U. S. Constitutional Protections under the 1st Amendments, Differences Betwe...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Temple Law School/ICAS Joint Lecture:
#vivalarevolucíon: New Millennium Political Protests
Slides for John Russell
Speakers:
David H. Slater, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Japanese Studies and Director of the Institute of Comparative Culture, Sophia University
John Russell, Professor of Anthropology, Gifu University
William Andrews, writer and translator.
Sarajean Rossitto, Nonprofit NGO Consultant
Moderator:
Tina Saunders, Director and Associate Professor of Instruction in Law, Temple University School of Law, Japan Campus
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
Literature on Media Bias1Literature Review on Media Bias2.docxSHIVA101531
Literature on Media Bias 1
Literature Review on Media Bias 2
Literature Review on Media Bias
Name: Alecia Lane-Johnson
Institution Affiliation: University of Maryland College
Literature Review on Media Bias
Studies on media bias started back in the 1970s, and most of them show time and time again that America’s mainstream media professionals are left-oriented and Democrat. New data from America University counters this common conclusion and shows that the Sunday Shows on mainstream media feature more conservative members than liberalists. The question now is: are times changing media bias?
Groseclose and Milyo (2005) evaluate media bias by finding out the frequency with which a media outlet cites certain political groups or uses particular words and phrases. They compare it with the number of times that members of Congress on either the liberal or conservatives sides cite the groups or use the phrases. Economists, Gentzkow and Shapiro (2006) used similar criteria, taking famous Republic and Democratic phrases applied in Congress to establish which side newspapers lean on. Another way of quantifying media bias is to find out how many professionals in the media industry lean towards one area in ethical, social or political issues (Chiang & Knight, 2011). Other researchers include statistics on the voting arena and the media’s ideological leanings or political affiliations.
Recent studies done on all these spectrums use 20 major media outlets, and their results show that 18 of them score towards the left. However, researchers discover that these leanings are not intentional or an outright misguiding of the audience (Chiang & Knight, 2011). It is simply the way that reporters omit information, so they do not contradict the political narrative that they want to advance. Groseclose and Milyo (2005) are of the opinion that “for every single sin of commission, there are hundreds or even thousands of omission sins. These sins of omission arise from cases where journalists choose stories or facts covering the side that only one political spectrum will likely mention.”
Goldberg (2014) a media expert, defends that journalists “do not sit in dark corners, planning how they will slant the news. They do not have to since it comes naturally to a large number of reporters.” He goes further to say that most news people pursue journalism believing they can use it to transform the world, making it better. The statement echoes the belief by Farnsworth and Lichter (2010) that journalists “see themselves as the community’s designated saviors, and they continually strive to compel public action or awaken national conscience.
America’s Media Research Center showed an exhibit of three polls carried out in 2013 to feature people's perspective on media bias. Most Republicans described the media as “too liberal”. Democrats had a divide on the matter, with 36% stating that the media is liberal, and 37% saying the media is conservative. However, media bias bei ...
SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE1 School Gun Violence [Student.docxAASTHA76
SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE1
School Gun Violence
[Student Name]
Professor Small
Wichita State University
School Gun Violence
Problem Statement
America is very well known for school violence, and more specifically, school shootings.
Seventeen people were killed and more than 15 injured in a mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman
Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on 14 February 2018, bringing the total number of
school shootings in the United States since the beginning of the year to 18 (or roughly three per
week). This is the most recent shooting where there have been mass casualties, and this
ultimately started the debate on what defines a “school shooting”, because of the rising gun
violence. The difficulty of agreeing on a common definition of "school shooting" shows just how
many different types of firearm incidents occur on school grounds. The difficulty of defining it
just highlights how common it is to find guns on school grounds — in the hands of intruders,
security personnel, and the students themselves (Emery).
Literature Reviews/Discussion
The first academic journal, Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence, talks
about the two main points’ people debate on what is to blame for gun violence. Those two points
are the availability of guns and mental health. Students report being increasingly afraid to go to
school; among young people aged 12 to 24, 3 in 10 say violence has increased in their schools in
the past year. The concern over school shootings has prompted intense national debate, in recent
SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE2
years, over who or what is to blame. The internet, daycare, movies, and other forms of media
have been blamed for the rising violence, but people mainly focus on the gun availability and
mental health debates. Firearms are the second leading cause of death to children between ages
10 and 14 and the eighth leading cause of death to those ages 1 to 4 (Kimmel). Some people
blame it on the fact that there are too many guns that are easily available, and others believe all
of this violence happens because there aren't enough guns. Big brands like Dicks have taken a
stance on this debate and raised the age requirement to purchase a firearm. The other debate
focuses on the mental health of the attacker. They say that the reason people go on killing sprees
is because they aren’t completely put together and they had a bad childhood. This doesn’t always
add up, however, because almost all the shooters came from intact and relatively stable families,
with no history of child abuse. If they had psychological problems at all, they were relatively
minor, and went unnoticed (Kimmel).
