Introduction to Polymers
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This document discusses polymers and their classification and applications. It begins with defining polymers as large molecules formed by linking repeating structural units through covalent bonds, in a process called polymerization. Polymers are classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic, and as linear, branched, or cross-linked. Thermoplastics are linear or slightly branched polymers that soften on heating and harden on cooling, while thermosettings are heavily cross-linked polymers that set during molding. Common applications described include polyethylene in packaging, polypropylene in packaging and labeling, and polystyrene in containers and disposable items.
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Polymers
Polymers are large molecules formed by chemical bonding of many smaller molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymers: thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosets harden permanently after heating. Common polymerization reactions include bulk, suspension, solution, and emulsion polymerization. Biodegradable polymers break down into natural byproducts, while bioplastics are made from renewable sources. Polymer properties depend on factors like tacticity, polydispersity index, and glass transition temperature. Examples of important polymers include polyethylene, nylon, polyesters, PVC, Teflon, and conducting polymers.
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This document discusses various types of plastics and polymers. It provides 13 reasons why plastics are commonly used, including being lightweight, low cost, and available in various colors and forms. It then covers polymerization processes and how monomers link together to form polymers. The rest of the document categorizes and classifies different types of polymers based on their structure, manufacturing method, processing type, crystallinity, and applications. Key polymer types discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylons, and rubbers.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
Polymers
This presentation discusses polymers, including their definition as macromolecules composed of monomers. Polymers are classified in various ways such as by origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), and formation method (addition, condensation). Biodegradable polymers can break down in biological environments, while non-biodegradable polymers do not. Factors affecting biodegradation include chemical structure and molecular weight. Pharmaceutical applications of polymers include coatings for devices, implants, drug delivery systems, and membranes.
Polymer
Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
Polymer and its classification
This presentation discusses the classification of polymers. Polymers are large molecules built up by the repetition of small, simple chemical units held together by covalent bonds. Polymers can be classified based on their reaction to stress and temperature, mechanical strength and behavior, way of production, molecular arrangement, type of monomer involved, and morphology. The presentation covers common polymer types like thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, plastics, fibers, and discusses their linear, branched, or cross-linked molecular arrangements and crystalline or amorphous morphologies.
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This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic and characterized by their structure, including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network forms. Common polymers are used in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their light weight, low cost, and moldability.
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Polymers are large molecules formed from repetitive monomeric units. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of a single monomer, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, and long chain polymers based on their properties. Some key uses of polymers include applications in medicine like implants, consumer products like plastic containers, and industrial uses like automobile parts and pipes.
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Polymers
Polymers are large molecules formed by chemical bonding of many smaller molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymers: thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosets harden permanently after heating. Common polymerization reactions include bulk, suspension, solution, and emulsion polymerization. Biodegradable polymers break down into natural byproducts, while bioplastics are made from renewable sources. Polymer properties depend on factors like tacticity, polydispersity index, and glass transition temperature. Examples of important polymers include polyethylene, nylon, polyesters, PVC, Teflon, and conducting polymers.
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This document discusses various types of plastics and polymers. It provides 13 reasons why plastics are commonly used, including being lightweight, low cost, and available in various colors and forms. It then covers polymerization processes and how monomers link together to form polymers. The rest of the document categorizes and classifies different types of polymers based on their structure, manufacturing method, processing type, crystallinity, and applications. Key polymer types discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylons, and rubbers.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
Polymers
This presentation discusses polymers, including their definition as macromolecules composed of monomers. Polymers are classified in various ways such as by origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), and formation method (addition, condensation). Biodegradable polymers can break down in biological environments, while non-biodegradable polymers do not. Factors affecting biodegradation include chemical structure and molecular weight. Pharmaceutical applications of polymers include coatings for devices, implants, drug delivery systems, and membranes.
Polymer
Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
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This presentation discusses the classification of polymers. Polymers are large molecules built up by the repetition of small, simple chemical units held together by covalent bonds. Polymers can be classified based on their reaction to stress and temperature, mechanical strength and behavior, way of production, molecular arrangement, type of monomer involved, and morphology. The presentation covers common polymer types like thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, plastics, fibers, and discusses their linear, branched, or cross-linked molecular arrangements and crystalline or amorphous morphologies.
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This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic and characterized by their structure, including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network forms. Common polymers are used in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their light weight, low cost, and moldability.
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Polymers are large molecules formed from repetitive monomeric units. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of a single monomer, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, and long chain polymers based on their properties. Some key uses of polymers include applications in medicine like implants, consumer products like plastic containers, and industrial uses like automobile parts and pipes.
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3. By application - fibers have strength from hydrogen bonding and are crystalline, plastics are shaped by heat/pressure, and elastomers are rubbery and amorphous.
