Introduction4th merialforum

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The document summarizes presentations from a 4th Merial Forum discussing control of PCVD and swine influenza. Topics included the consequences of antibiotic use in Europe, limiting antibiotic use in Denmark, designing effective PCV2 vaccination programs, basics of porcine immunology, impact of PCV2 on sows, antibody status of gilts, viral reproductive disorders, benefits of CIRCOVAC vaccination programs in Hungary and Bulgaria, focusing on subclinical PCVD forms, successful CIRCOVAC piglet vaccination in Spain, designing optimal PCV2 vaccination programs, differences between influenza in humans and pigs, influenza epidemiology and control through vaccination in Europe and humans, swine influenza epidemiology in Europe, GRI

Technology Business

4TH MERIAL FORUM
HAVE WE GOT PCVD &
SWINE INFLUENZA UNDER
CONTROL?

The future of antibiotics use in
Europe
Moderator: Dr Sophie Randoux
• The antibiotic hype and the consequences
for pig production in Europe.
Dr. D. Schillinger
• Limiting the use of antibiotics in the Pig
industry: the Danish experience.
Dr M. Andreasen
• PCVD control in 2012: how to design the
best PCV2 vaccination programme?
Dr R. Aerts

PCVD

Moderator: Dr François Joisel
• Basics in porcine immunology.
Dr. A. Goubier
• PCV2 impact and control on early stage of
gestation in sows. Pr G. Sarli
• PCV2 antibody status of gilts before
entering swine commercial farms.
Dr G. Perreul

PCVD

Moderator: Dr Stéphane Imbert
• Viral reproductive disorders in sows, an
update 2012. Pr. H. Nauwynck
• Benefits of CIRCOVAC® piglet vaccination
in Hungary. Dr T. Kecskés
• Additional benefits of sow and piglet
CIRCOVAC vaccination: Bulgarian field
experience. Dr M. Grozeva

PCVD

Moderator: Dr Thaïs Vila
• PCVD in 2012: a special focus
on sub clinical forms. Pr. J. Segalés
• CIRCOVAC piglet vaccination: successful
field experience in Spain. Dr A. Finestra
• PCVD control in 2012: how to design the
best PCV2 vaccination programme?
Drs F. Smeets & G. Perreul

Influenza in human and pigs:
what are the differences?
Moderator: Dr Michel Bublot
• Influenza in human health: epidemiology and
control by vaccination. Dr S. Lee
• Swine influenza in Europe: epidemiological data,
an update. Dr G. Simon
• GRIPOVAC 3 efficacy: new experimental results.
Dr K. Van der Meulen
• Respiratory disorders in pigs: field experience.
Dr S. Thielsen

MALTA ISRAEL SLOVAKIA
Olivier FRENDO Rami MILATIN Milos KELECSENY
K.I.M Beit Erez MEVET

Vaccination is undoubtedly a miracle of modern medicine. In the past 50 years, it's saved more lives worldwide than any other medical product. However, the story of vaccination goes back all the way to Ancient Greece.The story of vaccines did not begin with the first vaccine–Edward Jenner’s use of material from cowpox pustules to provide protection against smallpox. Instead, it begins with the long history of infectious disease in humans, and with early uses of smallpox material to provide immunity to that disease.

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1) Measles and mumps vaccines have been in use for over 60 years since being developed in the 1950s and 1960s. 2) Secondary vaccine failures where vaccinated individuals get infected have been observed for measles due to waning antibody levels over time or virus evolution. 3) Recent mumps outbreaks in Europe have affected both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, with many cases caused by genotype G, raising questions about vaccine effectiveness.

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PERTUSSIS PROTECTION - CURRENT SCHEDULES IN EUROPE

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Dr Janine Paynter @ MRF's Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults 2017

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- A new study found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alone, without the rest of the virus, is enough to damage cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor and disrupting cell signaling and mitochondria. This may be responsible for some long-haul COVID symptoms. - However, early treatment of high-risk COVID patients within 5 days has been shown to reduce long-haul symptoms and death rates to just 0.1%. - A recent study found that people who had mild COVID infections developed long-lasting antibodies and immune cells that could protect against reinfection for years, demonstrating that natural immunity is effective and long-lasting.

