Introduction to Ocular Anatomy & Physiology

Gopi Suresh Vankudre

M. Optom, FIACLE

INTRODUCTION TO
OCULAR ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
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Anatomy vs Physiology
Anatomy

Physiology

• Anatomy is the
identification and
description of the
structures of living things

• Physiology is the science of
life that helps us
understand how the body
works


Important facts about eye
• Human eye is sensitive to visible spectrum
i.e 380am – 780nm
• Elements in the eye converts light signals to
neural signals
• Protected by bony orbit
• Supplied by sensory and motor nervous
system

Let us revise few anatomic
concepts!
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•
•
•
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Anterior/ventral
Posterior/dorsal
Superior/cranial
Inferior/caudal
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal

• Sagital
• Coronal
• Transverse


Review of basic human histology
• Histology- Branch which
deals with bodily
microscopic structures
• Tissue – Collection of
similar cells involved in
similar function
• Body is made from four
basic tissues
–
–
–
–

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Epithelium
• Covers the external surface
• Lie on basement membrane
• Classified according to
shape
–
–
–
–

Squamous or flat
Cuboidal
Columnar
Simple or stratified

• Endothelium

Glandular Epithelium
• Glands are epithelial cells
gathered in group adapted
for secretion


Connective tissue
Provides structure and
support
Consist of cells, fibers and
ground substance


Muscle tissue


Nerve tissue
• Consist of two cells neurons
and neuroglia
• Neuron carries stimulus
• Neroglia provide structure
and metabolic support
• Dendrites
• Axons


Review of important physiological
concepts
• Nucleus directs cell
function.consist of DNA and
RNA
• Rough endoplasmic
reticulum(ER) creates
proteins and smooth ER
synthesizes protein and
lipid
• Golgi apparatus modify and
pack proteins

• Cell membrane – Central
hydrophobic lipid layer and
hydrophilic phosphate
groups on both sides
• Mitochondria produces
cell’s supply of energy in the
form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
• Lysozymes acts like a
defence mechanism

Passive transport mechanism
• Passive fluid and solute
transport by diffusion
which does not require
energy


Active transport mechanism
• Active transport
mechanism requires
energy
• Energy is supplied by
ATP molecule which is
produced either by
aerobic or anaerobic
process


Intercellular junctions related to
eyes
• Zonula occludens: Joining with the adjacent
cells
• Hemidesmosomes: Provides strong
connection between the cell and its
basement membrane and underlying tissue


External Anatomy of the Eye


Lacrimal Apparatus of the Eye


Anatomy of the Eyeball
• Fibrous Tunic:
– Cornea
– Sclera

• Vascular Tunic
– Choroid coat
– Ciliary Body (Ciliary muscle, Ciliary process)
– Iris

• Nervous Tunic

– Retina


Accessory structures of the Eye
from a sagittal view

Three different chambers
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Vitreous


Detail view of the anterior
anatomy
of the eye

Production of Aqueous Humor
and Intraocular pressure

1. Ciliary Process:
Produces Aqueous Humor
2. Posterior Chamber:
Aqueous Humor flows from
this chamber through the
pupil in Anterior Chamber
3. Canal of Schlemm
Reabsorbs Aqueous Humor
Glaucoma:
Increase in intraocular
pressure due to build up of
Aqueous Humor

Opthalmoscopic view of the retina showing
the location of the Macula to the Optic Disc


Histology of the retina of the eye

Intrinsic Eye Muscles and
their response to light

Light Refractory
Pathway:
1. Bulbar Conjunctiva
2. Cornea
3. Aqueous Humor
4. Lens
5. Vitreous Humor
6. Ganglion Cell Layer
7. Inner Synaptic Layer
8. Bipolar Layer
9. Outer Synaptic Layer
10. Photoreceptor Layer

Abnormalities of
The Eye:

1. Myopic nearsighted
2. Hypermetropic Farsighted
3. Presbyopia age-related failure of
lens to accommodate
4. Astigmatism Distorted vision due to
irregular-shaped lens or
cornea
5. Color Blindness genetic defect that
causes dysfunction of
cones

Accommodation of the Lens
for near vision
• Ciliary muscles contract
• Ciliary body pulls forward and inward
• Tension on suspensory ligaments of lens is
decreased
• Lens becomes thicker (rounder) due to its
elasticity
• Pupils constricts

Accommodation of the Lens
for far vision
• Ciliary muscles relaxes
• Ciliary body returns to its resting state,
backward and outward
• Tension on suspensory ligaments of lens is
increased
• Lens becomes thinner (flatter) due to its
elasticity
• Pupils dilate

Physiology of Rods and
Photopigments

Visual Pathway
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Cones
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cell’s axon forms the optic nerve
Optic nerve to the Optic Chiasm
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
Optic Radiations
Primary visual areas of the occipital lobes

Thank You!


Introduction to Ocular Anatomy & Physiology

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