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Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
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Polymers are long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including polyethene, polypropene, nylons, polyurethanes, and polyesters. Polymers are classified based on their structure and production method. Properties depend on factors like chain length and structure. Common applications include plastic containers, clothing, pipes, sports equipment, and medical devices.
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This document provides an overview of polymers including their classification, polymerization processes, characteristics, processing techniques, and applications. Polymers are large molecules formed by linking repeating small molecule units called monomers. They can be classified based on their source, structure, type of polymerization, or molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization are addition and condensation. Polymers have properties like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. Common processing methods are blow molding, injection molding, and extrusion. Polymers have a wide range of applications in consumer goods, industry, sports, and medicine.
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Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers can be differentiated based on their molecular structure and response to heat. Thermoplastics soften when heated and harden again when cooled, allowing them to be repeatedly melted and reshaped. Thermosets permanently harden when heated and cannot be remelted or reshaped. Some key applications of thermoplastics include car dashboards and toys, while thermosets are commonly used in electrical equipment and circuit boards due to their high heat resistance.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small repeating units called monomers. There are several types of polymers classified by their source, structure, and method of formation. Polymers can be natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic and can have linear, branched, or cross-linked structures. Polymerization is the process where monomers combine to form polymers and can occur through addition, condensation, or copolymerization reactions. Key properties of polymers like glass transition temperature and tacticity depend on factors like molecular weight and stereochemistry of the repeating units.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small repeating units called monomers. There are natural polymers like DNA and collagen as well as synthetic polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and based on how they are formed as addition or condensation polymers. Properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Common applications of polymers include packaging, insulation, fibers, and medical devices.
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A polymer is a giant molecule made from small identical repeating molecules called monomers joined together by covalent bonds. The process of interlinking the monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. The Classification of Polymers is possible based on different parameters. Origin, thermal processing Behavior, Mechanism of polymerization, line structure, physical property, Crystallinity, and Degradability are such parameters. The spatial arrangements of substituents like alkyl, phenyl, chloro groups on the carbon chain of polymer are called tacticity. Based on tacticity polymers are classified into isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polymers. Tacticity depends on the temperature of formation and solvent used. Steps involved in addition polymerization or chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. Polythene is an addition polymer that exists as LDPE or HDPE.LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules. The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst results in HDPE. 2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. Polystyrene is a transparent, amorphous addition polymer of styrene.PMMA is an addition polymer of methyl methacrylate.PAN is an acrylic fiber obtained by addition polymerization of acrylonitrile. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization happens by the intermolecular reaction with the elimination of water, HCl, etc. Monomers of nylon 66 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diamine and the second 6 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diacid. Nylon 6 is formed from caprolactam which has 6 carbon atoms in its ring. Bakelite is a three-dimensional phenol-formaldehyde polymer. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide formed from-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Terylene is the condensation polymer from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. A typical Ziegler Natta catalyst is a mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl Aluminium. This catalyst permits the synthesis of unbranched, stereospecific, high molecular weight polyolefins. The process is coordination polymerization and the product is the cis product. Biodegradable polymers get decomposed by bacteria into natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are esters, anhydrides or amides. PLA(polylactic acid), PGA (Poly(glycolic acid), and PHBV -Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) are examples of biodegradable polymers. The plastic identification code identifies the type of plastic.
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- Propagation involves these free radicals reacting with monomer molecules to start the chain growth, linking monomer after monomer.
- Termination occurs when two growing radical chain ends combine, stopping further reaction and chain growth.
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Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
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Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many smaller subunits called monomers. They can be found naturally or made synthetically. Polymers are formed through polymerization reactions where monomers bond together into long chains or networks. There are several ways polymers can be classified, including by their source, structure, type of polymerization reaction, monomers used, intermolecular forces, backbone composition, and atomic arrangement. The functionality and degree of polymerization also provide information about polymers' structure and properties.
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- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
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This presentation is on the Topic" Polymer Chemistry" for the Chemistry Undergraduate students of Mumbai University
PLASTICS FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS.pptx
Plastics, specifically thermoplastics, are widely used in food packaging due to their low cost, light weight, and versatility. The most common plastics used are polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene, as well as polyesters like polyethylene terephthalate. These plastics can be formed into rigid containers through blow molding or injection molding processes. Laminates and co-extruded plastics are also used to combine the properties of different materials and enhance barrier properties for food preservation. While plastics provide advantages for food packaging, some may absorb food constituents so testing is needed for food safety.
