IoT Reference Architectures

IoT Reference
Architectures
Bob Marcus
Co-Chair NIST Big Data PWG
robert.marcus@et-strategies.com
Note that all slides and opinions are personal statements
Thursday, June 15, 17

Outline of Presentation
• NIST CPS, Big Data, Cloud, and Combined Models
• Extending NIST CPS Models to CPS System of Systems
• Consortia IoT Reference Architectures
• Analysts IoT Reference Architectures
• Industry IoT Reference Architectures
• Vendor-Speciﬁc Reference Architectures
• Potential Standards
• Backup Slides from James Albus of NIST and Bob Marcus

Key Points for IoT Architectures
• Many alternative IoT Reference Architectures have been published
• Typically architectures extend from devices to middle layers to Clouds
• Differences often relate to data and control processing at alternative layers
• Multilayer processing is needed to satisfy constraints (e.g. response time, resource)
• Large-scale IoT applications will generate enormous volumes of diverse data
• Large scale applications (e.g. Smart City) will require system of systems integration
• No vendor or open source community can supply a complete solution
• Vertical and horizontal interoperability will require multiple standards
• Some standards are available but more are needed (e.g. data interoperability)
Reference: https://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/inventory-of-my-cps-slide-sets

NIST CPS, Big Data, Cloud,
and Combined Models

NIST Big Data Reference Architecture
http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/_uploadﬁles/M0397_v1_2395481670.pdf

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
http://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909505

NIST Framework for CPS Systems
http://www.cpspwg.org/Portals/3/docs/CPS%20PWG%20Draft%20Framework%20for%20Cyber-Physical%20Systems%20Release%200.8%20September%202015.pdf

Combining NIST CPS, Big Data, and Cloud Models by Bob Marcus
Data
Commands

Extending NIST CPS Framework
to Cyber-Physical System of Systems

Functional Domain Framework for CPS Systems
From http://www.cpspwg.org/Portals/3/docs/CPS%20PWG%20Draft%20Framework%20for%20Cyber-Physical%20Systems%20Release%200.8%20September%202015.pdf

Suggestions for NIST’s CPS Framework Extension by Bob Marcus
• NIST’s CPS Framework models a single CPS System
• It is necessary to extend the Framework to Systems of Systems for Smart X applications
• This would be a ﬁrst step towards a Smart City Framework for NIST
www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/upload/smartcities_cps_budgetsheet.pdf
• This extension should probably precede the building of realistic testbeds
• Terminology: A CPS Hub is a system that processes data, commands, messages, and queries
• A loosely coupled CPS SoS can be modeled by connecting multiple CPS Hubs
• These Hubs can range in scale from device interface level to Cloud

CPS and Smart Grid as System of Systems from NIST
From www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/SGAC-Meeting-Presentations.pdf
CPS Testbed Status - https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/cyber-physical-systems-testbed-design-concepts
Global Cities Technical Challenge - https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems/smart-americaglobal-cities
IoT Enabled Smart City Framework - https://pages.nist.gov/smartcitiesarchitecture/

Smart Grid Reference Model from NIST
From http://slideplayer.com/slide/4631296/

Smart City Framework Status from NIST
From https://pages.nist.gov/smartcitiesarchitecture/
Happy New Year 2017
Here is a summary set of artifacts from the framework
development activity (Note: This document is a rough draft of the
IES-City Framework that is undergoing rapid development and
change. Therefore, no copy of this document should be used for
any purpose other than contributing to the drafting process. A
released version will appear via a link on this page when a draft
for review is available.)
• Framework Draft In Progress
• Application Framework Analysis Tool
• ConsensuPPI Analyses
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of oneM2M
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of FIWARE
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of CVRIA
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of OpenIoT
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of DeployedPPI Raw Data
For details on the work of the working groups, see here
Please ﬁnd a white paper describing this project here. And here is
a slide deck describing this project here.

