Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or signal into another. Some common examples of transducers include microphones, which convert sound waves into electrical signals, and photovoltaic cells, which convert light into electrical energy. Transducers have a wide range of applications including sensors, medical devices, communication systems, and industrial automation. They are essential components of many electronic devices and systems.
This document discusses key elements of IoT including common devices used in IoT (Raspberry Pi, Arduino), sensing technologies (Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, WiFi), power sources, data management, and challenges in IoT like design, development, security and other challenges. It provides details on Raspberry Pi, sensors and actuators, communication standards like Zigbee and RFID, and gateways. Examples of IoT applications are also mentioned.
A switch is a networking device that filters and forwards packets between ports. Unmanaged switches allow devices to connect without configuration, while managed switches can be customized through settings like VLANs and bandwidth allocation. Switches are more advanced than hubs as they can direct traffic to specific ports, improving network efficiency compared to hubs which broadcast all traffic to all ports. Common switch types include unmanaged switches for home networks, smart switches with basic web interfaces, and fully managed enterprise switches for large networks.
Here is the table with the characteristics of the given access technologies:
Access Technology | Wired/Wireless | Frequency Band | Topology | Range | Data Rate
-|-|-|-|-|-
IEEE 802.15.4 | Wireless | 2.4GHz ISM band | Star, Mesh | 10-100m | 20-250 kbps
IEEE 802.15.4g | Wireless | Sub-1GHz ISM bands | Star, Mesh | 100-1000m | 20-250 kbps
IEEE 1901.2a | Wired | Broadband over powerline | Star | Within building | Up to 500 Mbps
IEEE 802.11ah | Wireless | Sub-1GHz ISM bands |
Intelligent Device TO Device Communication Using IoTIJCERT
Internet is becoming the most intrinsic part of the human life. There are many users of the internet but the devices will be the main users in the Internet of Things (IoT). These devices communicate with each other efficiently and gather the information to transfer the data to particular device. The quality of this information depends on how smart the devices are. IoT coverage is very wide and consists of the things or devices connected in network like camera, android phones, sensors etc. Once all these devices are connected with each other, they are capable of processing smartly and satisfying basic needs of environment. Thus the communication between the devices is achieved using various technologies and devices.
The document discusses key characteristics to consider when selecting hardware for IoT projects, including data acquisition and control, data processing and storage, connectivity, and power management. It provides examples of microcontroller development boards like Arduino Uno and ESP8266-01, and single board computers like Raspberry Pi 4 and BeagleBone Black. The document advises determining requirements for sensors, output components, data protocols, and networking before selecting a microcontroller or single board computer as the core device. Security, ease of development, and other factors should also be considered.
The document defines Internet of Things (IoT) and describes its key characteristics and components. IoT is a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data. Key aspects include devices being dynamic, self-configuring, using interoperable communication protocols, having unique identities, and being integrated into information networks. The physical design of IoT includes "things" or devices and communication protocols, while the logical design covers functional blocks, communication models, and APIs.
The document discusses various topics related to the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by defining IoT as connecting physical objects to the internet. It notes that IoT devices include appliances, vehicles, phones, sensors, and more. The document then discusses common wireless technologies used in IoT like WiFi, Bluetooth, and infrared. It explains how these technologies work and provides examples of devices that use each one. Finally, it covers different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, comparing their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses key elements of IoT including common devices used in IoT (Raspberry Pi, Arduino), sensing technologies (Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, WiFi), power sources, data management, and challenges in IoT like design, development, security and other challenges. It provides details on Raspberry Pi, sensors and actuators, communication standards like Zigbee and RFID, and gateways. Examples of IoT applications are also mentioned.
A switch is a networking device that filters and forwards packets between ports. Unmanaged switches allow devices to connect without configuration, while managed switches can be customized through settings like VLANs and bandwidth allocation. Switches are more advanced than hubs as they can direct traffic to specific ports, improving network efficiency compared to hubs which broadcast all traffic to all ports. Common switch types include unmanaged switches for home networks, smart switches with basic web interfaces, and fully managed enterprise switches for large networks.
