Introduction to Statistical
Analysis Using IBM SPSS
Statistics
Student Guide
Course Code: 0G517
ERC 1.0
Introduction to Statistical Analysis Using IBM
SPSS Statistics
Licensed Materials - Property of IBM
© Copyright IBM Corp. 2010
0G517
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
Table of Contents
LESSON 0: COURSE INTRODUCTION
.................................................. 0-1
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
............. 1-1
LESSON 2: UNDERSTANDING DATA DISTRIBUTIONS –
THEORY 2-1
LESSON 3: DATA DISTRIBUTIONS FOR CATEGORICAL
VARIABLES
............................................................................................
3-1
0.1 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 0-1
0.2 COURSE OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
........... 0-1
0.3 ABOUT SPSS
...............................................................................................
....................... 0-1
0.4 SUPPORTING MATERIALS
...............................................................................................
.... 0-2
0.5 COURSE ASSUMPTIONS
...............................................................................................
....... 0-2
1.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 1-1
1.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 1-1
1.3 BASIC STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
......................................................................... 1-1
1.4 POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES
.............................................................................................
1-3
1.5 RESEARCH DESIGN
....................................................................................... ........
.............. 1-3
1.6 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
..................................................................... 1-4
1.7 NOTE ABOUT DEFAULT STARTUP FOLDER AND
VARIABLE DISPLAY IN DIALOG BOXES .. 1-4
1.8 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
.............. 1-5
1.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
........... 1-6
2.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 2-1
INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.......................... 2-1
2.2 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICAL
METHODS ................................................. 2-1
2.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND
DISPERSION ..................................................... 2-5
2.4 NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
...............................................................................................
.... 2-7
2.5 STANDARDIZED (Z-) SCORES
.............................................................................................
2-8
2.6 REQUESTING STANDARDIZED (Z-)
SCORES...................................................................... 2-10
2.7 STANDARDIZED (Z-) SCORES OUTPUT
............................................................................. 2-10
2.8 PROCEDURE: DESCRIPTIVES FOR STANDARDIZED (Z-
) SCORES ...................................... 2-10
2.9 DEMONSTRATION: DESCRIPTIVES FOR Z-
SCORES............................................................ 2-11
2.10 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
.......... 2-12
2.11 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
....... 2-13
3.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 3-1
3.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 3-1
3.3 USING FREQUENCIES TO SUMMARIZE NOMINAL AND
ORDINAL VARIABLES .................... 3-2
3.4 REQUESTING FREQUENCIES
...............................................................................................
3-3
3.5 FREQUENCIES OUTPUT
...............................................................................................
........ 3-3
3.6 PROCEDURE: FREQUENCIES
...............................................................................................
3-4
3.7 DEMONSTRATION: FREQUENCIES
....................................................................................... 3-6
3.8 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
............ 3-10
3.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
......... 3-10
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING IBM
SPSS STATISTICS
ii
LESSON 4: DATA DISTRIBUTIONS FOR SCALE
VARIABLES ......... 4-1
LESSON 5: MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT POPULATIONS
FROM
SAMPLES
............................................................................................
5-1
LESSON 6: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CATEGORICAL
VARIABLES
...........................................................................................
6-1
4.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 4-1
4.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 4-1
4.3 SUMMARIZING SCALE VARIABLES USING
FREQUENCIES ................................................... 4-1
4.4 REQUESTING FREQUENCIES
...............................................................................................
. 4-2
4.5 FREQUENCIES OUTPUT
...............................................................................................
........ 4-2
4.6 PROCEDURE: FREQUENCIES
...............................................................................................
. 4-4
4.7 DEMONSTRATION: FREQUENCIES
....................................................................................... 4-6
4.8 SUMMARIZING SCALE VARIABLES USING
DESCRIPTIVES................................................. 4-11
4.9 REQUESTING DESCRIPTIVES
.............................................................................................
4-11
4.10 DESCRIPTIVES OUTPUT
...............................................................................................
.... 4-11
4.11 PROCEDURE: DESCRIPTIVES
...........................................................................................
4-11
4.12 DEMONSTRATION:
DESCRIPTIVES......................................................................
............. 4-12
4.13 SUMMARIZING SCALE VARIABLES USING THE
EXPLORE PROCEDURE ........................... 4-13
4.14 REQUESTING EXPLORE
...............................................................................................
.... 4-13
4.15 PROCEDURE: EXPLORE
...............................................................................................
.... 4-16
4.16 DEMONSTRATION: EXPLORE
...........................................................................................