Creating a Smart Cities Framework
From https://www.slideshare.net/US-Ignite/day1-marty-burns
Reference : Comparison of of 23 Smart City Platforms at http://tinyurl.com/y7tds558

Pivotal Points of Interoperability for Smart Cities Framework
From https://www.slideshare.net/US-Ignite/day1-marty-burns

FIWARE Target Smart City Architecture
From https://www.slideshare.net/JuanjoHierro/ﬁware-a-standard-platform-for-smart-cities

IoT to Cloud Stack from Fraunhofer Fokus
From https://www.slideshare.net/jstrobl/linking-everything-keynote-mhauswirthgiforum2015

Challenge to IoT Reference Architectures and Standardization
From https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/smartcityframework/ﬁles/IES-CityFrameworkOverviewSlides.pdf

IoT Ecosystems from Postscapes
From https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-ecosystem/ (interactive diagram)

Consortia
Internet of Things
Reference Architectures

Network of Things from NIST
From http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-183.pdf

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) Implementation RA
From industrial-iot.com/2015/06/the-industrial-internet-reference-architecture-ﬁrst-impressions/
Lake Nona

Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0)
From http://www.omg.org/news/meetings/tc/berlin-15/special-events/mfg-presentations/adolphs.pdf

Aspects of IoT Architecture from CSCC
From www.Cloud-Council.Org/deliverables/CSCC-Cloud-Customer-Architecture-for-IoT.pdf
Teleconference (June 15 at 1:00 PM EDT) - http://www.cloud-council.org/webinars/brighttalk-cloud-customer-architecture-for-iot.htm

Elements of an IoT Solution Reference Architecture

Cloud Components Capabilities and Relationships for IoT

Detailed Components Capabilities and Relationships for IoT

IoT Architecture from EU IERC
From http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf

AnotherView of IoT Architecture from EU IERC
From http://ww.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Cluster_Book_2014_Ch.3_SRIA_WEB.pdf

Intelligent Reasoning over IoT Data from EU IERC
From www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf

Reference Architecture from Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC)
From http://openinterconnect.org/developer-resources/specs/

IoTivity Reference Architecture from OIC
http://openinterconnect.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Open-Interconnect-ConsortiumOverview_Final-.pdf

FunctionalView of Reference Architecture from EU IoT-A Project
From cocoa.ethz.ch/downloads/2014/01/1524_D1.3_Architectural_Reference_Model_update.pdf

Industrial IP Advantage IoT Architecture
From http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2015/02/3-steps-for-evolving-iot-architectures or
http://www.industrial-ip.org/en/industrial-ip/internet-of-things/3-steps-for-evolving-iot-architectures

IoT Reference Architecture from EU Almanac Project
From http://www.in-jet.dk/en/articles.php?article_id=24

Smart Object API from IPSO Alliance
From http://www.slideshare.net/michaeljohnkoster/object-models-for-interoperability
Reference: IPSO Alliance - https://www.ipso-alliance.org/

Analysts
Internet of Things

Gartner Group’s 5 IoT Architecture Types
From http://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/build-your-blueprint-for-the-internet-of-things/
and http://www.wi-next.com/2015/03/living-cloud-gateway-edge-iots-fragmented-future/
Thing-centric.   Things are smart on their own and store most of their data on-board. Things
are self-sufﬁcient and communicate to the Internet only for centralized coordination and
analysis.
Gateway-centric.   The gateway houses the application logic, stores data and communicates
with the Internet for the things that are connected to it. Things don’t have to be as smart,
because the gateway provides these resources.
Smartphone-centric.   The smartphone (or any mobile device) houses the application logic,
stores data and communicates with the Internet for the things that are connected to it. Things
don’t have to be as smart, because the smartphone provides these resources.
Cloud-centric.   The cloud will act as the central connection hub, power analytics and
provision data storage. Things don’t have to be as smart, because the cloud will provide these
resources.
Enterprise-centric.   Things are behind a ﬁrewall and are geographically colocated. There is
little need to extend out to the external Internet.
Reference: Gartner’s Top Ten IoT Technologies for 2017-2018 - http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3221818