Here is the table with the characteristics of the given access technologies:
Access Technology | Wired/Wireless | Frequency Band | Topology | Range | Data Rate
-|-|-|-|-|-
IEEE 802.15.4 | Wireless | 2.4GHz ISM band | Star, Mesh | 10-100m | 20-250 kbps
IEEE 802.15.4g | Wireless | Sub-1GHz ISM bands | Star, Mesh | 100-1000m | 20-250 kbps
IEEE 1901.2a | Wired | Broadband over powerline | Star | Within building | Up to 500 Mbps
IEEE 802.11ah | Wireless | Sub-1GHz ISM bands |
Intelligent Device TO Device Communication Using IoTIJCERT
Internet is becoming the most intrinsic part of the human life. There are many users of the internet but the devices will be the main users in the Internet of Things (IoT). These devices communicate with each other efficiently and gather the information to transfer the data to particular device. The quality of this information depends on how smart the devices are. IoT coverage is very wide and consists of the things or devices connected in network like camera, android phones, sensors etc. Once all these devices are connected with each other, they are capable of processing smartly and satisfying basic needs of environment. Thus the communication between the devices is achieved using various technologies and devices.
The document discusses key characteristics to consider when selecting hardware for IoT projects, including data acquisition and control, data processing and storage, connectivity, and power management. It provides examples of microcontroller development boards like Arduino Uno and ESP8266-01, and single board computers like Raspberry Pi 4 and BeagleBone Black. The document advises determining requirements for sensors, output components, data protocols, and networking before selecting a microcontroller or single board computer as the core device. Security, ease of development, and other factors should also be considered.
The document defines Internet of Things (IoT) and describes its key characteristics and components. IoT is a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data. Key aspects include devices being dynamic, self-configuring, using interoperable communication protocols, having unique identities, and being integrated into information networks. The physical design of IoT includes "things" or devices and communication protocols, while the logical design covers functional blocks, communication models, and APIs.
The document discusses various topics related to the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by defining IoT as connecting physical objects to the internet. It notes that IoT devices include appliances, vehicles, phones, sensors, and more. The document then discusses common wireless technologies used in IoT like WiFi, Bluetooth, and infrared. It explains how these technologies work and provides examples of devices that use each one. Finally, it covers different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, comparing their advantages and disadvantages.
The smart home automated control system is an integrated system to facilitate elderly and disabled people with an easy-to-use home automation system that can be fully operated based on android application. The system is portable and constructed in a way that is easy to install, configure, run, and maintain. A typical wireless smart home automation system allows one to control house hold appliances centralize control unit which is wireless.
ARPANET was the first wide-area packet switching network developed in the late 1960s under the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). It served as the basis for today's internet by linking computers located at Pentagon-funded research institutions. A computer network connects computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers or internet access. The main types of computer networks are LAN, PAN, MAN and WAN, which differ based on the maximum distance they can connect and examples of each are provided.
IRJET- Multi Plug Control using Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-plug control system using Internet of Things (IoT). The system allows users to control home appliances like lights and fans remotely through a mobile app and the internet. It uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to a WiFi module to receive commands from the app over the internet and control relays connected to devices. The system aims to automate homes and save energy by allowing remote control of devices from anywhere through the internet-connected microcontroller. It provides advantages over manual systems like saving time and being able to control devices from anywhere in the world.
The document discusses a smart home system based on 6LowPAN. It first defines IoT and describes how devices will be connected through communications infrastructure to provide services. It then discusses how 6LowPAN allows IPv6 packets to be carried efficiently within small link layer frames, enabling communication between devices. The proposed smart home system architecture uses 6LowPAN to implement a low-power wireless network between sensors and controllers that can remotely monitor and control home appliances and systems.
This document describes a smart home automation project using voice recognition and an Android application. The project uses a microcontroller and Bluetooth module to receive voice commands from the Android app and control electrical appliances like lights and fans. When a user issues a voice command through the app, the Bluetooth module receives the command and sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the appliances based on the command. The system allows users to control multiple loads securely using voice recognition on a mobile device without needing a separate remote control.
The document describes a home automation system using a Node MCU and WiFi technology. The system allows users to control appliances and sensors in their home remotely through a web server or mobile application. It consists of a Node MCU module connected to sensors and actuators through a relay board. The system is scalable, allowing one server to manage multiple hardware interfaces across a WiFi network. It provides a flexible alternative to commercial home automation systems.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It discusses what a network is and some key advantages and disadvantages of networking. It then describes different types of networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, and WLAN. It also covers network addressing schemes including network classes and subnetting. Finally, it discusses the hierarchical IP addressing scheme used to efficiently route traffic on large networks like the Internet.