4-19
4.17 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
.......... 4-24
4.18 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
....... 4-25
5.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 5-1
5.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 5-1
5.3 BASICS OF MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT
POPULATIONS FROM SAMPLES .......................... 5-1
5.4 INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE SIZE
...............................................................................................
5-2
5.5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
...............................................................................................
........ 5-10
5.6 THE NATURE OF PROBABILITY
......................................................................................... 5-
11
5.7 TYPES OF STATISTICAL ERRORS
....................................................................................... 5-11
5.8 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PRACTICAL
IMPORTANCE ............................................ 5-12
5.9 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
............ 5-13
5.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
....... 5-13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
LESSON 7: THE INDEPENDENT- SAMPLES T TEST
.......................... 7-1
LESSON 8: THE PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
........................................ 8-1
6.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 6-1
6.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 6-1
6.3
CROSSTABS...........................................................................
.............................................. 6-2
6.4 CROSSTABS
ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................
........................... 6-3
6.5 REQUESTING CROSSTABS
...............................................................................................
.... 6-3
6.6 CROSSTABS OUTPUT
...............................................................................................
........... 6-3
6.7 PROCEDURE: CROSSTABS
...............................................................................................
.... 6-4
6.8 EXAMPLE: CROSSTABS
...............................................................................................
........ 6-5
6.9 CHI-SQUARE TEST
...............................................................................................
............... 6-7
6.10 REQUESTING THE CHI-SQUARE TEST
............................................................................... 6-8
6.11 CHI-SQUARE OUTPUT
...............................................................................................
........ 6-8
6.12 PROCEDURE: CHI-SQUARE TEST
...................................................................................... 6-9
6.13 EXAMPLE: CHI-SQUARE TEST
........................................................................................ 6-
10
6.14 CLUSTERED BAR CHART
...............................................................................................
. 6-11
6.15 REQUESTING A CLUSTERED BAR CHART WITH
CHART BUILDER .................................. 6-12
6.16 CLUSTERED BAR CHART FROM CHART BUILDER
OUTPUT ............................................ 6-12
6.17 PROCEDURE: CLUSTERED BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER ..................................... 6-13
6.18 EXAMPLE: CLUSTERED BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER ......................................... 6-15
6.19 ADDING A CONTROL VARIABLE
..................................................................................... 6-16
6.20 REQUESTING A CONTROL VARIABLE
............................................................................. 6-17
6.21 CONTROL VARIABLE OUTPUT
........................................................................................ 6-
17
6.22 PROCEDURE: ADDING A CONTROL VARIABLE
............................................................... 6-18
6.23 EXAMPLE: ADDING A CONTROL VARIABLE
................................................................... 6-19
6.24 EXTENSIONS: BEYOND CROSSTABS
............................................................................... 6-22
6.25 ASSOCIATION MEASURES
...............................................................................................
6-23
6.26 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
.......... 6-23
6.27 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
....... 6-24
7.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 7-1
7.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 7-1
7.3 THE INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST
................................................................................ 7-1
7.4 INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST ASSUMPTIONS
................................................................ 7-2
7.5 REQUESTING THE INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST
........................................................... 7-2
7.6 INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST OUTPUT
.......................................................................... 7-3
7.7 PROCEDURE: INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST
.................................................................. 7-5
7.8 DEMONSTRATION: INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST
.......................................................... 7-6
7.9 ERROR BAR CHART
...............................................................................................
........... 7-10
7.10 REQUESTING AN ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER ........................................ 7-11
7.11 ERROR BAR CHART OUTPUT
.......................................................................................... 7-
11
7.12 DEMONSTRATION: ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER .................................... 7-12
7.13 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
.......... 7-14
7.14 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
....... 7-14
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING IBM
SPSS STATISTICS
iv
LESSON 9: ONE-WAY ANOVA
............................................................... 9-1
LESSON 10: BIVARIATE PLOTS AND CORRELATIONS FOR
SCALE
VARIABLES
..........................................................................................
10-1
8.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 8-1
8.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 8-1
8.3 THE PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
............................................................................................
8-1
8.4 ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
............................................................. 8-2
8.5 REQUESTING A PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
.......................................................................... 8-3
8.6 PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST OUTPUT
..................................................................................... 8-3
8.7 PROCEDURE: PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
.............................................................................. 8-4
8.8 DEMONSTRATION: PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
..................................................................... 8-4
8.9 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
.............. 8-6
8.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
......... 8-6
9.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
......................... 9-1
9.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.................... 9-1
9.3 ONE-WAY ANOVA
...............................................................................................