The second journal, School Shootings, the Media, and Public Fear, focuses on school
shootings as a moral panic, and it also looks at the roles played by the media and politicians in
using isolated incidents to support their interests or distract the public eye. In the .
U. S. Constitutional Protections under the 1st Amendments, Differences Betwe...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Temple Law School/ICAS Joint Lecture:
#vivalarevolucíon: New Millennium Political Protests
Slides for John Russell
Speakers:
David H. Slater, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Japanese Studies and Director of the Institute of Comparative Culture, Sophia University
John Russell, Professor of Anthropology, Gifu University
William Andrews, writer and translator.
Sarajean Rossitto, Nonprofit NGO Consultant
Moderator:
Tina Saunders, Director and Associate Professor of Instruction in Law, Temple University School of Law, Japan Campus
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
Literature on Media Bias1Literature Review on Media Bias2.docxSHIVA101531
Literature on Media Bias 1
Literature Review on Media Bias 2
Literature Review on Media Bias
Name: Alecia Lane-Johnson
Institution Affiliation: University of Maryland College
Literature Review on Media Bias
Studies on media bias started back in the 1970s, and most of them show time and time again that America’s mainstream media professionals are left-oriented and Democrat. New data from America University counters this common conclusion and shows that the Sunday Shows on mainstream media feature more conservative members than liberalists. The question now is: are times changing media bias?
Groseclose and Milyo (2005) evaluate media bias by finding out the frequency with which a media outlet cites certain political groups or uses particular words and phrases. They compare it with the number of times that members of Congress on either the liberal or conservatives sides cite the groups or use the phrases. Economists, Gentzkow and Shapiro (2006) used similar criteria, taking famous Republic and Democratic phrases applied in Congress to establish which side newspapers lean on. Another way of quantifying media bias is to find out how many professionals in the media industry lean towards one area in ethical, social or political issues (Chiang & Knight, 2011). Other researchers include statistics on the voting arena and the media’s ideological leanings or political affiliations.
Recent studies done on all these spectrums use 20 major media outlets, and their results show that 18 of them score towards the left. However, researchers discover that these leanings are not intentional or an outright misguiding of the audience (Chiang & Knight, 2011). It is simply the way that reporters omit information, so they do not contradict the political narrative that they want to advance. Groseclose and Milyo (2005) are of the opinion that “for every single sin of commission, there are hundreds or even thousands of omission sins. These sins of omission arise from cases where journalists choose stories or facts covering the side that only one political spectrum will likely mention.”
Goldberg (2014) a media expert, defends that journalists “do not sit in dark corners, planning how they will slant the news. They do not have to since it comes naturally to a large number of reporters.” He goes further to say that most news people pursue journalism believing they can use it to transform the world, making it better. The statement echoes the belief by Farnsworth and Lichter (2010) that journalists “see themselves as the community’s designated saviors, and they continually strive to compel public action or awaken national conscience.
America’s Media Research Center showed an exhibit of three polls carried out in 2013 to feature people's perspective on media bias. Most Republicans described the media as “too liberal”. Democrats had a divide on the matter, with 36% stating that the media is liberal, and 37% saying the media is conservative. However, media bias bei ...
SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE1 School Gun Violence [Student.docxAASTHA76
SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE1
School Gun Violence
[Student Name]
Professor Small
Wichita State University
School Gun Violence
Problem Statement
America is very well known for school violence, and more specifically, school shootings.
Seventeen people were killed and more than 15 injured in a mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman
Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on 14 February 2018, bringing the total number of
school shootings in the United States since the beginning of the year to 18 (or roughly three per
week). This is the most recent shooting where there have been mass casualties, and this
ultimately started the debate on what defines a “school shooting”, because of the rising gun
violence. The difficulty of agreeing on a common definition of "school shooting" shows just how
many different types of firearm incidents occur on school grounds. The difficulty of defining it
just highlights how common it is to find guns on school grounds — in the hands of intruders,
security personnel, and the students themselves (Emery).