The document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT), including its definition, characteristics, physical design, enabling technologies, and communication models. Some key points:
- IoT comprises "things" that have unique identities and are connected to the internet, including devices not traditionally associated with the internet. Experts forecast 50 billion connected devices by 2020.
- IoT has dynamic and self-configuring capabilities. Devices use interoperable communication protocols and have unique identities.
- The physical design of IoT includes "things" like sensors and devices. Protocols at different layers like Ethernet, WiFi, TCP, and HTTP enable communication.
- The logical design includes functional blocks for identification
Bluetooth Based Smart Sensor Network By SAIKIRAN PANJALASaikiran Panjala
This document discusses Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks. It describes how Bluetooth can be used for short-range communication between sensors and a gateway. The gateway acts as an interface between the sensors and end users, collecting data from the sensors using various communication protocols and making it available in a structured format. Several applications of wireless sensor networks are mentioned, along with considerations for using Bluetooth in sensor networks like its widespread availability and support for automatic discovery and connection setup.
ARPANET was the first wide-area packet switching network developed in the late 1960s under the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). It served as the basis for today's internet and initially linked computers located at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines. A computer network connects computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers or internet access. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Key components of computer networks include hardware like network interface cards (NICs), cables, routers, switches and software.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It discusses how LANs connect devices within a small area like an office using switches, and how WANs connect LANs across large distances using technologies like telephone lines. Wireless networks allow device connectivity without cables using radio waves. The importance of networking is described as enabling resource sharing and communication between computers. Communication devices like modems and features of networking such as file sharing, backup/recovery, and security are also summarized.
A network connects two or more computers to share resources like printers and internet access. Key network devices include routers, switches, and network interface cards (NICs). Routers direct data packets between networks by reading the destination address. Switches send data packets only to the correct destination computer, reducing network traffic. NICs prepare data for transmission and control data flow between the computer and network. Usernames and passwords authenticate users and prevent unauthorized access. Strong passwords using letters, numbers and symbols are more secure against cracking than weak passwords.
The document outlines the syllabus for a course on Internet of Things (IoT) essentials. It covers 5 units: (1) an introduction to IoT including definitions, characteristics and protocols; (2) IoT design methodology and architecture; (3) elements and challenges of building IoT devices; (4) cloud offerings for IoT; and (5) applications of IoT such as retail, healthcare, transportation and smart cities. It also lists experiments and references books related to learning IoT.
What is a Computer Network?
Characteristics of a computer network
Network Cables
Distributors
Routers
Internal Network Cards
External Network Cards
Intranet
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Internetwork
Point-to-Point
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
This document provides information about an IoT home automation project presented by two students. It introduces IoT as connecting devices to the internet for identification and data transfer without human interaction. The project uses a Node MCU microcontroller with WiFi to control home appliances remotely and monitor temperatures. It works by connecting the Node MCU to a WiFi router and sending commands via an online platform. The document discusses the Node MCU's advantages like low cost, Arduino compatibility and integrated WiFi. It also lists disadvantages such as relying on an internet connection and third-party servers. Potential applications are listed as general IoT uses, remote hardware control and sensor data display.
This document discusses design aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins with an introduction that defines IoT as connecting devices over the internet to control things remotely and make life easier. Key points include IoT allowing any thing, place, and time connections. By 2020, it is estimated that 50 billion objects will be connected. The document then discusses technologies used in IoT like RFID, Bluetooth, and WiFi. It also addresses open challenges like interoperability, scalability, and security. The proposed architecture includes network, system, and device levels. Changes to the IPv6 protocol are suggested to address issues with addressing billions of devices. The document concludes by outlining how the proposed approach could benefit IoT applications
lecture 6 history containing modern events of freedom fightingChandraPrakash715640
This document provides biographical information about Gopal Krishna Gokhale and discusses his role in the Indian independence movement.
1) Gokhale was born in 1866 and had a very successful early career, becoming a professor at 18 and secretary of various political organizations in his 20s and 30s. He was mentored by Mahadev Govind Ranade and fought for greater Indian political representation.
2) Gokhale co-founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 to train Indians for public service. He presided over the Indian National Congress session in 1905.
