Inventory of Springs in Upper Trinity GCD - Blaine Hicks
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This document presents the results of a scientific study that identified and characterized 50 natural springs located in 4 counties within the Upper Trinity Groundwater Conservation District of central North Texas. The springs were surveyed between 1976 and 1977 to measure flow rates, identify geological sources, and collect water quality data. Most springs were found to issue from the Paluxy and Antlers formations and have average flow rates under 5 liters per second. Isotopic dating of spring waters indicated sources from modern recharge within the last 50-100 years.
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Inventory of Springs in Upper Trinity GCD - Blaine Hicks
- 1. A SCIENTIFIC INVENTORY OF NATURAL SPRINGS IN THE UPPER TRINITY GROUNDWATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT: TEXAS, USA A Thesis by Jeffery Blaine Hicks
- 2. Water Collect water quality data Measure Measure the flow rate of each spring Identify Identify the geologic formation from which the springs issue Identify Identify all springs located in the Upper Trinity GCD 2
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- 5. North South Holocene Pleistocene Edwards Comanche Peak Paluxy Glen Rose Twin Mountains Wichita Erathem/Era Series/Epoch Cisuralian Lower Cretaceous Middle Pennsylvanian Cenozoic Formation Goodland Antlers Washita Fredericksburg Trinity Group Chico Ridge Limestone Pennsylvanian Buck Creek Grindston Creek Lazy Bend Jasper Creek Willow Point Palo Pinto Mineral Wells Brazos River Mingus Thrifty Colony Creek Shale Graham Alluvium Fluvial Terrace Deposits Walnut Clay Paleozoic Mesozoic Fort Worth, Duck Creek Kiamichi Nocona Archer City Markley Cisco Canyon Strawn Upper Pennsylvanian Ranger Limestone Ventioner System/Period Quaternary Cretaceous Permian Carboniferous 5 Stratigraphic column for the Northern Trinity Aquifer and Cross Timbers Aquifer Combined. Formations only found at the surface within the study area are shown. Modified from Cleaves (1975), Nordstrom (1988), Duffin (1992), Baker (1990) and Brown and others (1990). Formations with observed spring flow are highlighted in blue.
- 6. 6 Northern Trinity / Woodbine Aquifer GAM • Concluded that rejectedrecharge is likely a large part of the groundwater budget • Relatively low flow springs • Volume of spring flow unknown, lumped together with evapotranspiration in conceptual model. 2004 Updated Groundwater Availability Model of the Northern Trinity and Woodbine Aquifers • Stated most flow rates of minor springs are anecdotal and undocumented • Most have one or zero measurements • Impossible to construct any long-term trend 2014
- 7. 7 • Gunnar Brune, 1981, “Springs of Texas, Volume 1” • 183/254 counties Map showing counites in Texas that Brune coveredin Springs of Texas Volume 1, 1981.
- 8. 8 • TWDB, Groundwater Data Viewer
- 9. 9 USGS National Water Information System Map
- 10. 10 • Heitmuller and Reece, 2003
- 11. 11 County Spring Source Flow Rate Date Stoneburg Springs (2) Brune N/A Victoria Springs (3) Brune 0 Brushy Springs (4) Brune seep Boren Springs (5) Brune 0.04 L/S Red River Springs (7) Brune 0.03 L/S Crownover Springs (8) Brune N/A Toavaya Springs (9) Brune 0.06 L/S Rock Springs (10) Brune 0 Dripping Springs (11) Brune N/A Barrel Springs (12) Brune, TWDB, USGS seep Rock Springs (13) Brune seep Forestburg Springs (14) Brune 0.03 L/S Dye Springs (15) Brune 1.5 L/S Bluff Springs (16) Brune 0.075 L/S Head of Elm Springs (17) Brune N/A Chancey Springs (18) Brune 0.065 L/S 1910515 TWDB, USGS N/A 10/9/1963 1910514 TWDB, USGS N/A 10/9/1963 1910506 TWDB, USGS N/A 8/27/1963 1910507 TWDB, USGS N/A 8/27/1963 1910522 TWDB, USGS 1 gallon/hour 6/22/1977 1909404 TWDB, USGS N/A 8/8/1963 1909602 TWDB, USGS N/A 8/23/1963 1926502 TWDB, USGS N/A 3/19/1964 Montague 10/6-11/1977
- 12. 12 County Spring Source Flow Rate Date Ball Knob Springs (1) Brune N/A Park Springs (2) Brune 6.0 L/S Bridgeport Springs (3) Brune N/A Willow Point Springs (4) Brune 0.35 L/S Woody Springs Brune 0 Isbell Springs (6) Brune 0.06 L/S Cold Springs (7) Brune 1.7 L/S Howell Springs (8) Brune 0.35 L/S Sweetwater Springs (9) Brune seep Sand Hill Springs (10) Brune 3.5 L/S Deep Creek (11) Brune 1.3 L/S Deer Springs (12) Brune 0.2 L/S unnamed (13) Brune N/A unnamed (14) Brune 0 Rock Springs (15) Brune 0 Earheart Springs and Indian Springs (16) Brune 2.5 L/S 4/3-8/1976 Wise