Literature Reviews/Discussion
The first academic journal, Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence, talks
about the two main points’ people debate on what is to blame for gun violence. Those two points
are the availability of guns and mental health. Students report being increasingly afraid to go to
school; among young people aged 12 to 24, 3 in 10 say violence has increased in their schools in
the past year. The concern over school shootings has prompted intense national debate, in recent
SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE2
years, over who or what is to blame. The internet, daycare, movies, and other forms of media
have been blamed for the rising violence, but people mainly focus on the gun availability and
mental health debates. Firearms are the second leading cause of death to children between ages
10 and 14 and the eighth leading cause of death to those ages 1 to 4 (Kimmel). Some people
blame it on the fact that there are too many guns that are easily available, and others believe all
of this violence happens because there aren't enough guns. Big brands like Dicks have taken a
stance on this debate and raised the age requirement to purchase a firearm. The other debate
focuses on the mental health of the attacker. They say that the reason people go on killing sprees
is because they aren’t completely put together and they had a bad childhood. This doesn’t always
add up, however, because almost all the shooters came from intact and relatively stable families,
with no history of child abuse. If they had psychological problems at all, they were relatively
minor, and went unnoticed (Kimmel).
The second journal, School Shootings, the Media, and Public Fear, focuses on school
shootings as a moral panic, and it also looks at the roles played by the media and politicians in
using isolated incidents to support their interests or distract the public eye. In the .
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Irwin-Honors Literature Review.pdf
1. Irwin 1
Trauma-Inducing News Coverage and the Roles of Memorials After Shootings
Lauren E. Irwin
University of Colorado Boulder
Honors Thesis Research
Department of Journalism in the College of Media, Communication and Information
Prof. Angie Chuang, Associate Professor of Journalism
April 1, 2022
2. Irwin 2
Contents
I. Literature Review
A. Introduction……………………………………………….…………… 3
B. Colorado’s Mass Shootings and Gun Violence History……………….. 4
C. Media Trauma on Survivors……………….…………………………... 5
D. Media Trauma on Journalists…………………………………………. 6
E. Memorial Journalism and Recovery…………………………...……… 8
F. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….. 10
II. Creative Project Overview
A. Initial Preparation……………………………………………………. 12
B. Source List and Explanation………………………………………… 12
C. Ethics in Interviewing………………………………………………... 15
D. Storyboard and Article Process……………………………….…....... 16
E. Photogrammetry Explanation and Visualization……………….......... 16
F. Presentation of Materials……………………………………………. 17
III. Bibliography
A. Literature and Article Resources……………………………………. 18
3. Irwin 3
Introduction
From the year I was born, 12 mass shootings have occurred in the state of Colorado and
six of them have happened less than 20 miles from my childhood home. Born in 2000,
throughout my childhood, the name Columbine was spoken in hushed voices year-round until
April memorials and practicing school shooting drills was part of the first-grade curriculum. The
2012 Aurora movie theater shooting brought young eyes to the courtroom for the first time and
dominated local media. I remember the news of the Arapahoe High School shooting six months
later traveling quickly around the halls in middle school. I waited anxiously by the phone when
my sister told me her school was on lockdown during the nearby 2019 STEM School shooting. I
watched the SWAT team run through my back alley during the Boulder King Soopers shooting
last March.
Almost everyone in the state of Colorado has been affected, or knows someone affected,
by the state’s notorious and ongoing list of shootings. As a journalism student and Colorado
native, I will be examining a handful of the state’s previous mass shootings. I am studying the
ways journalists have induced trauma on victims of a shooting and may also become traumatized
themselves through their reporting practices and how changing the narrative for news media will
provide solutions to this ongoing trend.
It’s important for me to know how journalists can better report on traumatic events to
minimize trauma for victims and themselves as well as the impacts reporting has—or
hasn’t—had on the community following local shootings. Additionally, I will be studying the
role of memorials and memorial journalism in the aftermath of traumatic events. Examining the
ways memorials provide assistance and recovery to victims and survivors, I plan to connect my
research with a possible solution on how reporting can better serve the public through an evolved
4. Irwin 4
form of news media, the use and implementation of reporting that memorializes the traumatic
event.
Trauma-Inducing News Coverage and the Roles of Memorials After Shootings
The following is research related to Colorado’s history with mass shootings, media
frenzies surrounding tragedies and the mental health of journalists and newsroom culture. In
addition to this, I examine the role of memorials, both physical structures and as online articles
that are spaces of relief for the community following death and pose a solution in journalistic
practices to minimize harm for reporters and the community.
Colorado’s Mass Shootings and Gun Violence History
What defines a mass shooting? After a string of mass shootings, one of which occurred
three miles from my apartment, Time Magazine released an article noting that the Gun Violence
Archive and many others define a mass shooting as an incident where four or more people are
shot or killed on the same day and within close proximity of one another. To consolidate research
on violence in America, scholars created encyclopedias. They found that the Congressional
Research Service aligns with Time’s definition. Consistently, scholars have defined a mass
shooting not for the type of location, but for the singular occurrence and possible randomized
killing (Richardson, 2020).