Gartner Architectural Types Diagram
From http://www.slideshare.net/gschmutz/internet-of-things-are-traditional-architectures-good-enough

High Level Gartner IoT Platform Model
From http://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/clipboards/my-clips

IoT Reference Architecture FunctionalView from Deloitte
From http://dupress.com/articles/iot-primer-iot-technologies-applications/

IoT Cloud Reference Architecture
From http://iottechnology.com

Web Of Things (WOT) Architecture Model
From http://hollobit.github.io/swot-model/

Another Web Of Things (WOT) Architecture Model
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Things

Industry
Internet of Things

Reference Model from Cisco at IoT World Forum
From http://cdn.iotwf.com/resources/72/IoT_Reference_Model_04_June_2014.pdf
andjava.sys-con.com/node/3224693

Simpliﬁed Fog Computing Reference Architecture from Cisco
From http://thenewstack.io/developing-enterprise-strategy-internet-things/

IoT Reference Architecture from Oracle
From http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/machine-to-machine/iot-wp-2190408.pdf

IoT and Big Data Reference Architecture from Oracle
From http://www.slideshare.net/junsukseo946/0-2-oracle

IoT Reference Architecture from Microsoft
From http://www.slideshare.net/ilyas_it83/business-transformation-with-microsoft-azure-iot

A Data Flow Model from IBM
From https://developer.ibm.com/bluemix/2015/07/29/ibm-streaming-analytics-now-available-bluemix/

Reference Architecture for IoT Data Analytics from IBM
From http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/extracting-insights-internet-things-data-analytics-platforms

IoT Reference Architecture from Intel
From http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet-of-things/white-papers/iot-platform-reference-architecture-paper.html

Building Blocks of an IoT Platform from Trivadi

IoT Reference Architecture from Trivadi

IoT Reference Architecture from WS02
From http://wso2.com/wso2_resources/wso2_whitepaper_a-reference-architecture-for-the-internet-of-things.pdf

Vendor-Speciﬁc
IoT Architectures

Amazon IoT Architecture
From https://aws.amazon.com/iot-platform/how-it-works/

Amazon Green Grass Edge Processing
From https://aws.amazon.com/greengrass/

Microsoft Azure Gateway
From http://blogs.technet.com/b/dataplatforminsider/archive/2014/10/29/microsoft-adds-iot-streaming-analytics-data-production-and-workﬂow-services-to-azure.aspx

Intel IoT Reference Architecture
From https://theiotlearninginitiative.gitbooks.io/internetofthings101/documentation/Intel.html

From http://www.slideshare.net/IBMBluemix/using-watson-to-build-cognitive-io-t-apps-on-bluemix-ﬁnal
Cognitively Enabled IoT Solutions from IBM

IBM Watson IoT Architecture
From https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/iot-trs-secure-iot-solutions1/index.html

IoBridge Internet of Things Platform
From https://iobridge.com/technology/

IoT Architecture from Imagination
From http://blog.imgtec.com/communications/cloud-interfaces-and-software-requirements-in-iot

WSO2 Connected Device Management Framework
From https://www.slideshare.net/wso2.org/wso2con-usa-2015-wso2-platform-for-iot

Potential Standards

Fractured CPS Standards
From http://tinyurl.com/gv38c78

From http://www.slideshare.net/honbozhou/uniﬁed-middleware-for-internet-of-things
Internet of Things Standards Matrix