3) Gokhale was a moderate leader who advocated for self-government through constitutional means. He was
The smart home automated control system is an integrated system to facilitate elderly and disabled people with an easy-to-use home automation system that can be fully operated based on android application. The system is portable and constructed in a way that is easy to install, configure, run, and maintain. A typical wireless smart home automation system allows one to control house hold appliances centralize control unit which is wireless.
ARPANET was the first wide-area packet switching network developed in the late 1960s under the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). It served as the basis for today's internet by linking computers located at Pentagon-funded research institutions. A computer network connects computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers or internet access. The main types of computer networks are LAN, PAN, MAN and WAN, which differ based on the maximum distance they can connect and examples of each are provided.
IRJET- Multi Plug Control using Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-plug control system using Internet of Things (IoT). The system allows users to control home appliances like lights and fans remotely through a mobile app and the internet. It uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to a WiFi module to receive commands from the app over the internet and control relays connected to devices. The system aims to automate homes and save energy by allowing remote control of devices from anywhere through the internet-connected microcontroller. It provides advantages over manual systems like saving time and being able to control devices from anywhere in the world.
The document discusses a smart home system based on 6LowPAN. It first defines IoT and describes how devices will be connected through communications infrastructure to provide services. It then discusses how 6LowPAN allows IPv6 packets to be carried efficiently within small link layer frames, enabling communication between devices. The proposed smart home system architecture uses 6LowPAN to implement a low-power wireless network between sensors and controllers that can remotely monitor and control home appliances and systems.
This document describes a smart home automation project using voice recognition and an Android application. The project uses a microcontroller and Bluetooth module to receive voice commands from the Android app and control electrical appliances like lights and fans. When a user issues a voice command through the app, the Bluetooth module receives the command and sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the appliances based on the command. The system allows users to control multiple loads securely using voice recognition on a mobile device without needing a separate remote control.
The document describes a home automation system using a Node MCU and WiFi technology. The system allows users to control appliances and sensors in their home remotely through a web server or mobile application. It consists of a Node MCU module connected to sensors and actuators through a relay board. The system is scalable, allowing one server to manage multiple hardware interfaces across a WiFi network. It provides a flexible alternative to commercial home automation systems.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It discusses what a network is and some key advantages and disadvantages of networking. It then describes different types of networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, and WLAN. It also covers network addressing schemes including network classes and subnetting. Finally, it discusses the hierarchical IP addressing scheme used to efficiently route traffic on large networks like the Internet.
The document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT), including its definition, characteristics, physical design, enabling technologies, and communication models. Some key points:
- IoT comprises "things" that have unique identities and are connected to the internet, including devices not traditionally associated with the internet. Experts forecast 50 billion connected devices by 2020.
- IoT has dynamic and self-configuring capabilities. Devices use interoperable communication protocols and have unique identities.
- The physical design of IoT includes "things" like sensors and devices. Protocols at different layers like Ethernet, WiFi, TCP, and HTTP enable communication.
- The logical design includes functional blocks for identification
Bluetooth Based Smart Sensor Network By SAIKIRAN PANJALASaikiran Panjala
This document discusses Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks. It describes how Bluetooth can be used for short-range communication between sensors and a gateway. The gateway acts as an interface between the sensors and end users, collecting data from the sensors using various communication protocols and making it available in a structured format. Several applications of wireless sensor networks are mentioned, along with considerations for using Bluetooth in sensor networks like its widespread availability and support for automatic discovery and connection setup.
ARPANET was the first wide-area packet switching network developed in the late 1960s under the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). It served as the basis for today's internet and initially linked computers located at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines. A computer network connects computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers or internet access. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Key components of computer networks include hardware like network interface cards (NICs), cables, routers, switches and software.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It discusses how LANs connect devices within a small area like an office using switches, and how WANs connect LANs across large distances using technologies like telephone lines. Wireless networks allow device connectivity without cables using radio waves. The importance of networking is described as enabling resource sharing and communication between computers. Communication devices like modems and features of networking such as file sharing, backup/recovery, and security are also summarized.
A network connects two or more computers to share resources like printers and internet access. Key network devices include routers, switches, and network interface cards (NICs). Routers direct data packets between networks by reading the destination address. Switches send data packets only to the correct destination computer, reducing network traffic. NICs prepare data for transmission and control data flow between the computer and network. Usernames and passwords authenticate users and prevent unauthorized access. Strong passwords using letters, numbers and symbols are more secure against cracking than weak passwords.
