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1. Introduction to Energy
Storage Systems in
Electric Vehicles
Discover how electric vehicles powered by energy storage systems can help
mitigate the negative effects of global warming and reduce air pollution
caused by internal combustion engine vehicles. Learn how different types of
EVs work and the various energy storage devices used to power them.
by Devesh Jaiswal

2. Electric Vehicle System
1 Fully Battery Electric
Vehicles (FBEVs)
Completely electrically powered
by battery packs with no ICE.
Driving range depends on the
battery's power.
2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEVs)
Powered by both storage energy
(SE) and internal combustion
engine (ICE). Can be arranged in
different combinations with the
motor and ICE system.
3 More Types of EVs
EVs can be road and highways,
railways, airways, and sea-based
vehicles.

3. Types of Energy Storage Devices (ESDs)
Battery
Electrochemical storage system stores
energy in a chemical process and
provides electric power. Lithium-ion based
batteries are most suitable and applicable
in the EV system.
Supercapacitor (SC)
Electromagnetic storage system where
electrodes and electrolytes store static
energy. Lightweight and has a long cyclic
life, making them a popular battery
replacement.
Fuel Cell (FC)
Environmentally sustainable and uses
hydrogen to resolve BEV issues and be a
future transportation fuel. Produces zero
carbon emissions and is highly energy-
efficient.

4. Hybrid Storage Systems (HSS)
Battery + SC
Combines electrochemical and
electromagnetic storage systems.
The most popular HSS, with SC
acting as a buffer to help prevent
damage to the battery pack.
Battery + FC
Combines electrochemical storage
and fuel cell systems. A sustainable
and eco-friendly option still under
research and development.
Battery + SC + FC
Mixes electrochemical,
electromagnetic and fuel cell storage
systems for maximum efficiency and
reliability. An alternative future
transportation fuel source.

5. Energy Storage System (ESS) and Cell Balancing
System
1
ESS
Refers to different kinds of energy
storage devices (ESDs) that provide
the EV's required power demand.
2
Types of ESS
Electrochemical, electromagnetic,
chemical, and hybrid storage
systems.
3
Cell Balancing System
Improves voltage balance systems
and protects the ESD against
explosion and chemical degradation,
improving longevity.

6. Different EV Architectures and Their Features
EV Architecture Types Features Drawbacks
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Extended driving range; combines
engine power with electric power.
Not energy-efficient if ICE is overused.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(PHEVs)
External power source charges the
battery pack instead of the ICE.
Fewer charging stations and
infrastructure.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) Highly energy-efficient and
environmentally sustainable.
Costly due to difficulty of hydrogen
processing and associated
components.

7. Battery Management System (BMS)
Importance
Responsible for assuring the ESD's
safety, stable facility, and long service
life on EV driving.
Functions
• State estimation
• Battery's discharge character
estimation and control
• Cell voltage balance
• Troubleshooting
Features
• Cell voltage monitoring and
equalization
• Charge/discharge control
• Over-discharge prevention
• Overcharge prevention
• Over-current and short-circuit
protection

8. Improvements in Engine
Architecture for EVs
The technology behind engine architecture has improved, resulting in
reduced energy loss and increased efficiency when using mechanical
components such as a gearbox, clutch, and differential. This improvement
has made the EVs motor more energy-efficient, reducing the demand on the
EV's energy storage system.