Introduction to Thermodynamics, system, density and specific gravity

1. Introduction
• Thermodynamics, Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis
(power)
• Conversion of heat into power.
• Today the same name is broadly interpreted to include all
aspects of energy and energy transformations, including
power generation, refrigeration, and relationships among the
properties of matter.
1

2. Conservation of energy principle.
• One of the most fundamental laws of nature
It simply states that during an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another, but the total amount of energy
remains constant. That is, energy cannot be created or
destroyed.
For example:
• A rock falling off a cliff, picks up speed as a result of its
potential energy being converted to kinetic energy (Fig. 1).
• A person who has a greater energy input (food) than energy
output (exercise) will gain weight (store energy in the form
of fat), and a person who has a smaller energy input than
output will lose weight (Fig. 2).
Introduction
Fig1
Fig2

3. Energy balance
• The change in the energy content of a body or any other system is
equal to the difference between the energy input and the energy
output, and the energy balance is expressed as:
∆E = Ein - Eout
First law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be
created nor be destroyed but can change forms.
• Its works on conservation of energy principle.
Introduction

4. • The equation for the first law of thermodynamics is given as;
ΔU = q + W
Where,
• ΔU = change in internal energy of the system.
• q = algebraic sum of heat transfer between system and surroundings.
• W = work interaction of the system with its surroundings.
First Law of Thermodynamics Equation

5. • It does not tell us about the direction of the flow of heat.
• It fails to explain why heat cannot be spontaneously converted into
work.
Limitations of 1st Law Of thermodynamics

6. Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot flow
itself from a colder body to a hotter body.
• It asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual
processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
For example,
• A cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools, but a cup of
cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself (Fig.).
• The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded
(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature) once
it is transferred to the surrounding air.
Introduction

7. Applications

8. • Dimensions are physical quantities that can be measured Whereas,
• A unit is the standard that is choose to quantify a dimension
For example
length is a dimension, but it is measured in units of feet (ft) or meters
(m).
• There are three primary unit systems in use today:
• the International System of Units (SI units, more commonly
simply called metric units)
• the English Engineering System of Units (commonly called
English units)
• the British Gravitational System of Units (BG)
Dimensions and Units

9. Dimensions and Units

10. Primary dimensions and units
• Primary (sometimes called basic) dimensions are defined as
independent or fundamental dimensions, from which other
dimensions can be obtained.
• In total, there are seven primary dimensions.
Dimensions and Units

11. • All other dimensions can be derived as combinations of these seven
primary dimensions. These are called secondary dimensions, with
their corresponding secondary units. A few examples are given in the
table below:
Dimensions and Units

12. Mass is an amount of
matter, a large body of
matter with no definite
shape.
Weight is a measure of how
much force is applied to the
matter
Your mass is the same on
the earth and on the moon
Your weight is different!
F=ma
g=9.8 m/sec2
g= 32.174 ft/sec2
Weight vs. Mass

13. • A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called the boundary or the boundary is the contact
surface shared by both the system and the surroundings.
• These terms are illustrated in Fig.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable
• Mathematically, the boundary has zero thickness, and thus it can
neither contain any mass nor occupy any volume in space.
System, Surrounding & Boundary

14. • Systems may be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed
mass or a fixed volume in space is chosen for study.
• A closed system (also known as a control mass) consists of a
fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That
is, no mass can enter or leave a closed system, as shown in Fig.
• But energy, in the form of heat or work, can cross the boundary;
and the volume of a closed system does not have to be fixed.
• If, as a special case, even energy is not allowed to cross the
boundary, that system is called an isolated system.
• For example, combustion of glucose in bomb calorimeter and
closed thermos bottle or a sealed vacuum flask.
System, Surrounding & Boundary

15. What happens to the enclosed gas when heated ?
System?
Boundary?
Closed/Open?
Surrounding?
System? Gas
Boundary? The inner surfaces of the piston and the
cylinder.
Closed/Open? no mass is crossing this boundary, so its
closed system.
Surrounding? everything outside the gas, including the
piston and the cylinder.
Activity (piston-cylinder device)

16. • An open system, or a control volume, is a properly selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine,
or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
Examples:
• A car radiator, a turbine, and a compressor all involve mass flow and should be
analysed as control volumes (open systems) instead of as control masses (closed
systems).
• The flow of air through a nozzle, is a good choice for the control volume would be
the region within the nozzle.
• The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface, and they can be
real or imaginary. In the case of a nozzle, the inner surface of the nozzle forms the
real part of the boundary, and the entrance and exit areas form the imaginary part,
since there are no physical surfaces there
System, Surrounding & Boundary

17. • Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Properties are either
intensive or extensive
For example:
• Pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system,
such as temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size of the system.
Total mass, total volume, and total momentum are some examples of extensive
properties.
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.
• For example, of specific properties are specific volume (v=V/m) and specific
total energy (e=E/m).
Properties of a system