This document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java's evolution and history from 1991 to present. It also covers Java fundamentals including data types, operators, decision making and looping constructs, classes and objects, arrays and strings. The document is intended as an overview of the major topics and features in Java.
This keyword is a reference variable that refer the current object in java.
This keyword can be used for call current class constructor.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-this-keyword
This keyword is a reference variable that refer the current object in java.
This keyword can be used for call current class constructor.
http://www.tutorial4us.com/java/java-this-keyword
Python Advanced – Building on the foundationKevlin Henney
This is a two-day course in Python programming aimed at professional programmers. The course material provided here is intended to be used by teachers of the language, but individual learners might find some of this useful as well.
The course assume the students already know Python, to the level taught in the Python Foundation course: http://www.slideshare.net/Kevlin/python-foundation-a-programmers-introduction-to-python-concepts-style)
The course is released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Its primary location (along with the original PowerPoint) is at https://github.com/JonJagger/two-day-courses/tree/master/pa
Learn the various forms of polymorphism in Java with illustrative examples to explain method overloading(Compile-time polymorphism) and method overriding(Run-time polymorphism)
In the Java programming language, the final keyword is used in several different contexts to define an entity that can only be assigned once. Once a final variable has been assigned, it always contains the same value.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
Python Advanced – Building on the foundationKevlin Henney
This is a two-day course in Python programming aimed at professional programmers. The course material provided here is intended to be used by teachers of the language, but individual learners might find some of this useful as well.
The course assume the students already know Python, to the level taught in the Python Foundation course: http://www.slideshare.net/Kevlin/python-foundation-a-programmers-introduction-to-python-concepts-style)
The course is released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Its primary location (along with the original PowerPoint) is at https://github.com/JonJagger/two-day-courses/tree/master/pa
Learn the various forms of polymorphism in Java with illustrative examples to explain method overloading(Compile-time polymorphism) and method overriding(Run-time polymorphism)
In the Java programming language, the final keyword is used in several different contexts to define an entity that can only be assigned once. Once a final variable has been assigned, it always contains the same value.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
This presentation includes 7 programs, in which 5 are basic arithmatic (binary) operator overloading and 2 are the unary operators( increment and decrement) overloading.
Arrays are complex variables that can hold multiple values of the same data type.
Array is a fixed type sequenced collection of elements of the same data type.
It is simply a grouping of like-type data.
Some examples where a concept of arrays can be used :-
1) List of employees in an organization.
2) Exam scores of a class of students.
3) Table of daily rainfall data.
Core Java introduction | Basics | free course Kernel Training
http://kerneltraining.com/core-java/
Learn the basics of Java and gain practical experience that is required to begin your career in java programming. Kernel Training has designed classroom and online course to upgrade your knowledge and skills in core Java.
Course Curriculum:
Introduction to Java
JDK and practical applications
Java Basic Data Types and Operators
Programming Constructs, Classes and Methods, constructor and Finalizer
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Method overriding and abstract classes
Packages and Interfaces
Strings and Arrays
Enums
In this session you learn about
1. How to download and install java in your PC
2, How to write simple Java Program
3. Operators in Java
4. Types of operators
i) Arithmetic operators
ii) Relational operators
iii) Logical operators
iv)Ternary operator
v) Bitwise operators
vi) Assignment operators
vii) Unary operators
viii) Special operators
5. Operators precedence
Here you can watch my ppt and learn the guide about java and its every part. Later on, I will make one more ppt on many programs and keywords and how to use them, I hope you like this presentation.
Thank you
Slides: http://pa4373.github.io/jstutorials_corepart/
GitHub Repo: https://github.com/pa4373/jstutorials_corepart
This is the first part of JavaScript programming tutorials. This tutorial introduces the brief history of JavaScript, the relationship of the specification and a variety of implementations, and then the basic syntax and the concepts are introduced, that can be generally applied to programming interactions with different runtimes.
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
Introductio to Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)Ashita Agrawal
Abstract window toolkit is collection of classes and interfaces. The major advantage of AWT is Applets.
Applets interact with the user through the AWT and not through the console-based I/O classes.
The Awt contains support for a window based graphical Interface.
The AWT is huge collection of classes and interfaces.
Following table contains the list of classes present in jav.awt package.
Java.awt package is one of Java’s largest packages. Since AWT classes are logically organised in a top-down, hierarchical fashion, it is easy to understand and use them.