............... 9-1
9.4 ASSUMPTIONS OF ONE-WAY ANOVA
............................................................................... 9-2
9.5 REQUESTING ONE-WAY ANOVA
...................................................................................... 9-2
9.6 ONE-WAY ANOVA OUTPUT
..............................................................................................
9-3
9.7 PROCEDURE: ONE-WAY ANOVA
...................................................................................... 9-4
9.8 DEMONSTRATION: ONE-WAY ANOVA
............................................................................. 9-6
9.9 POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-WAY ANOVA
................................................................... 9-8
9.10 REQUESTING POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-WAY
ANOVA ........................................... 9-9
9.11 POST HOC TESTS
OUTPUT.................................................................................
................ 9-9
9.12 PROCEDURE: POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-WAY
ANOVA.......................................... 9-10
9.13 DEMONSTRATION: POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-
WAY ANOVA ................................. 9-12
9.14 ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER
................................................................... 9-14
9.15 REQUESTING AN ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER ........................................ 9-14
9.16 ERROR BAR CHART OUTPUT
.......................................................................................... 9-
14
9.17 PROCEDURE: ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER .............................................. 9-15
9.18 DEMONSTRATION: ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART
BUILDER ..................................... 9-16
9.19 LESSON SUMMARY
.......................................................................................... .....
.......... 9-18
9.20 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
....... 9-18
10.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
..................... 10-1
10.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
................ 10-1
10.3 SCATTERPLOTS
...............................................................................................
................ 10-1
10.4 REQUESTING A SCATTERPLOT
........................................................................................ 10-
2
10.5 SCATTERPLOT OUTPUT
...............................................................................................
.... 10-3
10.6 PROCEDURE: SCATTERPLOT
...........................................................................................
10-3
10.7 DEMONSTRATION: SCATTERPLOT
................................................................................... 10-4
10.8 ADDING A BEST FIT STRAIGHT LINE TO THE
SCATTERPLOT .......................................... 10-5
10.9 PEARSON CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT........................................................................
... 10-7
10.10 REQUESTING A PEARSON CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT ................................................ 10-8
10.11 BIVARIATE CORRELATION OUTPUT
.............................................................................. 10-8
10.12 PROCEDURE: PEARSON CORRELATION WITH
BIVARIATE CORRELATIONS ................... 10-9
10.13 DEMONSTRATION: PEARSON CORRELATION WITH
BIVARIATE CORRELATIONS ........ 10-10
10.14 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
...... 10-11
10.15 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
... 10-12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LESSON 11: REGRESSION ANALYSIS
................................................ 11-1
LESSON 12: NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
.............................................. 12-1
LESSON 13: COURSE SUMMARY
........................................................ 13-1
APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
REFERENCES 1
11.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
..................... 11-1
11.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
................ 11-1
11.3 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
......................................................................................... 11-
1
11.4 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ASSUMPTIONS
................................................................. 11-3
11.5 REQUESTING SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
................................................................... 11-4
11.6 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION OUTPUT
........................................................................... 11-4
11.7 PROCEDURE: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
................................................................... 11-5
11.8 DEMONSTRATION: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
........................................................... 11-7
11.9 MULTIPLE
REGRESSION.........................................................................
....................... 11-11
11.10 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ASSUMPTIONS
........................................................ 11-11
11.11 REQUESTING MULTIPLE LINEAR
REGRESSION........................................................... 11-11
11.12 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION OUTPUT
.................................................................. 11-11
11.13 PROCEDURE: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
........................................................... 11-14
11.14 DEMONSTRATION: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
.................................................. 11-16
11.15 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
...... 11-22
11.16 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
... 11-22
12.1 OBJECTIVES
...............................................................................................
..................... 12-1
12.2 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
................ 12-1
12.3 NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSES
......................................................................................... 12-
2
12.4 THE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC
ANALYSIS .......................................... 12-2
12.5 REQUESTING AN INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ....................... 12-3
12.6 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
OUTPUT .......................................... 12-3
12.7 PROCEDURE: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS ................................... 12-5
12.8 DEMONSTRATION: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS .......................... 12-8
12.9 THE RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC
ANALYSIS ................................................ 12-11
12.10 REQUESTING A RELATED SAMPLES
NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ............................. 12-12
12.11 RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
OUTPUT .............................................. 12-12
12.12 PROCEDURE: RELATED SAMPLES
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS ...................................... 12-13
12.13 DEMONSTRATION: RELATED SAMPLES
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS .............................. 12-16
12.14 LESSON SUMMARY
...............................................................................................