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The Eliminate Dengue project, led by researchers at the University of Queensland, received approval to begin field trials in January 2011 to test a new biological approach using Wolbachia bacteria to control dengue fever. The goal is to introduce Wolbachia into mosquito populations to block virus transmission and provide a long-term, self-sustaining solution to the global burden of the mosquito-borne disease. The trials in North Queensland aim to determine how well the method can establish itself in wild mosquito populations.

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The document provides a history of the BCG vaccine, beginning with its development in the early 1900s by Calmette and Guerin. It discusses early trials of the vaccine and the Lübeck disaster of 1930. It then summarizes later studies that provided evidence of BCG's efficacy against tuberculosis. While BCG protects against childhood TB, its efficacy against pulmonary TB in adults varies. The document examines factors influencing BCG's efficacy and the need for an improved vaccine that provides durable protection, especially against adult pulmonary TB.

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The document discusses meningococcal vaccines, including the different serotypes prevalent globally, epidemiology in India, available vaccines, target groups for routine vaccination in India, and provides guidance on several case scenarios involving meningococcal disease and vaccination recommendations. Meningococcal infections in India are typically sporadic, with outbreaks occurring. While vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups, routine vaccination of all children is not advised in India.

Meningitis Vaccines

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Professor Ray Borrow, Head of the Vaccine Evaluation Unit of the Health Protection Agency. Given that prevention in better than cure, Professor Borrow provided an insightful round-up of where we are with vaccination against meningitis and septicaemia. Professor Borrow looked not only at the current vaccine programme in the UK, but also future challenges and vaccination in the developing world, particularly in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt in Africa where disease can affect tens of thousands of people during epidemics years.

Vaccination as a health prevention strategy for elderly

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Vaccination plays an important role in health promotion and disease prevention for the elderly population. Common recommended vaccines include annual influenza, one-time pneumococcal and herpes zoster vaccines. Studies show that influenza and pneumococcal vaccines reduce illness, hospitalizations and deaths in the elderly. Challenges to vaccination uptake in the elderly include improving awareness, access, affordability and addressing resource allocation issues across individual, provider, research and policy levels.

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The document summarizes the history of the chickenpox vaccine. It describes how the vaccine was developed in the 1960s but not approved for widespread use in the US until 1995. Initially, some parents were reluctant to vaccinate due to beliefs that chickenpox was not serious and provided future immunity. However, the link between chickenpox and the more serious disease of shingles later in life helped change views. Concerns that vaccine immunity was temporary were later addressed by booster shots, leading to greater vaccine acceptance and reduced chickenpox cases worldwide.

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- MERS-CoV has infected over 1611 people since 2012, resulting in over 575 deaths. It is thought to emerge from dromedary camels and spread to humans through direct or indirect contact, though the exact mechanisms are unknown. - Limited human-to-human transmission can occur, particularly in healthcare settings, leading to nosocomial outbreaks. However, sustained human-to-human transmission has not been observed. - Many questions remain about the extent of human infection, how transmission between camels and humans occurs, and how to prevent ongoing nosocomial outbreaks through improved infection control. Further coordinated research is needed across animal and human health sectors.

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2009 H1N1 July 25th update

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The document summarizes information about the 2009 H1N1 virus outbreak. It discusses that the virus is a quadruple reassortant containing genes from pig, avian, and human influenza viruses. The virus had been circulating undetected in pigs for 7.5-10 years prior to the outbreak. It also provides details on virus transmission, characteristics, previous pandemics, vaccine development efforts, and the WHO response and phases of alert.

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This study investigated the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among 184 HIV positive patients in Northern Nigeria. The patients were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies and had their CD4 counts estimated. The overall seroprevalence of latent T. gondii infection was 17.4%. Males had a higher prevalence of 28.8% compared to 12.9% among females. Most infected patients (78.1%) had a CD4+ count below 400. Younger patients aged 10-19 years had the highest prevalence of 27.3%. The study suggests exposure to T. gondii is present in Northern Nigeria and identifies gender, age, and low CD4 count as potential risk factors.

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This document discusses the potential for vaccines to serve global health and outlines Rino Rappuoli's talk on this topic. It notes that vaccines have allowed people to live longer and have been a paradigm of research in service of global health. New technologies over the last 30 years have made possible vaccines that were previously difficult or impossible. These include conjugate vaccines, reverse vaccinology, adjuvants, and synthetic biology.

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