For this research, I have chosen five Colorado shootings. I chose these not necessarily
following exact guidelines for the definitions above, but because separately, they have severely
impacted the community, and myself, no matter the exact definition or details. The 1999
Columbine High School shooting wasn’t the state’s first mass shooting, but due to the severity
5. Irwin 5
and distinctiveness to this incident, it drew national attention that left Littleton strewn with
camera crews for months. Following the shooting, Colorado grappled with gun laws when then
18-year-old Robyn Anderson, who bought the guns the killers used, told legislators it was
entirely too accessible to purchase guns without background checks, (Soraghan, 2000). Now,
almost 23 years later, Colorado has enacted background checks to purchase guns, but advocates
argue not enough has been done to prevent death by gun violence and the mental health action
necessary to stop it (Gill, 2021). From Columbine to King Soopers, 22 years of gun violence has
changed the face of the Front Range.
Media Trauma on Survivors
After the Columbine High School shooting in 1999 shook the country, camera crews and
reporters flocked to Littleton, Colorado almost as fast as first responders. The months and
investigation following captured the eyes of the nation until an eventual silence fell over the
now-changed state of Colorado. The silence was broken as eyes turned to Newtown, Connecticut
at another act of gun violence at Sandy Hook Elementary School erupted in national coverage
and more gun control debates. Researchers found that due to this media spectacle of each
shooting, the country yearned for more coverage, allowing the tragedies to hang in the air and
not subside. People are infatuated with death, from serial killers to murder mystery parties, it is
something we are innately fascinated with. The shootings, like other tragedies, caught the
attention of the masses. But whether the country moved on to the next latest drama or the lack of
resolution regarding gun reform, people got to move on, even when those in the community
could not. These instances, researchers argue, need to be covered as historical events and
breaking news but due to a competitive news cycle, inflict pain on those involved,
6. Irwin 6
(Paccione-Dyszlewski, 2013; Schildkraut, 2014; Haravuori, 2011). For example, after the 2021
Boulder King Soopers shooting, so many local journalists were reaching out to grieving family
members that the Boulder Police Department issued a statement asking reporters to go through
them first, so families can grieve their losses instead of answering phone calls.
Using a 2017 Finland school shooting as an example, Haravuori mentions the flocks of
reporters and photojournalists at the scene, capturing the children evacuating the crime scene.
Accused to be sensationalizing a moment of grief, journalists were criticized for their actions
(Haravuori, 2011). But there is a fine line, were they doing the duty of news, informing the
community or were they exploiting the children’s sorrow for gains? Some may worry about
sensationalizing the incident with the new technology and search engine optimization driven
news model. And journalists may not define that fine line, the public may, but journalists
definitely walk it. Paccione-Dyszlewski also poses the question, what is ethical coverage? It’s an
important investigation into the ways journalistic practices have desensitized reporters to
covering traumatic stories or exploiting the vulnerable in search for the best headline or featured
photo.
Often, the daily news cycle creates a parachute journalism effect, where reporters jump
into a community quickly to get the story, and leave soon after, without seeing and feeling the
effects of their presence and their work on the featured community. Pro Publica reporter Logan
Jaffe mentioned to Milwaukee journalists that to continue to be trusted and write with accurate
intentions, reporters should think more about the audience they’re writing about and not just the
audience they are writing for (Powers, 2020). Researchers and reporters have found that news
must move on, even when tragedies occur in the community, or that very newsroom. Daily news
cycles continue and the community is left in the wake of the crisis (Gregory, 2019).
7. Irwin 7
The media spectacle that arose from Columbine’s heartbreak traveled coast to coast,
dominating coverage and posing a serious mental threat to those in the community who were
grieving dead children and coping with gun violence.
Media Trauma on Journalists
Recently, researchers and local journalists have been delving into the ethics of newsroom
culture and the toll that reporting can have on the mental health of reporters who consistently
cover crisis situations. In July 2021, Denver-based journalists held a conversation at a local press
club to talk about COVID-19 induced burnout and the effects of reporting on racially motivated
protests, political controversy, climate issues and the recent mass shooting, in which a gunman
killed 10 people in Boulder.