- 13. 13 County Spring Source Flow Rate Date Old Soldier's Springs (1) Brune N/A Bluff Springs (2) Brune 0 Mary Springs (3) Brune, TWDB, USGS seep Sweet Springs Brune 0.5 L/S unnamed (5) Brune 0.65 L/S Carter Springs (6) Brune 0.13 L/S Veal Springs (7) Brune 0 Springtown springs (8) Brune 0 Reno Springs (9) Brune 0.6 L/S Stimson Springs (10) Brune 0.5 L/S unnamned (11) Brune 3.0 L/S Ballou Springs (12) Brune 0 Smith Springs Brune 0 Malone Springs Brune 0 Kinnard Springs Brune 0 Cason Springs (16) Brune 1.0 L/S Spring Falls Brune 0.63 L/S Cold Springs (19) Brune 0.15 L/S Trapp Springs (20) Brune 0 Bear Creek Springs Brune, TWDB, USGS 2.9 L/S 3217710 TWDB, USGS N/A 2/21/1950 Parker 7/3-8/1976
- 14. 14 County Spring Source Flow Rate Date Thorp Springs (1) Brune, TWDB, USGS N/A unnamed (2) Brune 0 Dripping Springs (3) Brune, TWDB 0.6 L/S Parkinson Springs (4) Brune, TWDB, USGS 0.25 L/S Fort Spunky Springs (5) Brune, TWDB, USGS 0 Walnut Springs (7) Brune 6.5 L/S 3235801 TWDB, USGS N/A 8/18/1970 3241501 TWDB, USGS 5 gpm 8/18/1970 7/3-8/1976 Hood
- 15. 15 “ColdSprings (7), two kilometers northeast of Decatur, were probablythe site of a peace conference held in 1843 with representatives of the Waco, Anadarko, Taovaya, Kichai, Tehuacana, Delaware, Bidai, Biloxi, and othertribes. A number of springs here discharged 1.7 lps of iron-bearing water from Antlers sand on April 8, 1976, and 4.8 on December 23, 1977.” Source: Brune, 1981 Example: Cold Springs, Wise County
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- 19. 19 • Flyer posted in multiple local newspapers • Social Media Graphic designed by Jill Garcia
- 20. 20 Fiberglass 0.4’ HS Flume with 5D Approach. Designed and built by OpenChannelFlow • Flume Method
- 21. Installing Flume at Rock Springs in Parker County Flume setup at Carter Springs in Parker County 21
- 22. Taking flow readings at Carter Springs 22
- 23. L/S = 0.003086536 - 0.06693418 Hm 0.5 + 12.33204684 Hm 1.5 + 366.8872845 Hm 2.5 Hm = Hight in meters of water at Ha Point of Measurement L/S = Flow rate in liters per second 23
- 24. 24 • Bucket method Flow Rate (gpm) = (60 seconds / T) x 5 gallons T = time to fill bucket in seconds gpm → L/S L/S = gpm x 0.06309 Langdon Springs
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- 27. 27 • Chamberlain Springs (Montague) • Sweetwater Springs (Wise) • Sandhill Springs (Wise) • Sweet Springs (Parker) • Jones Springs (Parker) • Langdon Springs (Hood) • Minter Springs (Hood)
- 28. 28 • 50 individual spring sites • 50 Springs Total • Montague: 12 • Wise: 10 • Parker: 19 • Hood: 7 • Jack: 1 • Clay: 1
- 29. 29 Classification of springs proposed by Meinzer (1927) based on average discharge.
- 30. 30 • Average Conductivity: 751 µS/cm • Max Conductivity: 2526 µS/cm (Barrell Springs) • Min Conductivity: 236 µS/cm (McCurdy Springs)
- 31. 31 • Average pH: 7.44 • Max pH: 9.09 (Head of Elm Springs) • Min pH: 6.08 (Sawblade Springs)
- 32. 32 • Average Temperature: 20.62°C • Max Temperature: 29.86°C • Min Temperature: 7.09°C Average groundwater temperature in the study area: 16.6°C – 19.4°C
- 33. 33 • Most Abundant Spring Sources • Paluxy (16) • Antlers (10)
- 34. 34 • Assuming measured discharge is the average year around discharge • 1 acre-foot = 325,851 gallons or 1,233,481 liters
- 35. 35 • Assuming measured discharge is the average year around discharge • 1 acre-foot = 325,851 gallons or 1,233,481 liters
- 36. 36 • Assuming measured discharge is the average year around discharge • 1 acre-foot = 325,851 gallons or 1,233,481 liters
- 37. 37 • Lower Colorado River Authority Environmental Laboratory Services, Austin, Texas • Trace Elements • Dissolved Ions • SiO2 and NO3- • Beta Analtic, Inc, Miami, Florida • Stable Isotopes (O, H and C) • MIT Isotope Laboratory • Strontium (87Sr/86Sr)
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- 39. 39 • Indicators of conditions at time of recharge • Compared to global meteoric water line • Represents composition of rainfall around the world • Can help determine age of water, i.e., recent or local recharge vs. sub modern recharge • Result do not deviate far from GMWL, indicates young waters
- 40. 40 • 14C produced in atmosphere • 14C decreases in groundwater • All springs sampled are relatively recent recharge • Jones springs shows oldest waters
- 41. 41 • Half Life of 12.43 years • Produced in 1950’s nuclear bombs • 3H values less than 0.8 TU indicates recharge prior to 1950’s • Results indicate modern recharge
- 42. 42 • Used as environmental tracer • No data to draw conclusions from
- 44. 44 • Wise County
- 46. 46 • Hood County
- 47. 47 Sweet Springs Elev. 1,111 ft. ASL Water Level Elev. 1089 ft. ASL Spring is 22 ft. above water table
- 48. Rainfall Perched aquifer Water Table Water Table SPRING River Water Well Paleozoic Water Well E W
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