6. • a rule or set of rules
• rule or body of rules made by the legislature
• enforceable by the courts
• regulating the government of a state,
• the relationship between the organs of
government and the subjects of the state, and the
relationship or conduct of subjects towards each
other.
7. Human behavior in the society is controlled with the
help of law.
It aids in the cooperation between members of a
society.
Law also helps to avoid any potential conflict of
interest and also helps to resolve them.
WHY DO WE NEED LAW ?
8. DEFINTIONS BY SCHOLARS
• Law is the aggregate set of rules set by a man as politically
superior, or sovereign to men, as political subjects.” - JOHN
AUSTIN
• KELSEN states that law is a ‘normative science’. In Kelson’s
law definition, the law does not seek to describe what must
occur, but rather only defines certain rules to abide by.
• Law to be predominantly a tool of social engineering.-ROSCOE
POUND
9. KEY CONCEPTS
• LAW AND MORALITY
• LEGAL WRONG AND MORAL WRONG
• RIGHTS AND DUTIES
• LEGAL PERSONALITY AND CORPORATE PERSONALITY
• CONSTITUTION AND OTHER LAWS
10. LAW AND MORALITY
• Law and morality are distinct concepts.
• Law is a system of rules created and enforced by a
governing authority, while morality refers to personal
or societal principles of right and wrong.
• While laws may reflect moral values, they can diverge,
as laws are enforceable, whereas morality is a matter of
personal conscience.
11. LEGAL WRONG AND MORAL WRONG
• Legal wrong refers to actions that violate laws set by a governing
authority, leading to potential legal consequences.
• Moral wrong, on the other hand, pertains to actions that transgress
ethical or societal norms of right and wrong, often involving personal
conscience or societal values.
• Legal Wrong: Speeding beyond the prescribed limit on a highway is a legal wrong. It
violates traffic laws, and if caught, the offender may face fines or other legal
consequences.
• Moral Wrong: Lying to a close friend about a significant matter is a moral wrong. While
not illegal, it breaches trust and ethical norms, potentially harming relationships
based on honesty and integrity.
ALL ILLEGAL ACTIONS CAN BE IMMORAL BUT ALL IMMORAL ACTIONS CAN’T BE ILLEGAL.
12. RIGHTS AND DUTIES
• Rights are entitlements or claims individuals possess,
defining what others must do or refrain from doing.
• Duties are corresponding obligations to respect, fulfill,
or refrain from actions.
• Rights and duties create a reciprocal relationship, forming
the basis of ethical and legal frameworks that guide
individual and societal behavior.
• A common example is the right to free speech. Individuals
have the right to express their opinions (right), but they
also have a duty to respect others' right to do the same,
fostering a balance between freedom of expression and the
avoidance of harm or discrimination.
13. LEGAL PERSONALITY AND CORPORATE
PERSONALITY
• Legal personality refers to the recognition of an entity
as having rights and responsibilities, enabling it to
engage in legal activities.
• Corporate personality, a subset of legal personality,
specifically pertains to the recognition of corporations
as distinct legal entities with rights and liabilities
separate from their members or shareholders.
14. CONSTITUTION AND OTHER LAWS
• The constitution is a fundamental, supreme law that
establishes the framework of government, outlines
powers, and protects fundamental rights.
• Other laws, including statutes and regulations, derive
authority from the constitution, detailing specific
rules and regulations for governance and addressing
various legal matters within a jurisdiction.
15. PROCESS OF LAW MAKING
• WHO MAKES THE LAWS ?
• WHAT ARE THE THREE ORGANS OF GOVERNMENT ? AND THEIR
ROLES?
• PARLIAMENT CONSISTS OF _____?
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BILL AND ACT ?
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19. WHY ARE YOU STUDYING LAW ?
Professional Responsibility: Engineers must adhere to
ethical standards, ensuring their work meets professional
norms and avoiding negligence or misconduct.
Health and Safety Regulations: Adherence to health and
safety standards is essential, particularly for engineers
designing structures or systems with safety implications.
Contract Law: Understanding and drafting contracts is
crucial for engineers who engage in agreements with
clients, contractors, or employers.
Government Regulations and Compliance: Engineers must
be familiar with laws related to building codes, zoning, and
other regulations applicable to their projects.
Intellectual Property Law: Engineers should be aware of
laws regarding patents, trademarks, and copyrights to
protect innovations and respect others' intellectual property
rights.
Product Liability: Engineers involved in product design or
manufacturing should understand product liability laws to
ensure the safety and compliance of their products.
Liability and Tort Law: Engineers may be held liable for
damages resulting from professional negligence or errors.
Understanding tort law is essential for minimizing legal risks.
Ethics in Engineering: While not strictly legal, ethical
considerations are crucial for engineers, often outlined in
codes of ethics set by professional organizations.
Environmental Law: Compliance with environmental
regulations is vital for engineers involved in projects with
potential ecological impacts.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Familiarity with
methods like arbitration and mediation can be valuable for
engineers in resolving disputes outside of court.
