolia) leaves and Sarsapa beeja churna (seed powder of Brassica
campestris) is connected locally if there should be an occurrence of Daha (Burning sensation) 23.
 Powder of Terminalia chebula(Haritaki), Tinospora cordifolia (Amrita) and Trachyspermum ammi
(Ajwain) in break even with amount is regulated orally, once day by day early morning with salt for the
treatment of Kasa (hack). Decoction of these medications is additionally to be taken in dosage of 50 ml
for the treatment of Kasa (hack) by the general population of Dhurala (Haryana) 23.
 Two drops of leaf juice of united types of Guduchi is dropped in the ear for the treatment of Karna
Shula (torment in ear) by the nearby individuals of Patiyala (Punjab) 23.
 Paste of Guduchi ( cordifolia) and 5 seeds of Krishna marich (Piper nigrum) is managed orally once
day by day in morning in rakta pradar (leucorrhoea) by the nearby ladies of Arjunpura (Rajasthan) 23.
 The occupants of Badala (U.P.) take the juice of stem orally with nectar for the treatment of swasa
(Asthma) 23.

25. AIM
• The present study is done for
phytochemical investigation
and evaluation of diuretic
activity of Tinospora
cardifolia on these plants.

26. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the present study are:
The extensive review of literature on Tinospora
cardifolia
Successive solvent extractions of Tinospora cardifolia
Systematic phytochemical investigation of Tinospora
cardifolia
Acute toxicity studies of all extracts.
Detailed study of the diuretic activity of the root of
Tinospora cardifolia.

27. NEED
FOR THE
STUDY
• In spite of tremendous advances in the
field of medicine there is no truly
satisfactory drug for the treatment of
kidney disorders. The possible treatment
would be either being surgical and
allopathic treatment. But this treatment
exhibits some serious side effects
(including reoccurrence in case of renal
calculi), thereby keeping the problem
unsolved. Moreover this treatment is
relatively costly and requires expert hands
and availability of appropriate equipments.
This has given rise to stimulation in the
search for investigating natural resources
showing diuretic and nephroprotective
activity.

28. NEED FOR THE STUDY
To explore the possibility of using the traditional medicines as diuretic agents with scientific
validation:
1) The modern medicine does not have satisfactorily control over kidney disorders.
2) The survey of literature reveals that the medicinal plant, Tinospora cardifolia has been used
traditionally for cramps, inflammatory tumour, convulsions.
3) However, the diuretic activity of Tinospora cardifolia has not been scientifically investigated.
Hence, the present study is undertaken for the phytochemical investigation of the root of
Tinospora cardifolia and to evaluate its traditionally claimed activities in Wistar albino rats.

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Mitra R., Raghunandan K.
Anonymous, Pharmacognosy of
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Sharma P C., Yelne M B., Dennis T J.
Data Base on Medicinal Plants Used
in Ayurveda, Vol. III,
(Documentation & Publication
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New Delhi), 2001: 256
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Datta Shastri, (Chaukhambha
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(Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi
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Vaagbhata, Ashtanghridayam,
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Hemaadri, collected by Kunt &
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& Delhi), 1982.
Misra B. Bhava Prakash Nighantu,
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