Researchers have found that journalists themselves are a high-risk population for
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and distress, among other feelings and diagnoses, that
occur after a career that exposes them to traumatic events such as shootings, bombings and
natural disasters (Yang, 2018; Seely, 2019). Following the 2018 Anapolis, Maryland Capital
Gazette newsroom shooting that left five dead, some free therapy sessions were provided by the
Tribune Publishing company for the few survivors (Gregory, 2019). Despite this, not many
academics or those involved in the media industry have had conversations about newsroom
culture and the support given to front-line journalists, a population not typically associated with
the title of a first responder in crisis situations.
Journalists who covered the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and the Florida nightclub
shooting in 2016 found themselves grappling with the trauma that came post-publishing. The
reporters also noted the lack of journalistic support from their editors and administrators at their
8. Irwin 8
papers, who they thought would be their support system after an event like that. And they’re not
alone in their experiences (Yang, 2018). Seely finds that journalists are more likely to be on the
front lines reporting on traumatic events than ever before, and they’re doing it earlier in their
careers than before, especially with the rise of smartphones and live streaming technology in the
palm of a reporter’s hand (2019). Multiple researchers have found that not enough journalism
programs in higher education are preparing their students for this aspect of their careers,
(Simpson, 2004; Rentschler, 2009). Simpson specifically mentions the significance of the
Columbine shooting and the unstable feelings journalists experienced reporting on an extremely
tragic situation in their backyards. He says the journalism industry needs to understand that these
issues will arise as a part of the job description, but we can do a better job coping with them in
the aftermath (Simpson, 2004). Rentschler notes the industry’s trauma training films, pamphlets
and guidelines—something I have yet to be taught—and the complexity behind trauma reporting
and training. With the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot more attention has been drawn to educating
reporters on trauma in the field. Rentschleer mentions that there are multiple points of view, the
capitalistic organizational side of eye-catching trauma reporting, and the community voice of
trauma reporting (Rentschler, 2009). Either way, both argue that not enough has been done to
prepare journalists for their role in traumatic events and how to deal with that themselves.
There’s enough evidence to see that journalism education and the industry itself has not
prepared their reporters for the real-world tragedies and following trauma that they would
experience early in their careers. The Denver-based journalists have begun the conversation, but
it must be an ongoing and structural process that is acknowledged top-down by owners, editors
and reporters—that we are all human and experiencing the same tragedy differently.
9. Irwin 9
Memorial Journalism and Recovery
Physical memorials have represented a societal form of grief for years. They have been
created to honor the dead and as a way for survivors to process the trauma of a tragedy. But
rarely are these memorials connected with journalism and journalists. While memorials can serve
as a place of remembrance for the reporters who covered these tragedies, they are not significant
in their journalistic sense. If reporting could evolve to be, itself, a memorial, it would serve as
solace to the community and the journalists.
Researchers addressing memorials, both online and physical, note the community
significance and the healing process memorials provide for those who may have been affected by
a tragedy (Doss, 2006; Niemeyer, 2021; Socolovsky, 2008; Miller, 2020). Memorial journalism,
while not a widely known term and style, has been dabbled in the industry after the New York
Times memorialized every person who died in the September 11th attacks on the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon. Through memorializing the people who died, both the community and
the journalists affected by the tragedy were able to heal.
For example, Rebecca Walkowitz, a Rutgers English professor, noticed that memorial
journalism, while explored by the New York Times in their Portraits of Grief project, still limited
the memorialization of the victims’ lives, thus she created The Submission, a literary novel meant
to bring narrative to the issue and represent a non-traditional memorial (Miller, 2020).
Memorials, both physical structures like the Vietnam veteran memorial, online chat
spaces and journalism can provide places of healing for the community. The Vietnam
memorial--once highly criticized for its minimalistic wall--provided an interactive community
healing space where family members could trace their loved one’s name, something that is
reflected in the 2007 erection of the Columbine memorial in Littleton (Andersen, 2013).
10. Irwin 10
In her multiple publishing’s about trauma, memorials and grief, Erika Doss notes the
significant change American culture has seen over recent decades, where we move from a
Freudian belief of dealing with grief quickly, quietly and behind closed doors, to relying on
community support and outward communication to cope with traumatic events and crisis
situations (Doss, 2015, 2012). As mentioned above, Simpson is calling on the journalism
industry and reporters to better cope with the aftermath of traumatic reporting by going to
therapy, seeking help and taking antidepressants (Simpson, 2004). I argue that newspaper owners
and the journalism industry can do more than just reparative work for their reporters. We can be
preventative of these mental health issues in our reporting and writing for the sake of ourselves
and the community who our work is intended for.
One example is the recent memorialization, local paper The Colorado Sun, attempted
after the Boulder King Soopers shooting. While they still covered the breaking news and on-site
action of the shooting itself, their team took extra time to profile each person who was killed.