Inheritance in Object Oriented ProgrammingAshita Agrawal
Index
Introduction
Derived class
visibility modes
Types of inheritance
Virtual base class
Constructors in derived classes
Inheritance
The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old class is called inheritance.
The old class is referred as base class and new one is called as derived class.
A new class inherits some or all properties from the base class.
Inheritance enables reusability.
SET
A set is a well defined collection of objects, called the “elements” or “members” of the set.
A specific set can be defined in two ways-
If there are only a few elements, they can be listed individually, by writing them between curly braces ‘{ }’ and placing commas in between. E.g.- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The second way of writing set is to use a property that defines elements of the set.
e.g.- {x | x is odd and 0 < x < 100}
If x is an element o set A, it can be written as ‘x A’
If x is not an element of A, it can be written as ‘x A’
Special types of sets-
Standard notations used to define some sets:
N- set of all natural numbers
Z- set of all integers
Q- set of all rational numbers
R- set of all real numbers
C- set of all complex numbers
TYPES OF SETS
-subset
-singleton set
-universal set
-empty set
-finite set
-infinte set
-eual set
-disjoint set
-cardinal set
-power set
OPERATIONS ON SET
The four basic operations are:
1. Union of Sets
2. Intersection of sets
3. Complement of the Set
4. Cartesian Product of sets
Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the elements of both the sets.
A B = {x | x A or x B}
Let a and b are sets, the intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A B is the set consisting of elements which are in A as well as in B
A B = {X | x A and x B}
If A B= , the sets are said to be disjoint.
If U is a universal set containing set A, then U-A is called complement of a set.
Overview of business
INDEX
Types Of Business
Industrial Sector
Globalization
Definition:
Business is an economic activity involving the regular production or distribution of goods and services with the objective of earning profits through the satisfaction of human wants.
Types of business:
1.Service
2.Manufacturing
3.Trade
Service
Service industry is the major type of business running in India. Examples – entertainment, consultancy, banking, telecommunication, call centres, KPO, etc.Service is different from manufacturing and trading of goods.
Manufacturing
In manufacturing, the items are produced using raw materials with the help of different engineering process and technologies. Other business depend on manufacturing. Hence it is very important. Example- machines, automobiles, stationary, etc.
Trade
These enterprises are concerned with the distribution of products i.e. sale of products , distribution, transfer, exchange of goods to business houses as well as consumers. Trading enterprises may be found operating in form of :
Wholesale
Retail
Import and export
Investment trusts, etc.
Types Of Industrial Sector
Trade
Automobile
Cement
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Engineering goods
Jute
Iron and steel
Village industries
Petrochemical
Rubber & leather products
Small scale industries
Sugar
Tea
Textile
Agro based
Food based
Handicrafts, etc.
Engineering Industry
Engineering industry mainly deals with:
Design
Manufacture
Operations of structures, machines, or devices.
This industry primarily includes sectors like:
Civil
Computer and IT
Industrial
Electrical
Mechanical
Chemical
Process Industry
The process industries do different processes on the raw material to produce the final product.
The process could be either continuous or occur on a batch of materials.
Examples:
Wood and wooden products
Chemicals
Paper
Textile
Coal
Rubber
Plastics, etc.
Textile Industry
Textile industry deals with design and manufacturing of clothing products. Indian textile industries are one of the leading in the world. It includes following sectors:
Cotton
Jute
Sericulture
Wool and woollen
Man made fibre/ filament yarn
IT Industry
Information technology (IT) industry in India has played a key role in putting India on the global map. IT industry in India has been one of the most significant growth contributors for the Indian economy.
Major IT companies are:
Infosys
Accenture
Cognizant
CMC
Wipro
Oracle, etc.
Globalization
Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
Globalization has allowed companies to increase their base of operations. It has supported companies to expand their workspace with relatively small investments and provide novel services to a wide range of consumers.
Introduction:
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, was the diwan (Prime Minister) of Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India.
Social Position:
Gandhi was born into the second highest caste in Hindu society – the Ruler-Warrior Caste.
As a youth (about 15-years-old):
He had his schooling in nearby Rajkot, where his father served as the adviser or prime minister to the local ruler. In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days;
Later Teen Years:
On 4 September 1888, less than a month shy of his 19th birthday, Gandhi traveled to London, England, to study law at University College London and to train as a barrister. His time in London, the Imperial capital, was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother in the presence of the Jain monk Becharji, upon leaving India, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat, alcohol, and promiscuity.