...... 12-19
12.15 LEARNING ACTIVITY
...............................................................................................
... 12-20
13.1 COURSE OBJECTIVES REVIEW
........................................................................................ 13-
1
13.2 COURSE REVIEW: DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
................................................................... 13-1
13.3 NEXT STEPS
...............................................................................................
..................... 13-2
1.1 INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
................... A-1
1.2 REFERENCES
...............................................................................................
....................... A-1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING IBM
SPSS STATISTICS
vi
COURSE INTRODUCTION
0-1
Lesson 0: Course Introduction
0.1 Introduction
The focus of this two-day course is an introduction to the
statistical component of IBM®
SPSS® Statistics. This is an application-oriented course and the
approach is practical. You'll take a
look at several statistical techniques and discuss situations in
which you would use each technique,
the assumptions made by each method, how to set up the
analysis using PASW®
0.2 Course Objectives
Statistics, as well
as how to interpret the results. This includes a broad range of
techniques for exploring and
summarizing data, as well as investigating and testing
underlying relationships. You will gain an
understanding of when and why to use these various techniques
as well as how to apply them with
confidence, and interpret their output, and graphically display
the results.
After completing this course students will be able to:
• Perform basic statistical analysis using selected statistical
techniques with PASW Statistics
To support the achievement of this primary objective, students
will also be able to:
• Explain the basic elements of quantitative research and issues
that should be considered in
data analysis
• Determine the level of measurement of variables and obtain
appropriate summary statistics
based on the level of measurement
• Run the Frequencies procedure to obtain appropriate summary
statistics for categorical
variables
• Request and interpret appropriate summary statistics for scale
variables
• Explain how to make inferences about populations from
samples
• Perform crosstab analysis on categorical variables
• Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a
statistically significant relationship
between categorical variables
• Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a
statistically significant difference
between two groups on a scale variable
• Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a
statistically significant difference
between the means of two scale variables
• Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a
statistically significant difference
among three or more groups on a scale dependent variable
• Perform a statistical test to determine whether two scale
variables are correlated (related)
• Perform linear regression to determine whether one or more
variables can significantly
predict or explain a dependent variable
• Perform non-parametric tests on data that don’t meet the
assumptions for standard statistical
tests
0.3 About SPSS
SPSS® Inc., an IBM® Company is a leading global provider of
predictive analytics software and
solutions. The Company’s complete portfolio of products - data
collection, statistics, modeling and
deployment - captures people's attitudes and opinions, predicts
outcomes of future customer
interactions, and then acts on these insights by embedding
analytics into business processes. SPSS
solutions address interconnected business objectives across an
entire organization by focusing on
the convergence of analytics, IT architecture and business
process. Commercial, government and
academic customers worldwide rely on SPSS technology as a
competitive advantage in attracting,
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH IBM
SPSS STATISTICS
0-2
retaining and growing customers, while reducing fraud and
mitigating risk. SPSS was acquired by
IBM®
0.4 Supporting Materials
in October 2009. For more information, visit
http://www.spss.com.
We use several datasets in the course because no one data file
contains all the types of variables
and relationships between them that are ideal for every
technique we discuss. As much as possible,
we try to minimize the need within one lesson to switch
between datasets, but the first priority is to
use appropriate data for …
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(SEE PREVIOUS PAGE FOR IMPORTANT FEDERAL
DISCLOSURES)
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creditors make credit equally available to all credit worthy
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THE UNPAID BALANCE AT THE CONTRACT
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JAIME A HIRAETA
9863 EMERALD BERRY DR
WINTER GARDEN, FL 34787

Introduction to Statistical Analysis Using IBM SPSS

  • 1.
    Introduction to Statistical AnalysisUsing IBM SPSS Statistics Student Guide Course Code: 0G517 ERC 1.0 Introduction to Statistical Analysis Using IBM SPSS Statistics Licensed Materials - Property of IBM © Copyright IBM Corp. 2010 0G517
  • 2.
    Published October 2010US Government Users Restricted Rights - Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. IBM, the IBM logo and ibm.com are trademarks of International Business Machines Corp., registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. SPSS, SamplePower, and PASW are trademarks of SPSS Inc., an IBM Company, registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies. This guide contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated into another language without a legal license agreement from IBM Corporation. Any references in this information to non-IBM Web sites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those Web sites. The materials at those Web sites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those Web sites is at your own risk.
  • 3.