Polyethylene and its polymerization.pptx
1. Polyethylene
2. Polymerization
3. Classification of Polymers
4. Types of Polymerization
5. Types of polyethylene
6. Manufacturing of LIFE
7. Applications of Polyethylene
8. Addition Polymerization
9. Condensation Polymerization
10. Thermoplastic Polymer
11. Thermosetting Polymer
12. Chain Polymerization
13. Free Radical Polymerization
14. Step growth Polymerization
15. Uses of polyethylene
Polymers
Polymers have played an integral role in advancing drug delivery technology by providing remote control of drug release. Polymers can conjugate to therapeutics to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties through increased plasma half-life, protection from enzymes, reduced immunogenicity, and potential for targeted delivery. Polymers are composed of repeating monomer units connected by covalent bonds and can be classified based on their monomer composition, method of polymerization, architecture, application, morphology, and degradability. Common polymers used in drug delivery systems include PEG, PLGA, chitosan, and HPMC.
Polymers.pptx
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
Lesson3 plastics
Plastics are polymers composed of large organic molecules called polymers and additives that give them their properties. Polymers are formed from bonding monomers together in long chains through polymerization. Plastics are generally light, good insulators, resistant to corrosion, and mouldable but have low melting points and degrade under UV light. There are three main types of plastics: thermoplastics which have weaker bonds and can be recycled; thermosets which have stronger bonds and cannot be recycled; and elastomers which are very flexible and also cannot be recycled. Plastics are manufactured by heating polymer particles to their melting point and shaping them through extrusion or injection molding.
Polymer Material_Narendra.ppt
Polymeric materials, commonly known as polymers, are composed of repeating structural units called monomers that are linked together to form large, complex molecules. These materials are widely used in modern society due to their versatility, ease of processing, and desirable properties. Polymers have applications across many industries, from packaging and textiles to electronics and medicine, because of their ability to be tailored for specific uses.
NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
This document provides an overview of non-metallic materials including polymers, ceramics, and composites. It discusses key polymer types like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. It describes their properties, production processes, and common applications. Terminology used in polymers like monomer, polymer, polymerization, homopolymer, and copolymer are also defined. The different types of polymerization and various polymer classifications are outlined.
UNIT- III.pptx
Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and applications of various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON –Composites-
Classifications- Metal Matrix and FRP - Applications of Composites.
POLYMER
Polymers are large molecules formed from repeating structural units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of identical monomers, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and mode of polymerization. They have a variety of applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their properties like low density, corrosion resistance, and ability to be produced in different colors.
Plastis
Plastic is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are moldable. Most plastics are derived from petrochemicals but some are partially natural. Plastics have a variety of properties including strength, flexibility, durability and the ability to be easily molded. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics, which soften when heated and can be reshaped, and thermosets, which cannot be reshaped after manufacture. Common plastics include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, and polypropylene, each with different chemical compositions and physical properties used in a wide range of applications.
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Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
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Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Introduction to Polymers
- 1. Anoop S. Nair Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry NSS College Nemmara, Palakkad - 678508 Polymers 1
- 2. Contents • Introduction • Classification • Applications of Various Polymers • Polymer Recycling 2
- 3. • ‘Polymer’ is coined from two Greek words: poly means many and mer means unit • Defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass (103-107u), also referred as MACROMOLECULES • Formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale, derived from simple and reactive molecules (Monomers), linked to each other by covalent bonds • The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerisation. Introduction What is a POLYMER??? 3
- 4. Classification of Polymers Polymers Natural Semi- synthetic Synthetic Source Eg: Proteins, Cellulose, Starch Eg: Rayon, Cellulose nitrate Eg: Nylon -6,6, Buna -S 4
- 5. Classification of Polymers (Contd…) Polymers Linear Branched Cross- linked Structure Eg: High density polythene, PVC Eg: Low density polythene Eg: Bakelite, Melamine 5
- 6. • These are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling • Some common thermoplastics are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls, etc. Classification of Polymers (Contd…) Thermosetting Polymers Thermoplastic Polymers • These polymers are cross-linked or heavily branched molecules, which on heating undergo extensive cross- linking in molds and again become infusible • These cannot be reused • Examples are bakelite, urea- formaldelyde resins, etc. 6
- 7. Applications of Polyethene • Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most common plastic in use • It is a linear, man-made, addition, homo-polymer • Primarily used for packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, containers including bottles, etc.) • As of 2017, 34% of the total plastics market is PE 7
- 8. Applications of Polypropene • Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer made from the monomer propylene • It is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic (after polyethylene) and it is often used in packaging and labeling 8
- 9. 9 Applications of Polystyrene • Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer made from the monomer known as styrene • PS is clear, hard, and rather brittle and is one of the most widely used plastics • Generally used in CD and DVD cases, containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, disposable cutlery
- 10. 10