The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture involves 4 key stages: (1) networked sensors and actuators that collect data, (2) systems that aggregate and convert sensor data, (3) edge IT systems that perform initial data processing, and (4) data centers that analyze, manage and store the data. While IoT provides advantages like large data collection and time/cost savings, it also faces challenges regarding security, privacy, connectivity compatibility and ensuring device longevity.

3. HISTORY OF IOT
• The term internet of things is 19 years old. But the actual idea of connected
devices had been around longer, at least since the 70s.
• One of the first examples of an IOT is from the early 1980s, and was a coca cola
machine
• By the year 2013, the IOT had evolved into to a system using multiple
technologies, ranging from the internet to wireless communication and from
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to embedded systems.

5. IOT − KEY FEATURES
• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• CONNECTIVITY
• SENSORS
• ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT
• SMALL DEVICES

6. ARCHITECTURE
• STAGE 1 of an iot architecture consists of your networked things, typically wireless
sensors and actuators.
• STAGE 2 includes sensor data aggregation systems and analog-to-digital data
conversion.
• STAGE 3 consists of edge IT systems which perform preprocessing of the data
before it moves on to the data center or cloud.
• In STAGE 4, the data is analyzed, managed, and stored on traditional back-end data
center systems.

7. STAGE 1. SENSORS/ACTUATORS
• Sensors collect data from the environment or
object under measurement and turn it into useful
data.
• It covers everything from industrial devices to
robotic camera systems, water-level detectors, air
quality sensors, accelerometers, and heart rate
monitors.

8. STAGE 2. THE INTERNET GATEWAY
• The data collected from sensors , needs to
be aggregated and converted into digital
streams for further processing downstream ,
which is performed by DAS.
• The internet gateway receives the
aggregated and digitized data and routes it
over wi-fi, wired lans, or the internet, to
stage 3 systems for further processing.

9. STAGE 3. EDGE IT
• Once iot data has been digitized and aggregated, it's
ready to cross into the realm of IT.
• However, the data may require further processing
before it enters the data center. This is where edge
IT systems, which perform more analysis, come
into play.

10. STAGE 4. THE DATA CENTER
DATA THAT NEEDS MORE IN-DEPTH
PROCESSING, AND WHERE FEEDBACK
DOESN'T HAVE TO BE IMMEDIATE, GETS
FORWARDED TO PHYSICAL DATA CENTER
OR CLOUD-BASED SYSTEMS, WHERE MORE
POWERFUL IT SYSTEMS CAN ANALYZE,
MANAGE, AND SECURELY STORE THE
DATA.

11. APPLICATIONS
• HOME AUTOMATION
• SMART CITIES
• SMART WATER SYSTEMS
• SMART AGRICULTURE
• SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS
• SMART ENVIRONMENT
• ENERGY CONSERVATION
• HEALTH AND FITNESS

12. HOME AUTOMATION

19. SMART AGRICULTURE

22. 4 MAJOR TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
1. Security challenges:
• The hacking of baby monitors, smart fridges, Barbie dolls, drug infusion pumps, cameras and even
assault rifles are portending a security nightmare being caused by the future of IoT.
• If the IOT devices are poorly secured, cyber attackers will use them as entry points to cause harm to
other devices in the network.
2. Privacy issues:
• The possibility of tracking and surveillance of people by government and private agencies increases as
the devices are constantly connected to the internet.
• The stolen data can reveal information such as the consumer’s life pattern, which can become
very damaging if they fall into the hands of the wrong people.

23. 3. CONNECTIVITY CHALLENGES
• One of the biggest challenges for iot in the future is to connect large number of devices.
• But when networks grow to join billions and hundreds of billions of devices, centralized brokered systems
will turn into a bottleneck
4. COMPATIBILITYAND LONGEVITY CHALLENGES
• As an industry that is going through its baby steps, IoT is growing in many different directions,
with many different technologies competing to become the standard.
• Different technologies like ZigBee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and, Bluetooth Low Energy
(BTLE) are all battling to become the dominant transport mechanism between devices and hubs.

24. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF IOT
ADVANTAGES
• LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA
• TRACKING OF BOTH ON THE QUALITY
AND THE VIABILITY OF THINGS
• TIME SAVING
• MONEY SAVING
DISADVANTAGES
• COMPATIBILITY
• COMPLEXITY
• PRIVACY/SECURITY
• SAFETY

25. CONCLUSION
• IN CONCLUSION, THE INTERNET OF THINGS IS CLOSER TO BEING IMPLEMENTED
THAN THE AVERAGE PERSON WOULD THINK.
• THE MAIN REASONS WHY IT HAS NOT TRULY BEEN IMPLEMENTED IS THE IMPACT
IT WILL HAVE ON THE LEGAL, ETHICAL, SECURITY AND SOCIAL FIELDS.
• FOR THESE REASONS, THE INTERNET OF THINGS MAY VERY WELL BE PUSHED
BACK LONGER THAN IT TRULY NEEDS TO BE.

26. END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU