Download to read offline
Uploaded byHussain510
Invasive biology
The document discusses several invasive species from different kingdoms that have negatively impacted ecosystems around the world. It provides details on each species, including their native ranges and the environmental and economic harm caused by their introduction and spread in new habitats, such as outcompeting native species, modifying habitats, damaging agriculture, and reducing biodiversity. Some of the most damaging invasive species mentioned include the apple snail, Asian clam, mesquite, cattley guava, kudzu vine, red-vented bulbul, American bullfrog, ship rat, Asian wild raspberry, brown trout, Salvinia fern, and Brazilian pepper.
Invasive biology
- 1. Invasive Biology Sajid Hussain (萨伊德) MurtazaAli (牧塔) (School of Forestry) WORST INVASIVE SPECIES Beijing Forestry University
- 2. Pomacea canaliculata CommonNames: apple snail Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Architaenioglossa Family: Ampullariidae Pomacea canaliculata is a freshwater snail with a voracious appetite for water plants including lotus, water chestnut, taro and rice Introduced widely from its native South America by the aquarium trade and as a source of human food, it is a major crop pest in south east Asia (primarily in rice) and Hawaii (taro) and poses a serious threat to many wetlands around the world through potential habitat modification and competition with native species.
- 3. Potamocorbula amurensis CommonNames: Amur river clam Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Myoida Family:Corbulidae The suspension-feeding clam, Potamocorbula amurensis is native to Japan, China and Korea in tropical to cold temperate waters. Known as the Asian or Chinese clam, it has been designated as a major biological disturbance with significant ecological consequences in the San Francisco Bay area of California where large populations have become established.
- 4. Prosopis glandulosa CommonNames: honey mesquite Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite) is a perennial, woody, deciduous shrub or small tree. It forms impenetrable thickets that compete strongly with native species for available soil water, suppress grass growth and may reduce understory species diversity.
- 5. Psidium cattleianum CommonNames: cattley guava Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Myrtales Family: Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum is native to Brazil, but has been naturalised in Florida, Hawai i, tropical Polynesia, Norfolk Island and Mauritius for its edible fruit. It forms thickets and shades out native vegetation in tropical forests and woodlands. It has had a devastating effect on native habitats in Mauritius and is considered the worst plant pest in Hawai i, where it has invaded a variety of natural areas. It benefits from feral pigs (Sus scrofa) which, by feeding on its fruit, serve as a dispersal agent for its seeds. In turn, the guava provides favourable conditions for feral pigs, facilitating further degradation.
- 6. Pueraria montana var.lobata Common Names: acha Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) roots can eventually comprise over 50% of the plant’s biomass, serving as an organ for carbohydrate storage for recovery after disturbance and making it difficult to control with herbicides. Only in the eastern United States is kudzu considered a serious pest, although it is also established in Oregon in the northwestern USA, in Italy and Switzerland, and one infestation on the northern shore of Lake Erie in Canada. Kudzu is considered naturalized in the Ukraine, Caucasus, central Asia, southern Africa, Hawai, Hispaniola, and Panama. Impacts of kudzu in the southeastern USA include loss of productivity of forestry plantations (estimated at about 120 USD per hectare per year), smothering and killing of native plants and denying access to lands for hunting, hiking, and bird watching.
- 7. Pycnonotus cafer Common Names:Bulbul à ventre rouge Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) is a noisy, gregarious bird distinguished by a conspicuous crimson patch below the root of the tail. It is aggressive and chases off other bird species and may also help to spread the seeds of other invasive species. It is an agricultural pest, destroying fruit, flowers, beans, tomatoes and peas. It occurs naturally from Pakistan to southwest China and has been introduced to many Pacific Islands, where it has caused serious problems by eating fruit and vegetable crops, as well as nectar, seeds and buds.
- 8. Lithobates catesbeianus CommonNames: bullfrog Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Ranidae The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana)) is native to North America. It has been introduced all over the world to over 40 countries and four continents. Many introductions have been intentional with the purpose of establishing new food sources for human consumption. Other populations have been established from unintentional escapes from bullfrog farms. Consequences of the introduction of non- native amphibians to native herpetofauna can be severe. The American bullfrog has been held responsible for outbreaks of the chytrid fungus found to be responsible for declining amphibian populations in Central America and elsewhere. They are also important predators and competitors of endangered native amphibians and fish. The control of this invasive in Europe partly relies upon increasing awareness, monitoring and education about the dangers of releasing pets into the wild. Strict laws are also in place to prevent further introductions. Eradication is achieved largely by physical means including shooting, spears/gigs, bow and arrow, nets and traps.
- 9. Rattus rattus CommonNames: black rat Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Muridae A native of the Indian sub-continent, the ship rat (Rattus rattus) has now spread throughout the world. It is widespread in forest and woodlands as well as being able to live in and around buildings. It will feed on and damage almost any edible thing. The ship rat is most frequently identified with catastrophic declines of birds on islands. It is very agile and often frequents tree tops searching for food and nesting there in bunches of leaves and twigs.
- 10. Rubus ellipticus CommonNames: Asian wild raspberry Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Rubus ellipticus is a thorny shrub that originates from southern Asia. It has been introduced to several places, including Hawaii, Southern USA and the UK, and is grown in cultivation for its edible fruits. This plant has become a major pest in Hawai i, threatening its own native species of raspberry (Rubus hawaiiensis), and the ability of this plant to thrive in diverse habitat types makes it a particularly threatening invasive plant.
- 11. Salmo trutta CommonNames: an breac geal Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Salmoniformes Family: Salmonidae Salmo trutta has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and stocked for sport fisheries. It is blamed for reducing native fish populations, especially other salmonids, through predation, displacement and food competition. It is a popular angling fish.
- 12. Salvinia molesta CommonNames: African payal Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Pteridophyta Class: Filicopsida Order: Hydropteridales Family: Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta is a floating aquatic fern that thrives in slow-moving, nutrient-rich, warm, freshwater. A rapidly growing competitive plant, it is dispersed long distances within a waterbody (via water currents) and between waterbodies (via animals and contaminated equipment, boats or vehicles). It is cultivated by aquarium and pond owners and it is sometimes released by flooding, or by intentional dumping. S. molesta can form dense vegetation mats that reduce water-flow and lower the light and oxygen levels in the water. This stagnant dark environment negatively affects the biodiversity and abundance of freshwater species, including fish and submerged aquatic plants.Salvinia invasions can alter wetland ecosystems and cause wetland habitat loss. Salvinia invasions also pose a severe threat to socio-economic activities dependent on open, flowing and/or high quality waterbodies, including hydro-electricity generation, fishing and boat transport. S. molesta in 2013 was elected as the one of the 100 of the World s Worst Invasive Alien Species to replace the Rinderpest virus which was declared eradicated in the wild in 2010
- 13. Schinus terebinthifolius CommonNames: baie rose Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Sapindales Family: Anacardiaceae Native to Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, Schinus terebinthifolius is a pioneer of disturbed sites, but is also successful in undisturbed natural environments. It is an aggressive evergreen shrub or small tree, 3-7 metres in height that grows in a variety of soil types and prefers partial sun. Schinus terebinthifolius produces shady habitats that repel other plant species and discourage colonisation by native fauna and alter the natural fire regime. Its fruit has a paralysing effect on birds and even grazing animals when ingested. Schinus terebinthifolius seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals and it readily escapes from garden environments. It is planted as both an ornamental and shade tree and has many uses.