The document outlines the syllabus for a course on Internet of Things (IoT) essentials. It covers 5 units: (1) an introduction to IoT including definitions, characteristics and protocols; (2) IoT design methodology and architecture; (3) elements and challenges of building IoT devices; (4) cloud offerings for IoT; and (5) applications of IoT such as retail, healthcare, transportation and smart cities. It also lists experiments and references books related to learning IoT.
What is a Computer Network?
Characteristics of a computer network
Network Cables
Distributors
Routers
Internal Network Cards
External Network Cards
Intranet
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Internetwork
Point-to-Point
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
This document provides information about an IoT home automation project presented by two students. It introduces IoT as connecting devices to the internet for identification and data transfer without human interaction. The project uses a Node MCU microcontroller with WiFi to control home appliances remotely and monitor temperatures. It works by connecting the Node MCU to a WiFi router and sending commands via an online platform. The document discusses the Node MCU's advantages like low cost, Arduino compatibility and integrated WiFi. It also lists disadvantages such as relying on an internet connection and third-party servers. Potential applications are listed as general IoT uses, remote hardware control and sensor data display.
This document discusses design aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins with an introduction that defines IoT as connecting devices over the internet to control things remotely and make life easier. Key points include IoT allowing any thing, place, and time connections. By 2020, it is estimated that 50 billion objects will be connected. The document then discusses technologies used in IoT like RFID, Bluetooth, and WiFi. It also addresses open challenges like interoperability, scalability, and security. The proposed architecture includes network, system, and device levels. Changes to the IPv6 protocol are suggested to address issues with addressing billions of devices. The document concludes by outlining how the proposed approach could benefit IoT applications
lecture 6 history containing modern events of freedom fightingChandraPrakash715640
This document provides biographical information about Gopal Krishna Gokhale and discusses his role in the Indian independence movement.
1) Gokhale was born in 1866 and had a very successful early career, becoming a professor at 18 and secretary of various political organizations in his 20s and 30s. He was mentored by Mahadev Govind Ranade and fought for greater Indian political representation.
2) Gokhale co-founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 to train Indians for public service. He presided over the Indian National Congress session in 1905.
3) Gokhale was a moderate leader who advocated for self-government through constitutional means. He was
The electrodynamometer is a moving-coil instrument that uses a fixed coil to produce a magnetic field, rather than a permanent magnet. It can be used as an ammeter, voltmeter, or wattmeter for both AC and DC measurements up to 125Hz. It provides very high accuracy and is used in laboratories for calibrating other instruments. The moving coil is subjected to a torque based on the current in the fixed and moving coils and their mutual inductance. While expensive, it has advantages of being usable for both AC and DC and being free from hysteresis and eddy current losses due to its air-cored coils. However, it has low sensitivity and torque.
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or signal into another. Some common examples of transducers include microphones, which convert sound waves into electrical signals, and photovoltaic cells, which convert light into electrical energy. Transducers have a wide range of applications including sensors, medical devices, communication systems, and industrial automation. They are essential components of many electronic devices and systems.
The document discusses the basic building blocks and components of an Internet of Things (IoT) system. It identifies the four main building blocks as sensors, processors, gateways, and applications. Sensors collect data from surroundings. Processors process and analyze the sensor data. Gateways route the processed data and provide network connectivity. Applications are used to utilize the collected data and provide services to users. The document also defines an IoT platform as a mediator between physical objects and actionable insights, enabling the collection, storage, analysis and management of data from connected devices.
This document discusses the history, definition, and applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins with a brief history of IoT, noting that the term was coined in 1999 and became widely accepted in the 2000s. It then defines IoT as a system of interconnected devices that can transfer data over a network without human interaction. Finally, it provides examples of how IoT is used in various applications such as environmental monitoring, transportation, manufacturing, energy management, and more.
The document contains two physics questions related to kinematics. The first question asks to find the distance traveled and average velocity using a velocity-time plot for the first 40 seconds. The second question asks to calculate the distance traveled by a car going 54 km/h after the driver sees the need to brake, given a 0.20 second reaction time and 6.0 m/s^2 deceleration from the brakes.
