INVESTIGATION LECTURE CLASSOOM VENTILATION

1. FYP TITLE:
INVESTIGATE LECTURE CLASSROOM
VENTILATION RATE IN TROPICAL ZONE
• Student name : Kamarul Hisyam bin Mat Jan
• Student id : 50211219223
• Supervisor name : Mr. Ng Wen Bin

2. INTRODUCTION.
• Tropical climate is one of the five major climate groups in the
Köppen climate classification. Tropical climates are characterized by
monthly average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher year-round
and feature hot temperatures. Annual precipitation is often abundant
in tropical climates, and shows a seasonal rhythm to varying degrees.
There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet (rainy)
season and a dry season. The annual temperature range in tropical
climates is normally very small. Sunlight is intense. Tropical climates
normally have only two seasons, a wet season and a dry season.
Depending on the location of the region, the wet and dry seasons are
a varying duration. Annual temperature changes in the tropics are
small. The humidity for all year is very high.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Many researcher measure for the assessment of ventilation rate
(VR) and ventilation strategies in educational buildings.
• Some researcher also measures in VR due to IAQ requirement
(Biler et al., 2018) (Southall et al. 2018) (Mary Myla Andamon et
al. 2018).
• Many researchers have shown that that high CO2
concentrations decrease students’ productivity SM et al. (2018).
Liu et al. (2019) reported that an indoor CO2 concentration
below 800 ppm could decrease SBS.

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Research for ventilation rate many do in European, US and
India. However, not many studies investigate classroom
ventilation rate in tropical zone. So, this purposed of this
project to study the relationship between classroom ventilation
rate and relative humidity in the classroom for tropical zone.

5. OBJECTIVE.
• To Investigate relationship between ventilation rate and
humidity.
• To determine optimum ventilation rate for lecture classroom in
tropical regions.

6. SCOPE OF WORK
• Location of this study at Institut
Kemahiran MARA Besut, Terengganu.
• This study do at lecture classroom
with 20 students and 1 lecturer.
• Investigate relationship between
ventilation rate and humidity in
lecture classroom.
• Optimized ventilation rate for lecture
classroom in tropical regions.

7. LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSION
Indoor Air Quality in Classrooms: Environmental
Measures and Effective Ventilation Rate Modeling in
Urban Elementary Schools
David L. Johnson, Robert A.
Lynch, Evan L. Floyd, Jun
Wang, and Jacob N. Bartels
2018
The purpose of this work
was to characterize IAQ in
elementary school
classrooms and estimate
average effective fresh air
ventilation rates under cold,
mild, and warm season
conditions.
Results indicated the schools to have generally adequate
temperature control, extremely low non-occupant
related pollutants, and little to no incursion of outdoor
vehicle-related pollutants.
However, there was a lack of adequate fresh air
ventilation in many cases, perhaps to the detriment of
academic performance.
Ventilation adequacy varied within many schools across
seasons but with no consistent pattern, perhaps
reflecting variations in class size as well as seasonal
demands on the HVAC systems and/or HVAC seasonal
operating mode.
A field study of the individual and combined effect of
ventilation rate and lighting conditions on pupils’
performance
Christian A. Hviid, Christian
Pedersen, Kent Helmann
Dabelsteen
A field lab study was
conducted to determine how
much the indoor climate
parameters, ventilation and
lighting, influence children’s
academic abilities.
The scenarios showed that processing speed (6.6%,
P<0.001), concentration (8.3%, P<0.001) and math
skills (11.8%, P<0.006), improved the most in the
combined scenario with high ventilation rate and
dynamic cool lighting.
The scenarios also indicated that the processing speed
and concentration metrics were boosted when both
ventilation and lighting was improved.

8. LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSION
Estimation and analysis of ventilation rates
in schools in Indian context: IAQ and
Indoor Environmental Quality
Sandhiya Jayakumar1 and
Michael G Apte1
The primary focus of this
research is to estimate the
ventilation rates in schools in
Ahmedabad by using carbon
dioxide (CO2) exhaled by the
occupants, using steady state
mass balance method
The air flow in the naturally ventilated classrooms was
between 61.5 l/s per person to 15.6 l/s per person. The air
flow in air-conditioned classrooms was 0.9 l/s per person
and 1.0 l/s per person. The air flow in naturally ventilated
classrooms are excessively high, more than meeting
prescribed rates, while air flow in air-conditioned
classrooms is far below the prescribed outdoor air rate per
person as provided in ASHRAE 62.1: 2016 [1] and in the
Bureau of Indian Standards [2].
Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide
Concentrations and Ventilation Rates in
Elementary, Middle, and High Schools
Youngtae Choe*, Jung Heo*,
Jinhyeon Park*, Eunchae
Kim*, Hyoensu Ryu*, Dong
Jun Kim*, Mansu Cho*,
Chaekwan Lee**, Jongdae
Lee***, and Wonho Yang
This study measured the
concentration of CO2 in
elementary, middle, and high
school classrooms over six
months. The seasons during
the study were summer, fall,
and winter. Sensor-based
monitoring was used and the
basic characteristics of the
classroom were investigated.
The average CO2 concentration measured in most schools
exceeded 1000 ppm. The ventilation rates varied from
season to season. Compared to the recommended
ventilation rate of 4.9 ACH, the roughly 3 ACH calculated
in this study indicates that most schools possessed
insufficient ventilation.

9. METHODOLOGY
• Identify relationship between ventilation rate and humidity.
• On-site sampling included monitoring levels of CO2,
temperature, relative humidity, and air change rate. A
continuous monitor measuring temperature, relative humidity,
and CO2 levels were placed in one classroom. The continuous
monitoring data proved to be most useful to determine and
predict the impact of excess humidity on the classroom.

10. METHODOLOGY
• Optimized ventilation rate for lecture classroom in tropical regions.
• The six-page comfort survey (Appendix A) used in this study has questions
in several categories. Some of the thermal comfort questions emulate classic
thermal comfort field studies which asked subjects to assess their comfort
on a variety of subjective scales, especially the ASHRAE 7-point thermal
sensation scale. Most studies use this scale to determine neutral
temperature, a temperature (ET* or Top) at which the greatest percentage of
people are expected to vote within the central “neutral” category of the
sensation scale. In addition to personal thermal comfort questions, the
questionnaire also included queries about indoor air quality and the
influence of environmental factors on classwork.

11. METHODOLOGY
• Optimized ventilation rate for lecture classroom in tropical regions.
• Combining the questions of past thermal comfort surveys and recasting
them into the school context led to seven sections: personal comfort,
environmental conditions, indoor air quality, clothing responses, and
general background information. Thematically these sections fall into four
sections of inquiry:
• Thermal comfort
• Classroom Environment
• Clothing
• Open-ended Questions
•

12. EXPECTED RESULT
20-Apr9.30 am
10:00
AM
10.45
am
11.30
am
12.15
pm
Velocity (ft/min) 72 73 76 68 62
Air flow (l/sec) 32 55 70 82 96
Air flow
(ft3/min) 69 116 149 174 204
l/s per person 2 3 3 4 5