    TABLE OF CONTENTS i Tableof Contents LESSON 0: COURSE INTRODUCTION .................................................. 0-1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ............. 1-1 LESSON 2: UNDERSTANDING DATA DISTRIBUTIONS – THEORY 2-1 LESSON 3: DATA DISTRIBUTIONS FOR CATEGORICAL VARIABLES ............................................................................................ 3-1 0.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 0-1 0.2 COURSE OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ........... 0-1 0.3 ABOUT SPSS ...............................................................................................
  • 4.
    ....................... 0-1 0.4 SUPPORTINGMATERIALS ............................................................................................... .... 0-2 0.5 COURSE ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................... ....... 0-2 1.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 1-1 1.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 1-1 1.3 BASIC STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS ......................................................................... 1-1 1.4 POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES ............................................................................................. 1-3 1.5 RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................................................... ........ .............. 1-3 1.6 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES ..................................................................... 1-4 1.7 NOTE ABOUT DEFAULT STARTUP FOLDER AND VARIABLE DISPLAY IN DIALOG BOXES .. 1-4 1.8 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... .............. 1-5 1.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ........... 1-6 2.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 2-1
  • 5.
    INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .......................... 2-1 2.2 LEVELSOF MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICAL METHODS ................................................. 2-1 2.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION ..................................................... 2-5 2.4 NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS ............................................................................................... .... 2-7 2.5 STANDARDIZED (Z-) SCORES ............................................................................................. 2-8 2.6 REQUESTING STANDARDIZED (Z-) SCORES...................................................................... 2-10 2.7 STANDARDIZED (Z-) SCORES OUTPUT ............................................................................. 2-10 2.8 PROCEDURE: DESCRIPTIVES FOR STANDARDIZED (Z- ) SCORES ...................................... 2-10 2.9 DEMONSTRATION: DESCRIPTIVES FOR Z- SCORES............................................................ 2-11 2.10 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... .......... 2-12 2.11 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ....... 2-13 3.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 3-1 3.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 3-1 3.3 USING FREQUENCIES TO SUMMARIZE NOMINAL AND ORDINAL VARIABLES .................... 3-2
  • 6.
    3.4 REQUESTING FREQUENCIES ............................................................................................... 3-3 3.5FREQUENCIES OUTPUT ............................................................................................... ........ 3-3 3.6 PROCEDURE: FREQUENCIES ............................................................................................... 3-4 3.7 DEMONSTRATION: FREQUENCIES ....................................................................................... 3-6 3.8 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ............ 3-10 3.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ......... 3-10 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING IBM SPSS STATISTICS ii LESSON 4: DATA DISTRIBUTIONS FOR SCALE VARIABLES ......... 4-1 LESSON 5: MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT POPULATIONS FROM SAMPLES ............................................................................................ 5-1
  • 7.
    LESSON 6: RELATIONSHIPSBETWEEN CATEGORICAL VARIABLES ........................................................................................... 6-1 4.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 4-1 4.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 4-1 4.3 SUMMARIZING SCALE VARIABLES USING FREQUENCIES ................................................... 4-1 4.4 REQUESTING FREQUENCIES ............................................................................................... . 4-2 4.5 FREQUENCIES OUTPUT ............................................................................................... ........ 4-2 4.6 PROCEDURE: FREQUENCIES ............................................................................................... . 4-4 4.7 DEMONSTRATION: FREQUENCIES ....................................................................................... 4-6 4.8 SUMMARIZING SCALE VARIABLES USING DESCRIPTIVES................................................. 4-11 4.9 REQUESTING DESCRIPTIVES ............................................................................................. 4-11 4.10 DESCRIPTIVES OUTPUT ............................................................................................... .... 4-11 4.11 PROCEDURE: DESCRIPTIVES ........................................................................................... 4-11 4.12 DEMONSTRATION:
  • 8.
    DESCRIPTIVES...................................................................... ............. 4-12 4.13 SUMMARIZINGSCALE VARIABLES USING THE EXPLORE PROCEDURE ........................... 4-13 4.14 REQUESTING EXPLORE ............................................................................................... .... 4-13 4.15 PROCEDURE: EXPLORE ............................................................................................... .... 4-16 4.16 DEMONSTRATION: EXPLORE ........................................................................................... 4-19 4.17 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... .......... 4-24 4.18 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ....... 4-25 5.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 5-1 5.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 5-1 5.3 BASICS OF MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT POPULATIONS FROM SAMPLES .......................... 5-1 5.4 INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE SIZE ............................................................................................... 5-2 5.5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING ............................................................................................... ........ 5-10 5.6 THE NATURE OF PROBABILITY ......................................................................................... 5-
  • 9.