The document contains 4 physics questions related to kinematics: calculating average acceleration of a particle changing direction, displacement of an airplane moving in different directions, time taken for a train to cross a bridge, and speed of an object given its acceleration-time curve. The questions provide scenarios and ask to determine various kinematic values like acceleration, displacement, time, and speed.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
2. Transducers
Transducers are devices or systems that can convert one form of energy or signal into
another. In general, a transducer can be defined as any device that converts a physical
quantity or signal into an electrical signal.
Some examples of transducers include:
1.Microphones: convert sound waves into electrical signals.
2.Speakers: convert electrical signals into sound waves.
3.Thermocouples: convert temperature differences into electrical voltages.
4.Photovoltaic cells: convert light into electrical energy.
5.Accelerometers: convert mechanical acceleration into an electrical signal.
Transducers are used in a wide range of applications, including sensors, medical
devices, communication systems, and industrial automation. They are an essential
component of many electronic devices and systems.
3. Sensor Transducer
A sensor is a device that detects a change in a
physical environment.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into
another.
A sensor is not necessarily a transducer. Every transducer includes a sensor as a component.
A sensor itself is a component.
Transducer is made of a sensor and a signal conditioning
circuit.
Sensor converts physical quantities or energy into
non-electrical signal.
A transducer converts physical quantity or energy into an
electrical signal.
A sensor requires an additional circuit to process its
output signal into a readable form.
A transducer does not require any processing circuit. Its
output is directly interfaced with a device or display.
A sensor’s output is analog in nature. A transducer can generate analog as well as a digital output.
A sensor’s output cannot be directly applied to any
other system.
A transducer’s output can be directly connected to another
system.
A sensor does not require external power to operate.
A passive transducer requires an external power source to
operate.
A sensor cannot be bidirectional i.e. it only converts
physical quantities into readable form.
A transducer is bidirectional. It can also convert electrical
signal into physical quantities called an inverse transducer.
A sensor is a simple device.
A transducer has a complicated electrical circuit used for
energy conversion.
Examples of sensors are thermometer, pressure Examples of transducers are thermistor, potentiometer,
4. IOT DEVELOPMENT BOARD
An IoT (Internet of Things) development board is a hardware platform that is
designed to provide a convenient and cost-effective way for developers to create
and prototype IoT devices and applications. It typically consists of a
microcontroller or microprocessor, sensors and/or actuators, wireless
connectivity, and various other components required for interfacing with the
physical world and connecting to the internet. They offer a wide range of features
and capabilities, and the choice of the board depends on the specific
requirements of the project.
Wireless connectivity is a critical feature of IoT development boards, allowing
them to connect to the internet and interact with cloud-based services and other
devices. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are the most common wireless protocols used, but
some boards also support cellular connectivity, LoRa, and other long-range
wireless technologies.
5. Programming and development environments for IoT development boards vary,
with some boards using familiar programming languages like C++ and Python,
while others may require more specialized languages or development
environments. However, many boards support Arduino IDE, which is an open-
source integrated development environment used for programming Arduino
boards and other compatible microcontrollers.
6. Some popular IoT development boards include:
1. Arduino
1. Open-source electronics prototyping platform
2. The simplest and the beginner’s choice.
3. To create interactively (IoT) electronic applications
4. It is the first microcontroller based development board
5. Easy to program for beginners by Arduino IDE
6. It is available in various form factors, such as the Arduino Uno, Arduino
Nano, and Arduino Mega
7. Set up – procedure:
1.It itself has 0.5KB of the boot loader that makes the program be burned into
the circuit.
2.All we have to play with Arduino is to download the Arduino software and
start the code.
3.The Arduino programs are called sketches
4.Basic Arduino language: C/C++
Advantages:
1.Inexpensive
2.Cross-platform/Multiplatform
3.Flexible and easy prototyping
4.Provides pre-wiring and free code libraries
5.More reliable for hardware applications
8. 2. Raspberry pi
1.Palm-sized computer
2.Constructed with the educational goal
3.Easy even for non-technical user
4.Main storage is by SD card
5.Runs on customized Debian Linux called Raspbian OS
6.Allows installing all packages such as Node.js, Python, and so on.
7.It has 4 USB ports (Universal Serial Bus for data transfer) and 40 GPIO
pins (General Purpose Input/Output pins) to be connected with many
peripheral friends.
8.HDMI port High Definition Multimedia Interface (to transmit audio and video
signals between an HDMI enabled monitor and receiver) to hook
up A/V sources.