Gandhi in South Africa: 1893- 1914 :
In South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination directed at Indians. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first class to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket. Traveling farther on by stagecoach he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. These events were a turning point in his life, awakening him to social injustice and influencing his subsequent social activism.
The South Africa Years :
Gandhi served in and lead an Ambulance Corps Unit in both the Boer War 1899-1892 and the Zulu War of 1906. By supporting the British government, Gandhi hoped to gain full citizenship for Indians in South Africa, a goal he did not achieve.
Returning to India in 1915:
In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time.
Role in World War I :
In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, Gandhi was invited by the Viceroy to a War Conference in Delhi. Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants.
Cloud computing - new class of network based computingAshita Agrawal
Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of network based computing that takes place over the Internet,
-basically a step on from Utility Computing
-a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
The hardware and software services are available to
general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets.
TYPES OF CLOUD:
There are different types of clouds that you can subscribe to depending on your needs. As a home user or small business owner, you will most likely use public cloud services.
1.public
2.hybrid
3.community
4.private
PURPOSE AND BENEFITS
-Cloud computing enables companies and applications, which are system infrastructure dependent, to be infrastructure-less.
-By using the Cloud infrastructure on “pay as used and on demand”, all of us can save in capital and operational investment!
-Clients can:
Put their data on the platform instead of on their own desktop PCs and/or on their own servers.
They can put their applications on the cloud and use the servers within the cloud to do processing and data manipulations etc.
Features of Cloud Computing
• Cost
• Agility
• Security
• Reliability
• Scalability
• Availability
• Performance
• Device and Location Independence
Cloud Computing Service Providers
• Amazon
• App Nexus
• Google AppEngine
• Go Grid
• Microsoft Windows Azure
• Rack Space
Conclusion
The cloud provides many options for the everyday computer user as well as large and small businesses. It opens up the world of computing to a broader range of uses and increases the ease of use by giving access through any internet connection.
However, with this increased ease also come drawbacks. You have less control over who has access to your information and little to no knowledge of where it is stored.
You also must be aware of the security risks of having data stored on the cloud. The cloud is a big target for malicious individuals and may have disadvantages because it can be accessed through an unsecured internet connection.
instruction set of 8086 microprocessor has following categories:
-Data transfer instructions
-Arithmetic instructions
-Logical instructions
-Flag manipulation instructions
-shift and rotate instructions
-String instructions
-8086 assembler directives
A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials.
Adolf Hitler - German politician(world war I)Ashita Agrawal
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party.
-born on April 20, 1889
-Adolf Hitler’s life in Vienna
-Appearance of Adolf Hitler
-World War I
-Hitler’s Leadership
-Rise of Nazi Party
He is Considered a “father of the computer“.
Charles Babbage was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.
Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer.
Augmented reality is a live, copy, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
4. History of Java
The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in
December 1990, providing an alternative to the C++/C programming languages.
It was originally named Oak, designed in 1991.
Main team members : Bill Joy, Patrick Naughton, Mike Sheridan, James Gosling.
Original goal : use in embedded consumer electronic appliances.
In 1994, team realized Oak was perfect for Internet.
In 1995, renamed Java, was redesigned for developing Internet applications.
Announced in May 23 in 1995 at SunWorld’95.
First non-beta release January 23 in 1996.
7. JAVA DEVELOPMENT KIT (JDK)
The java development kit comes with a collection of tools that are used or
development and running Java programs. They include:
appletviewer
Javac(java compiler)
java(java interpreter)
javap(java disassembler)
javah(java for header files)
javadoc
Jdb(java debugger)
9. A SIMPLE JAVA PROGRM
//This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
10. JAVA KEYWORDS
The following list shows the reserved words in Java. These reserved words may not be
used as constant or variable or any other identifier names.
Abstract
Assert
Boolean
Break
Byte
Case
Catch
Char
Class
Const
Continue
Default
Do
Double
Else
Enum
Extends
Final
Finally
Float
For
Go to
If
Implements
Import
Instance of
Int
Interface
Long
Native
new
package
Private
Protected
Public
Return
Short
Static
Strictfp
Super
Switch
Synchronize
d
This
Throw
Throws
Transient
Try
Void
Volatile
while
11. IMPLEMENTING JAVA PROGRAM
Implementing of a java application program involves a series of
steps. They include :
Creating the program
Compiling the program
Running the program
Source code
Java compiler
Bytecode
Machine code
Interpreter
12. JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE (JVM)
Java compiler produces an intermedia code known as byte code or a
machine that does not exist. This machine is called java virtual machine
(JVM)
14. CONSTANTS
Constants in java refer to fixed values that do not change during execution of a
program. Java support several types of constants :
Integer constants
Real constants
Single character constants
String constants
Backslash character constants
15. VARIABLES
A variable is an identifier that denotes a storage location used to store a data
value.