    11 5.7 TYPES OFSTATISTICAL ERRORS ....................................................................................... 5-11 5.8 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE ............................................ 5-12 5.9 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ............ 5-13 5.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ....... 5-13 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LESSON 7: THE INDEPENDENT- SAMPLES T TEST .......................... 7-1 LESSON 8: THE PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST ........................................ 8-1 6.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 6-1 6.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 6-1 6.3 CROSSTABS........................................................................... .............................................. 6-2 6.4 CROSSTABS ASSUMPTIONS......................................................................
  • 10.
    ........................... 6-3 6.5 REQUESTINGCROSSTABS ............................................................................................... .... 6-3 6.6 CROSSTABS OUTPUT ............................................................................................... ........... 6-3 6.7 PROCEDURE: CROSSTABS ............................................................................................... .... 6-4 6.8 EXAMPLE: CROSSTABS ............................................................................................... ........ 6-5 6.9 CHI-SQUARE TEST ............................................................................................... ............... 6-7 6.10 REQUESTING THE CHI-SQUARE TEST ............................................................................... 6-8 6.11 CHI-SQUARE OUTPUT ............................................................................................... ........ 6-8 6.12 PROCEDURE: CHI-SQUARE TEST ...................................................................................... 6-9 6.13 EXAMPLE: CHI-SQUARE TEST ........................................................................................ 6- 10 6.14 CLUSTERED BAR CHART ............................................................................................... . 6-11 6.15 REQUESTING A CLUSTERED BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER .................................. 6-12 6.16 CLUSTERED BAR CHART FROM CHART BUILDER OUTPUT ............................................ 6-12 6.17 PROCEDURE: CLUSTERED BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER ..................................... 6-13 6.18 EXAMPLE: CLUSTERED BAR CHART WITH CHART
  • 11.
    BUILDER ......................................... 6-15 6.19ADDING A CONTROL VARIABLE ..................................................................................... 6-16 6.20 REQUESTING A CONTROL VARIABLE ............................................................................. 6-17 6.21 CONTROL VARIABLE OUTPUT ........................................................................................ 6- 17 6.22 PROCEDURE: ADDING A CONTROL VARIABLE ............................................................... 6-18 6.23 EXAMPLE: ADDING A CONTROL VARIABLE ................................................................... 6-19 6.24 EXTENSIONS: BEYOND CROSSTABS ............................................................................... 6-22 6.25 ASSOCIATION MEASURES ............................................................................................... 6-23 6.26 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... .......... 6-23 6.27 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ....... 6-24 7.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 7-1 7.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 7-1 7.3 THE INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST ................................................................................ 7-1 7.4 INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................ 7-2 7.5 REQUESTING THE INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST ........................................................... 7-2
  • 12.
    7.6 INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES TTEST OUTPUT .......................................................................... 7-3 7.7 PROCEDURE: INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST .................................................................. 7-5 7.8 DEMONSTRATION: INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST .......................................................... 7-6 7.9 ERROR BAR CHART ............................................................................................... ........... 7-10 7.10 REQUESTING AN ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER ........................................ 7-11 7.11 ERROR BAR CHART OUTPUT .......................................................................................... 7- 11 7.12 DEMONSTRATION: ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER .................................... 7-12 7.13 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... .......... 7-14 7.14 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ....... 7-14 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING IBM SPSS STATISTICS iv LESSON 9: ONE-WAY ANOVA ............................................................... 9-1 LESSON 10: BIVARIATE PLOTS AND CORRELATIONS FOR
  • 13.
    SCALE VARIABLES .......................................................................................... 10-1 8.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 8-1 8.2INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .................... 8-1 8.3 THE PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST ............................................................................................ 8-1 8.4 ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST ............................................................. 8-2 8.5 REQUESTING A PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST .......................................................................... 8-3 8.6 PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST OUTPUT ..................................................................................... 8-3 8.7 PROCEDURE: PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST .............................................................................. 8-4 8.8 DEMONSTRATION: PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST ..................................................................... 8-4 8.9 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... .............. 8-6 8.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ......... 8-6 9.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ......................... 9-1 9.2 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................
  • 14.
