2. Introduction to Surveying
Definition:
Surveying is the science and art
of determining the relative
positions of points above, on,
or beneath the earth’s surface
and locating the points in the
field.
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3. The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases:
Decision Making – selecting method, equipment
and final point locations.
Fieldwork & Data Collection – making
measurements and recording data in the field.
Computing & Data Processing – preparing
calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to
produce a map, plot, or chart in the proper form.
Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments
or stakes in the proper locations in the field.
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4. Object of Surveying
• The primary object of survey is the
preparation of plan of estate or
buildings roads, railways, pipelines,
canals, etc. Or to measure area of
field, state, nation.
• Object of geodetic surveying is to
determine precise positions on the
surface of the earth of widely
distant points.
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5. Principles of Surveying
1. Working from whole to part.
2. Locating a point with reference
to two fixed points.
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6. Uses of Surveying
• To prepare military map showing roads and railways,
communication with different parts of country.
• To prepare contour map and to determine capacity of a
reservoirs and ton find the best possible route for roads,
railways etc.
• To prepare archeological map including places where
ancient relics exist.
• To prepare a geological map showing areas including
underground resources
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8. A. Primary Classificationor PrimaryDivision :
1. Plane surveying
2. Geodetic surveying
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9. B. Secondary Classification
• Survey can be classified on different bases:
1. Based on instrument:
• Chain Survey
• Compass survey
• Plane Table survey
• Theodolite survey
• Tacheometric Survey
• Photographic survey
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10. 3. Based on Objects:
• Geological survey
• Mine survey
• Archeological Survey
• Military survey
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11. 4. Based on nature of field
• Land Survey
• Marine survey
• Astronomical survey
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12. Other Types of Surveys:
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data
obtained by camera or other sensors carried
in airplanes or satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property
corners, boundaries, and areas of land parcels.
3. Control Surveying – establish a network of
horizontal and vertical monuments that serve
as a reference framework for other survey
projects.
4. Engineering Surveying – providing points and
elevations for the building Civil Engineering
projects.
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13. Other Types of Surveys:
5. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and
preparing maps showing the locations of
natural man-made features and elevations of
points of the ground for multiple uses.
6. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys
for long – narrow projects associated with Civil
Engineering projects.
• Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission
lines.
7. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of
shorelines and the bottom of bodies of water.
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