Unlike constants, the remain unchanged during execution of a program, but a
variable may have different values at different times during execution.
A variable name can be chosen by the programmer. Eg- average, height, name,
id, etc.
16. DATA TYPES
Every variable in java has a data
type .
Data type specify the type and
size of values that can be stored.
17. TYPE CASTING
We often encounter situations where we need to store value of one type into a variable of another type. In such
situations, we must cast the value to be stored by proceeding it with the type name in parentheses.
The syntax is :
Casting is only possible from smaller type to larger type. If casting is done from larger type to smaller, eg - float to int,
there will be a loss of data.
Type variable = (type) variable2;
From To
Byte Short, char, int, long, float, double
Short char, int, long, float, double
Char int, long, float, double
Int long, float, double
Long float, double
Float double
19. OPERATORS
Operators can be classified into a number of categories:
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Increment and decrement Operators
Conditional Operators
Bitwise Operators
20. Arithmetic Operator
Arithmetic operators are used to construct mathematical operators as in algebra.
Java provides all arithmetic operators like algebra.
Types of arithmetic operators:
Real arithmetic
Integer arithmetic
Mixed-mode arithmetic
Operator Meaning
+ Addition
- Subtraction
/ Division
* Multiplication
% modulus
21. Relational Operator
Relational operators are usually used to compare two quantities.
Example: a<b or x>20
Operator Meaning
< Is less than
<=
Is less than or equal
to
> Greater than
>=
Is greater than or
equal to
== Equals to
!= Not equal to
22. Logical Operator
In addition to relational operators, java has three logical operators.
The logical operators && and || are used when we want to form compound
conditions by combining two or more relations.
Example : a>b && b>c
Operator Meaning
&& Logical AND
|| logical OR
! Logical NOT
23. Assignment Operator
Assignment operators are used to assign the value of an expression to a variable.
We have seen the usual assignment operator ‘=‘.
In addition java has a shorthand assignment operators which are used in the form
where v is avariable, exp is expression and op is java binary operator.
Example:
a+=1
a-=1
a*=n+1
a/=n+1
a%=b
v op= exp;
24. Increment and decrement operator
Java has two very useful operators not generally found in other languages. These
are the increment ( ++ ) and decrement ( -- ) operator.
The operator ++ adds 1 to the operand while operator – subtracts 1.
25. Conditional operator
The character pair ?: is a ternary operator available in java.
This operator is sued to construct expressions in the form
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
26. Bitwise operator
Bitwise operators are used for manipulation of data at bit level.
These operators are used for testing the bits of shifting them to right or left.
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
! Bitwise NOT
^ Bitwise XOR
~ One’s complement
<< Shift left
>> Sift right
>>> Shift right with zero fill
28. Decision making
Types of decision making statements in java are
If
If...else
Else if ladder
Nested if
29. IF Statement
The general form of a simple if statement is
if (test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
statement-x;
The statement-block may be a single statement or a group of statements. If the test expression is true, the statement-block will be
executed; otherwise the statement-block will be skipped and the execution will jump to statement-x. remember, when the condition is
true both the statement-block and the statement-x are executed in sequence.
Example:
if (x == 1)
{
y = y +10;
}
System.out.println(+y);
The program tests the value of x and accordingly calculates y and prints it. If x is 1 then y gets incremented by 1 else it is not
incremented if x is not equal to 1. Then the value of y gets printed.
30. If…else Statement
The If…else Statement is an extension of the simple if statement. An if statement can be followed by an
optional else statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is false.
Syntax:
if(test expression)
{
//True-block statement;
}else
{
//False-block statement;
}
Statement-x;
31. Nesting of IF..Else Statements
When a series of decision are involved then we may have to use more than one if…else statement in nested form as follows:
The general syntax is
if(test condition1)
{
if(test condition2)
{ Statement1;
}
else
{ Statement2;
}
}
else
{ Statement3;
}Statement-x;
33. Switch Case
Java provides a multiple branch selection statement known as switch. This selection statement successively tests the value of an
expression against a list of integer or character constants. When a match is found, the statements associated with that constant are
executed.