    .................... 9-1 9.3 ONE-WAYANOVA ............................................................................................... ............... 9-1 9.4 ASSUMPTIONS OF ONE-WAY ANOVA ............................................................................... 9-2 9.5 REQUESTING ONE-WAY ANOVA ...................................................................................... 9-2 9.6 ONE-WAY ANOVA OUTPUT .............................................................................................. 9-3 9.7 PROCEDURE: ONE-WAY ANOVA ...................................................................................... 9-4 9.8 DEMONSTRATION: ONE-WAY ANOVA ............................................................................. 9-6 9.9 POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-WAY ANOVA ................................................................... 9-8 9.10 REQUESTING POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-WAY ANOVA ........................................... 9-9 9.11 POST HOC TESTS OUTPUT................................................................................. ................ 9-9 9.12 PROCEDURE: POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE-WAY ANOVA.......................................... 9-10 9.13 DEMONSTRATION: POST HOC TESTS WITH A ONE- WAY ANOVA ................................. 9-12 9.14 ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER ................................................................... 9-14 9.15 REQUESTING AN ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER ........................................ 9-14 9.16 ERROR BAR CHART OUTPUT .......................................................................................... 9- 14 9.17 PROCEDURE: ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART BUILDER .............................................. 9-15 9.18 DEMONSTRATION: ERROR BAR CHART WITH CHART
  • 15.
    BUILDER ..................................... 9-16 9.19LESSON SUMMARY .......................................................................................... ..... .......... 9-18 9.20 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ....... 9-18 10.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ..................... 10-1 10.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... ................ 10-1 10.3 SCATTERPLOTS ............................................................................................... ................ 10-1 10.4 REQUESTING A SCATTERPLOT ........................................................................................ 10- 2 10.5 SCATTERPLOT OUTPUT ............................................................................................... .... 10-3 10.6 PROCEDURE: SCATTERPLOT ........................................................................................... 10-3 10.7 DEMONSTRATION: SCATTERPLOT ................................................................................... 10-4 10.8 ADDING A BEST FIT STRAIGHT LINE TO THE SCATTERPLOT .......................................... 10-5 10.9 PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT........................................................................ ... 10-7 10.10 REQUESTING A PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ................................................ 10-8 10.11 BIVARIATE CORRELATION OUTPUT
  • 16.
    .............................................................................. 10-8 10.12 PROCEDURE:PEARSON CORRELATION WITH BIVARIATE CORRELATIONS ................... 10-9 10.13 DEMONSTRATION: PEARSON CORRELATION WITH BIVARIATE CORRELATIONS ........ 10-10 10.14 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ...... 10-11 10.15 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ... 10-12 TABLE OF CONTENTS v LESSON 11: REGRESSION ANALYSIS ................................................ 11-1 LESSON 12: NONPARAMETRIC TESTS .............................................. 12-1 LESSON 13: COURSE SUMMARY ........................................................ 13-1 APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS REFERENCES 1 11.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... ..................... 11-1 11.2 INTRODUCTION
  • 17.
    ............................................................................................... ................ 11-1 11.3 SIMPLELINEAR REGRESSION ......................................................................................... 11- 1 11.4 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................. 11-3 11.5 REQUESTING SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ................................................................... 11-4 11.6 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION OUTPUT ........................................................................... 11-4 11.7 PROCEDURE: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ................................................................... 11-5 11.8 DEMONSTRATION: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ........................................................... 11-7 11.9 MULTIPLE REGRESSION......................................................................... ....................... 11-11 11.10 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................ 11-11 11.11 REQUESTING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION........................................................... 11-11 11.12 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION OUTPUT .................................................................. 11-11 11.13 PROCEDURE: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ........................................................... 11-14 11.14 DEMONSTRATION: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION .................................................. 11-16 11.15 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ...... 11-22 11.16 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ... 11-22 12.1 OBJECTIVES
  • 18.
    ............................................................................................... ..................... 12-1 12.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... ................12-1 12.3 NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSES ......................................................................................... 12- 2 12.4 THE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS .......................................... 12-2 12.5 REQUESTING AN INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ....................... 12-3 12.6 INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS OUTPUT .......................................... 12-3 12.7 PROCEDURE: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS ................................... 12-5 12.8 DEMONSTRATION: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS .......................... 12-8 12.9 THE RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ................................................ 12-11 12.10 REQUESTING A RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ............................. 12-12 12.11 RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS OUTPUT .............................................. 12-12 12.12 PROCEDURE: RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS ...................................... 12-13 12.13 DEMONSTRATION: RELATED SAMPLES NONPARAMETRIC TESTS .............................. 12-16 12.14 LESSON SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ...... 12-19 12.15 LEARNING ACTIVITY ............................................................................................... ... 12-20 13.1 COURSE OBJECTIVES REVIEW
  • 19.