They included photos, background information and interviews with friends and family to
preserve and memorialize the ten people who died that day. This coverage is breaking from a
traditional mold that would touch on the victims, but heavily focus on the shooter—specifically
the media frenzy around the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooter, James Holms who had red-dyed
hair and began killing during the midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises and the national
attention reporters gave him (O'Neill, Cabrera, 2015).
In his book, Representing Death in the News: Journalism, Media and Mortality, Folker
Hanusch notes that in recent decades, it appears that the news is obsessed with death.
Consistently making headlines, he argues that death checks all of journalism’s “newsworthiness”
boxes, making the front page every time. But, he says, with increased use of technology and
11. Irwin 11
social media, the knowledge of death is just more accessible now more than ever before
(Hanusch, 2010). Since we are constantly being confronted with death and trauma with the rise
of social media, physical memorials and memorial journalism holds an important element of
difference to the coverage of an issue. Journalists are the people in the community with the
access to the victims’ stories, they can amplify their lives and provide healing for someone close
or someone you didn’t even know.
Conclusion
Through my research, I have found that the traditional news cycle and practices of
breaking news have inflicted trauma on victims of a shooting and the journalists that report on it.
Since gun measures continue to be a point of contention, to break these unhealthy trends, I
propose a new method of reporting, memorial journalism, on tragedies to better serve journalists
and the community they’re reporting on, in hopes that in the future, risk and trauma effects are
minimized.
12. Irwin 12
Creative Project Overview
I am studying a handful of Colorado’s shootings and the way the media interacted with
them to better understand how journalists can report on traumatic events better in the future for
the community’s and their own benefit. I also am studying the role of memorials and memorial
journalism in the aftermath of traumatic events to connect my research with a possible solution
on how journalism can better serve the public through an evolved form of news media. I will be
creating an article with interviews from both survivors and journalists who experienced these
Colorado shootings and using a 3D model process to visualize the physical memorials and
compare it with the role of memorial journalism.
Through research, I have found that the media hasn’t always done the best job covering
mass shootings and traumatic events. While it’s the role of the media to inform the public on
breaking news, there’s research that shows when journalists cover these events, they can
traumatize themselves and the community through continued coverage and repeated attempts for
interviews. Researchers found that the Columbine shooting was a media spectacle, allowing the
tragedy to exist for an extended period of time. Additionally, research has found that journalists
are consistently exposed to traumatic events through their reporting and often early in their
careers. But not much discussion has been focused on how the industry supports their reporters
through these times. Research has also shown that physical and online memorials have provided
a spot for healing after traumatic events and will provide a standpoint for my creative project
solutions to a new coverage style. For example, the New York Times and The Colorado Sun have
both provided examples for memorial journalism in the wake of traumatic events and deaths,
these examples will pave the way for a new style of coverage and my creative project discussion.
13. Irwin 13
Initial Preparation
To examine this topic, I have chosen five Colorado shootings to deep dive into: the 1999
Columbine High School shooting, the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooting, the 2012 Arapahoe
High School shooting, the 2019 STEM school shooting and the 2021 Boulder King Soopers
shooting. Through an extensive interview process, I will be speaking with sources present at each
shooting scene and the impact the traumatic event had on their life—as well as any media
coverage they directly participated in. I will also be speaking with multiple reporters that have
covered each of these shootings and the impact the event had on them, their reporting and how
they feel about journalistic standards and traumatic events moving forward. I also want to
breakdown coverage of these shootings from local news outlets and provide examples from news
media that properly and improperly report on these events.
First, I will gather documents and articles to properly cite my writing. Using local
examples like The Denver Post, The Colorado Sun and The Boulder Daily Camera will allow me
to assess how different organizations have covered local shootings and if that has changed over
time. I also will search for other forms of memorial journalism, such as the Aids Memorial
Movement on Instagram and a recent online COVID-19 health care death memorial.
Source List and Explanation
I plan to document my research and reporting in chronological order by shooting. First,
I’ll look at the 1999 Columbine High School shooting in Littleton. I first will conduct interviews
with survivors and first responders at the scene. These interviews will be with Heather Martin
and Zach Cartaya, students at Columbine at the time and co-founders of The Rebels Project, a
mass shooting and trauma support organization. I plan on talking to many reporters that have
14. Irwin 14
been in the Denver area since the late 90s about their experiences covering Columbine and the
aftermath of what happened since it was a shooting in the Front Range that had ripple effects
nationwide.
Secondly, I am looking at the 2012 Aurora movie theater shooting. I spoke with state
representative Tom Sullivan about the loss of his son and being photographed in a widely spread
photo. I also spoke with John Ingold from The Colorado Sun about the work he produced during
that time for The Denver Post.