9. Set up – procedure:
1.Any one of the bootable operating systems is needed to be written on an
SD card using apps.
2.Then connect the display, keyboard, and mouse to the Pi just like that to
make it a normal computer.
3.The Pi supports video output which can be hooked to a monitor or even TV
using an HDMI port that provides the normal computer’s abilities.
4.Then the necessary action code is done with the help of any specified
applications.
5.Basic Raspi language: python, scratch
10. Advantages:
1.Multiple tasks at a time like a computer
2.Easiest internet connectivity
3.Works on GUI (Graphical User Interface) mode because of HDMI port.
4.Best suited for server-based applications i.e., can be connected
via SSH– Secure Shell-to access the Rpi command line remotely
and file sharing via FTP–File Transfer Protocol.
5.More reliable for software applications.
11. 3. ESP32
A powerful Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-enabled microcontroller that is designed for
IoT applications. It has a dual-core processor, various sensors and
interfaces, and can be programmed using the Arduino IDE or the ESP-IDF
development framework.
4. Particle Photon
An IoT development board that provides cloud connectivity out of the box. It
is based on the STM32 microcontroller and has built-in Wi-Fi, a range of
sensors and interfaces, and can be programmed using the Particle cloud-
based development environment.
12. 5. BeagleBone
A single-board computer that runs a full Linux operating system and
has built-in Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity. It has a powerful ARM
processor, various sensors and interfaces, and can be used for a wide
range of applications, from robotics to industrial automation.
13. Computer networks that are not connected by cables are called wireless
networks. They generally use radio waves for communication between
the network nodes. They allow devices to be connected to the network
while roaming around within the network coverage.
14. Types of Wireless Networks
1. Wireless LANs − Connects two or more network devices using
wireless distribution techniques.
2. Wireless MANs − Connects two or more wireless LANs spreading
over a metropolitan area.
3. Wireless WANs − Connects large areas comprising LANs, MANs and
personal networks.
Examples of wireless networks
• Mobile phone networks
• Wireless sensor networks
• Satellite communication networks
• Terrestrial microwave networks
15. Advantages of Wireless Networks
1. It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and cables.
2. It increases the mobility of network devices connected to the system since
the devices need not be connected to each other.
3. Accessing network devices from any location within the network coverage
or Wi-Fi hotspot becomes convenient since laying out cables is not
needed.
4. Installation and setup of wireless networks are easier.
5. New devices can be easily connected to the existing setup since they
needn’t be wired to the present equipment. Also, the number of equipment
that can be added or removed to the system can vary considerably since
they are not limited by the cable capacity. This makes wireless networks
very scalable.
6. Wireless networks require very limited or no wires. Thus, it reduces the
equipment and setup costs.
16. What is a Wi-Fi or wireless network vs. a wired network?
• A wireless network allows devices to stay connected to the network but roam
untethered to any wires. Access points amplify Wi-Fi signals, so a device can
be far from a router but still be connected to the network. When you connect
to a Wi-Fi hotspot at a cafe, a hotel, an airport lounge, or another public
place, you're connecting to that business's wireless network.
• A wired network uses cables to connect devices, such as laptop or desktop
computers, to the Internet or another network. A wired network has some
disadvantages when compared to a wireless network. The biggest
disadvantage is that your device is tethered to a router. The most common
wired networks use cables connected at one end to an Ethernet port on the
network router and at the other end to a computer or other device.
• Previously it was thought that wired networks were faster and more secure
than wireless networks. But continual enhancements to wireless network
technology such as the Wi-Fi 6 networking standard have eroded speed and
security differences between wired and wireless networks.
17. How to deploy a wireless network
1. Centralized Deployment: The most common type of wireless network
system, centralized deployments are traditionally used in campuses where
buildings and networks are in close proximity. This deployment
consolidates the wireless network, which makes upgrades easier and
facilitates advanced wireless functionality. Controllers are based on-
premises and are installed in a centralized location.
2. Converged Deployment: For small campuses or branch offices,
converged deployments offer consistency in wireless and wired
connections. This deployment converges wired and wireless on one
network device—an access switch and performs the dual role of both
switch and wireless controller.
3. Cloud-Based Deployment :This system uses the cloud to manage
network devices deployed on-premises at different locations. The solution
requires Cisco Meraki cloud-managed devices, which provide full visibility
of the network through their dashboards.