    ........................................................................................ 13- 1 13.2 COURSEREVIEW: DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ................................................................... 13-1 13.3 NEXT STEPS ............................................................................................... ..................... 13-2 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... ................... A-1 1.2 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... ....................... A-1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING IBM SPSS STATISTICS vi COURSE INTRODUCTION 0-1 Lesson 0: Course Introduction 0.1 Introduction
  • 20.
    The focus ofthis two-day course is an introduction to the statistical component of IBM® SPSS® Statistics. This is an application-oriented course and the approach is practical. You'll take a look at several statistical techniques and discuss situations in which you would use each technique, the assumptions made by each method, how to set up the analysis using PASW® 0.2 Course Objectives Statistics, as well as how to interpret the results. This includes a broad range of techniques for exploring and summarizing data, as well as investigating and testing underlying relationships. You will gain an understanding of when and why to use these various techniques as well as how to apply them with confidence, and interpret their output, and graphically display the results. After completing this course students will be able to: • Perform basic statistical analysis using selected statistical techniques with PASW Statistics To support the achievement of this primary objective, students will also be able to: • Explain the basic elements of quantitative research and issues that should be considered in data analysis • Determine the level of measurement of variables and obtain appropriate summary statistics
  • 21.
    based on thelevel of measurement • Run the Frequencies procedure to obtain appropriate summary statistics for categorical variables • Request and interpret appropriate summary statistics for scale variables • Explain how to make inferences about populations from samples • Perform crosstab analysis on categorical variables • Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a statistically significant relationship between categorical variables • Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between two groups on a scale variable • Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two scale variables • Perform a statistical test to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference among three or more groups on a scale dependent variable • Perform a statistical test to determine whether two scale variables are correlated (related) • Perform linear regression to determine whether one or more variables can significantly predict or explain a dependent variable • Perform non-parametric tests on data that don’t meet the assumptions for standard statistical
  • 22.
    tests 0.3 About SPSS SPSS®Inc., an IBM® Company is a leading global provider of predictive analytics software and solutions. The Company’s complete portfolio of products - data collection, statistics, modeling and deployment - captures people's attitudes and opinions, predicts outcomes of future customer interactions, and then acts on these insights by embedding analytics into business processes. SPSS solutions address interconnected business objectives across an entire organization by focusing on the convergence of analytics, IT architecture and business process. Commercial, government and academic customers worldwide rely on SPSS technology as a competitive advantage in attracting, INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH IBM SPSS STATISTICS 0-2 retaining and growing customers, while reducing fraud and mitigating risk. SPSS was acquired by IBM® 0.4 Supporting Materials in October 2009. For more information, visit http://www.spss.com.
  • 23.
    We use severaldatasets in the course because no one data file contains all the types of variables and relationships between them that are ideal for every technique we discuss. As much as possible, we try to minimize the need within one lesson to switch between datasets, but the first priority is to use appropriate data for … SunTrust Bank VA-RVW-3434 P.O. Box 85041 Richmond, VA 23286-9072 0000021500002157758935 Extension of Payment Agreement The undersigned (“Borrowers”), jointly and severally (if more than one signer below), are indebted to Truist Bank, successor by merger to SunTrust Bank, (“Lender”) as evidenced by an instrument, or Note, dated May 19, 2019, as may have been amended or rescheduled from time to time, together with all other agreements or security documents executed in connections with that indebtedness, (“the Loan”), which Loan has been assigned the
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    following may applyto you. forces of the United States. If you are or your spouse is serving on active military duty, including active military duty as a member of the Texas National Guard or the National Guard of another state or as a member of a reserve component of the armed forces of the United States, please send written notice of the active duty military service to the sender of this notice immediately. THE UNPAID BALANCE AT THE CONTRACT RATE. BY DEFERRING ONE OR MORE INSTALLMENTS, YOU WILL PAY MORE FINANCE CHARGES THAN ORIGINALLY DISCLOSED. If you are a Utah resident or your property is in Utah, the following may apply to you. negative credit report reflecting on your credit record may be submitted to a credit reporting agency if you fail to fulfill
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    the terms ofyour credit obligations. If you are a Wisconsin resident or your property is in Wisconsin, the following may apply to you. statement under Section 766.59, or a court decree under Section 766.70, adversely affects the interest of the creditor unless the creditor, prior to the time credit is granted, is furnished a copy of the agreement, statement or decree, or has knowledge of the adverse provision when the obligation to the creditor is incurred.
  • 35.
    JAIME A HIRAETA 9863EMERALD BERRY DR WINTER GARDEN, FL 34787