Next on the timeline is the Arapahoe High School shooting. I plan on speaking with
former CU journalism student Jordan Lang about her time at the school during, before and after
the shooting and how the trauma affected her. I also spoke with Kim Christiansen and Tom
Costello about their experiences surrounding this school shooting.
The next is the STEM school shooting that happened in the spring of 2019. For the
source of the victims, I plan on speaking with Kendrick Castillo’s parents. He is buried at a local
cemetery and I know that his family is outspoken with local journalists about their son’s death.
Lastly, and most recently in time, I want to deeply examine the Boulder King Soopers
shooting. I spoke with Anna Haynes, who witnessed the shooting from her apartment and Henry
Larson, a CU student and CU Independent reporter who spoke with Hannah Prince and others
about his resistance to cover traumatic breaking news events like this again, after having a hard
time interviewing people at the scene. Additionally, I have a source, Moe Clark, who worked for
Newsline at the time, and refused to go report on the scene due to her mental health and the
sensitivity of the topic. Larson’s experiences at the Boulder shooting connects to my research in
that journalists often are exposed to traumatic events early in their careers. Additionally, CU
professor and photojournalist Ross Taylor was at the temporary memorial for days, grieving and
15. Irwin 15
experiencing it alongside the community with his camera in hand. His work will be featured
alongside community quotes and a preserved version of the temporary memorial in the Boulder
Museum early next year. His work fits perfectly with my two topics, the role of journalism
during tragedy, and the memorialization of that work for the community.
So, it’s safe to say that there are plenty of sources and people affected by shootings and I
was able to interview a wide variety of victims and journalists attached to each of these
shootings. I feel confident in my sources, I have a variety of photojournalists and journalists
from print and broadcast organizations. I have young and veteran journalists and a mix of men
and women. I am proposing this deep dive into the journalists’ feelings and trauma after
reporting on these events and the trauma that victims endured when surrounded or interviewed
by the media after these events.
Ethics in Interviewing
While I, too, am relatively young in my journalism career, I have not had the traumatic
experiences other journalists have had. Additionally, while I have experienced some form of
trauma from these various tragedies across the state and near my hometown, I know what these
victims have experienced is far worse. As a reporter, I want to create a safe space for my sources,
especially with triggering and difficult subjects. I want to ethically interview my sources and I
think the best way to do so is to be honest with them. I want to clarify that they can stop the
interview at any time, provide information in whatever format they feel most comfortable with
and that they are not obligated to tell me—the media—a story if it will personally harm them,
bringing back stressful memories and PTSD triggers. That being said, I want to tell this story to
16. Irwin 16
the best of my ability and I know I will do so if I can have insightful yet comfortable
conversations with my sources.
Storyboard and Article Process
Mid-March 2022 sounds like a good bit away, but I know it will be quickly approaching.
As an avid planner, I have gathered some key dates to hold myself accountable next semester in
my reporting. All visual elements will be completed no later than Jan. 16 and all interviewing
will be completed by Feb. 28. This will give me slightly less than a month to write, edit and
produce my content on my website in preparation for an early April defense. In the following
weeks after defending my thesis, I plan to pitch my article and multimedia elements to local
news outlets. I am giving myself more than three months to conduct interviews because that will
likely take the most time. I feel confident in my ability to turn around a high quality piece
quickly and that I have a variety of content to make my work stand out.
Photogrammetry Explanation and Visualization
I plan on a visual element, photogrammetry— a photography process—to produce 3D
models of each shooting memorial to visibly show the expansive history of Colorado’s mass
shootings. These visuals will serve as a virtual memorial format for those who didn’t know what
the memorials looked like, that they even existed and to pay homage to the type of memorials
that are beyond a journalistic sense. Additionally, through research and this visual representation,
I will be comparing the role of physical memorials to the use of memorial coverage by reporters.
I want to look at the ways memorials provide for victims and survivors and the journalists who
cover these traumatic events. I want to examine ways that memorial coverage can provide a new
17. Irwin 17
path for traumatic reporting that is both beneficial for the community and the reporters that cover
such heavy topics. This will be a great pairing alongside Ross Taylor’s memorial of the Boulder
King Soopers shooting inside the Boulder Museum.
Presentation of Materials
Right now I see my project being presented on my personal website, where there is a
research section and a creative section. The research section will house my literature review. The
creative section will house my article with the multimedia toward the end, when I introduce
memorial journalism solutions. I ideally see myself pitching the creative aspect, the article and
multimedia, to a local outlet like The Colorado Sun or The Denver Post.