From https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/
IoT Standards and Protocols Channel Guide by Postscapes
The Channel Guide:
• Provides overview list of popular protocols and standards helping power IoT devices,
apps and applications
• Drills down on specific layers or industry specific protocols
• Lists head-to-head comparisons of popular protocols (ie: mqtt vs xmpp)
Protocols: The protocols are broken into the following layers to provide some level of
organization:
1. Infrastructure (ex: 6LowPAN, IPv4/IPv6, RPL)
2. Comms / Transport (ex:Wifi, Bluetooth, LPWAN)
3. Discovery (ex: Physical Web, mDNS, DNS-SD)
4. Data Protocols (ex: MQTT, CoAP,AMQP,Websocket, Node)
5. Device Management (ex:TR-069, OMA-DM)
6. Semantic (ex: JSON-LD,Web Thing Model)
7. Multi-layer Frameworks (ex:Alljoyn, IoTivity,Weave, Homekit)

From http://ontolog.cim3.net/ﬁle/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-04-13_14_OntologySummit2015_Symposium/Standard-for-IoT_WilliamMiller_2015-04-14.pdf
IEEE P21451 Standards

From http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/talks/Culler-CWSN.pptx
and http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols
Open Standards Reference Model

From http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelKoster/ietf91-ad-hoccoaplwm2mipso-4157527
An Internet of Things Standards Stack

From https://www.slideshare.net/michaeljohnkoster/iot-toolkit-and-the-smart-object-api-architecture-for-interoperability
Smart Object API IoT Toolkit Slide from Michael Koster
Reference XMPP-IoT vs MQTT - http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/feature/XMPP-IoT-protocol-winner-or-second-place-to-MQTT

Backup Slides from
James Albus of NIST
and Bob Marcus

Hierarchical Real-Time Control System (RCS) by Albus
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system

Rough CPS Hub-based Architecture for IoT from Marcus
Data
Data Data
Data
Data Data
CPS Hub
CPS Hub CPS Hub
CPS Hub
CPS Hub CPS Hub
Data
Commands
Commands CommandsCommands
Commands
Commands
SensorsActuators
Commands Commands
CommandsDataData
Data
Actuators ActuatorsSensors Sensors
Cloud
Fog
Edge

Node in a Hierarchical Control System from James Albus of NIST
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system

Node in Real-Time Control System (RCS) by Albus
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4D-RCS_Reference_Model_Architecture

External Data
Output Interface
External Data
Input Interface
Subsystem Framework
Provider (e.g. Data
Stores, Software and
Hardware Resources)
Subsystem Application
Provider (e.g. Analytics,
Services, Data Processing)
Subsystem Orchestrator
(e.g. Management of
Resources and
Processing)
Input Data
Service
Interfaces
CPS Hub Node from Bob Marcus
Output Data
Commands,
Messages,
Requests
Service
Interfaces
Commands,
Messages,
Requests
Data
Analytics
Results
External Control-related
Input Interface
External Control-Related
Output Interface

Security
System Management
Message
Processing
Data
Processing
Data
Storage
Coordinator
Data,
Status,
Alerts
Commands,
Queries
Peer
Messages
Peer
Data
Data,
Status,
Alerts
Commands,
Queries
Node in Possible Hierarchical RCS from Bob Marcus

Simple
Event
Processing
Complex
Event
Processing
Hierarchical C4ISR Flow Model from Bob Marcus
Preprocess
In
Input
Devices
u
World
Model
Update
New
World
Model
StrategyTactics
HQ
Operations
Field
Operations
Situation ImpactObject Process
Simple
Response
Complex
Response
Update Plan
Create New
Goals and Plan
Sensor and
Effects
Management
In
Actuator
Devices
Measurement
Field
Processors
Data Structured Data Information Knowledge Wisdom
Devices
Awareness
Decision
Adapted From http://www.et-strategies.com/great-global-grid/Events.pdf

Hierarchical System of Systems for Traffic Management from Marcus
Smart Vehicles e.g real-time data used to monitor and control vehicles
Smart Signal Cycle e.g setting signal timing to enhance traffic flow over days
Smart Traffic Flow e.g. using up to date data to improve traffic flow as in Waze
Smart Highway Planning e.g planning added capacity over months
Smart Traffic Rerouting e.g. planning for detours over weeks
An example of data analysis and control over different timescales

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