18. Irwin 18
Bibliography
Backholm, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2012). Journalists’ emotional reactions after working
with the Jokela school shooting incident. Media, War & Conflict, 5(2), 175–190.
https://doi-org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1750635212440914
DeRienzo, M. (2016). Trauma Journalism. Editor & Publisher, 149(10), 22–23.
Doss, Erica (2006) Spontaneous memorials and contemporary modes of mourning in
america, Material Religion, 2:3, 294-318, DOI: 10.1080/17432200.2006.11423053
Dunlap, D. W., & Beachy, S. C. (2016, September 10). Seeking the final faces for a 9/11
tapestry of grief, loss, life and joy. The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/nyregion/9-11-victims-portraits-national-september-11-me
morial-museum.html.
GREGORY, S., & moakley, paul. (2019). The News Gets to Move on. TIME Magazine,
194(21), 42–47.
Gill, L. (2021, March 24). Multiple mass shootings in Colorado have led to only modest
changes in its gun laws. Business Insider. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from
https://www.businessinsider.com/shootings-in-colorado-have-sparked-modest-changes-to-its-gun
-laws-2021-3.
Haravuori, H., Suomalainen, L., Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., & Marttunen, M. (2011).
Effects of media exposure on adolescents traumatized in a school shooting. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 24(1), 70–77. https://doi-org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/jts.20605
Hanusch, F. (2010). Representing death in the news: Journalism, media and mortality.
Palgrave Macmillan.
Here's how a controversial work of Art Healed America after Vietnam. The World from
PRX. (n.d.). Retrieved November 7, 2021, from
19. Irwin 19
https://theworld.org/stories/2013-10-06/heres-how-controversial-work-art-healed-america-after-v
ietnam.
Frymer, B. (2009). The Media Spectacle of Columbine: Alienated Youth as an Object of
Fear. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(10), 1387–1404.
https://doi-org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/0002764209332554
Jarvie, J. (2021, March 23). Colorado’s troubled history of gun violence. Los Angeles
Times (CA).
LISA MARIE PANE. (n.d.). Should media avoid naming the gunmen in mass shootings?
Canadian Press, The.
Niemeyer K. Online memorials as a platform for empathy journalism. Memory Studies.
January 2021. doi:10.1177/1750698020988759
Nu Yang. (2018). COVERING TRAUMA: Are newsrooms doing enough to take care of
their journalists’ health and safety? Editor & Publisher, 151(9), 51–55.
Paccione-Dyszlewski, M. (2013). Trauma, children, and the media: What is ethical
coverage? Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 29(3), 8.
Parachute journalism: How some national media outlets cover the Midwest. WUWM
89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR. (n.d.). Retrieved November 7, 2021, from
https://www.wuwm.com/podcast/spotlight/2020-08-13/parachute-journalism-how-some-national
-media-outlets-cover-the-midwest.
Schildkraut, Jaclyn. Columbine, 20 Years Later and Beyond: Lessons from Tragedy.
Praeger, n.d.
Schildkraut, J., & Muschert, G. W. (2014). Media Salience and the Framing of Mass
Murder in Schools: A Comparison of the Columbine and Sandy Hook Massacres. Homicide
Studies, 18(1), 23–43.
https://doi-org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1088767913511458
20. Irwin 20
Seely, N. (2019). Journalists and mental health: The psychological toll of covering
everyday trauma. Newspaper Research Journal, 40(2), 239–259.
https://doi-org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/0739532919835612
Shari R. Veil, Timothy L. Sellnow & Megan Heald (2011) Memorializing Crisis: The
Oklahoma City National Memorial as Renewal Discourse, Journal of Applied Communication
Research, 39:2, 164-183, DOI: 10.1080/00909882.2011.557390
Simpson, R. (2004). Journalism and Trauma: A Long Overdue Conjunction. Nieman
Reports, 58(2), 77–79.
Soraghan, M. (2000). Colorado After Columbine the Gun Debate. State Legislatures,
26(6), 14.
The Staffs of KHN and The Guardian, C. J. (2020, September 22). Lost on the frontline.
Kaiser Health News. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from
https://khn.org/news/lost-on-the-frontline-health-care-worker-death-toll-covid19-coronavirus/.
Richardson, C. (2020, August). Violence in American society. ABC. Retrieved November
7, 2021, from https://products.abc-clio.com/abc-cliocorporate/product.aspx?pc=A5362C.
Rentschler, C. (2010). Trauma training and the reparative work of journalism. Cultural
Studies, 24(4), 447–477. https://doi-org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/09502380903215275