The general form of switch is:
switch(expression)
{
case value1:
//Codesegment 1
case value2:
// Codesegment 2
...
case valuen:
//Codesegment n
default:
//default Codesegment
}
A switch statement is used for multiple way selection that will branch to different code segments based on the value of a variable or
an expression . The optional default label is used to specify the code segment to be executed when the value of the variable or
expression does not match with any of the case values. if there is no break statement as the last statement in the code segment for a
certain case, the execution will continue on into the code segment for the next case clause without checking the case value.
34. The ?; operator
The value of a variable often depends on whether a particular boolean
expression is or is not true and on nothing else. For instance one common
operation is setting the value of a variable to the maximum of two quantities.
Setting a single variable to one of two states based on a single condition is such a
common use of if-else that a shortcut has been devised for it, the conditional
operator, ?;.
Using the conditional operator you can rewrite the above example in a single line
like this: max = (a > b) ? a : b;
(a > b) ? a : b; is an expression which returns one of two values, a or b. The
condition, (a > b), is tested. If it is true the first value, a, is returned. If it is false, the
second value, b, is returned.
36. LOOPING
• Java has three kinds of looping statements:
– the while loop
– the do loop
– the for loop
37. The while Statement
A while statement has the following syntax:
while ( condition )
{
statement;
}
If the condition is true, the statement is executed
Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is still true,
the statement is executed again
The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition
becomes false
38. The do-while Statement
• A do-while statement (also called a do loop) has the
following syntax:
Do
{
statement;
}while ( condition )
• The statement is executed once initially, and then the
condition is evaluated
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition
becomes false
39. The for Statement
A for statement has the following syntax:
5-39
for ( initialization ; condition ; increment )
{
statement;
}
The initialization
is executed once
before the loop begins
The statement is
executed until the
condition becomes false
The increment portion is executed
at the end of each iteration
41. Defining a class
A class is a user defined data type with a template that serves to define its properties. The basic
form of a class definition is:
Class classname [extends superclassname]
{
[fields declaration;]
[method declaration;]
}
Classname and superclassname are any Java identifiers. The keyword extends indicates
the properties of the superclassname class because they are extended to the classname
class. This concept is known as inheritance. Fields and methods are declared inside the
body.
42. Constructor
A Constructor is similar to method that is used to initialize the instance variables.
The automatic initialization of the object is performed through the constructor.
Constructors have the same name as the class name. secondly, they do not specify a return
type, not even void. This is because they return the instance of the class itself.
There are two types of constructors:
• default constructor
• parameterized constructor
43. Methods overloading
If a class have multiple methods by same name but different parameters, it is known as
Method Overloading.
Method overloading is used when objects are required to perform similar tasks but using
different input parameters.
To create an overloaded method, all we have to do is to provide several different method
definitions in the class, all with the same name, but with different parameter lists. The
difference may either be in the number of type of arguments. This is, each parameter list
should be unique.
44. Inheritance
Inheritance is the concept used to share the data of one class into another class. Inheritance is
the process by which objects can acquire the properties of objects of other class. This is
achieved by deriving a new class from the existing one. The new class will have combined
features of both the classes.
Types of inheritance are:
• Single Inheritance
• Multiple Inheritance
• Multi-Level Inheritance
• Hierarchical Inheritance
• Hybrid Inheritance
45. ‘Super’ keyword
The super is a reference variable that is used to refer immediate parent class object.
Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created
implicitly i.e. referred by super reference variable.
Usage of super Keyword
super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
super() is used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.
super is used to invoke immediate parent class method.
46. ‘Final’ keyword
Final Variables:
If we define the variables with final keyword that variables are called Final variables. These
variables doesn’t supports to reassign the constants.
Final Method:
If we define the methods as final that methods are called final methods. That methods doesn’t
supports to override in sub classes.
Final Class:
If we define the class as final that class is called Final Class. That class doesn’t supports to inherit
in another classes.
47. Method Overriding
If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as
method overriding.
Advantage of Java Method Overriding
Method Overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by its super class.
Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism
48. Abstract Class & method
A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class in java. It can
have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body).
It cannot be instantiated.
A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as
abstract method.
A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as
abstract method.
The abstract class can also be used to provide some implementation of the interface. In
such case, the end user may not be forced to override all the methods of the interface.
50. Array
An array is a group of contiguous or related data items that share a common name.
Arrays can be of any variable type.
Example: to define an array salary to represent a set of salaries of a group of employees.
salary[10];
Types of arrays:
one dimensional array
Two dimensional array
51. Strings
String represent a sequence of characters.
String manipulation is the most common part of many java programs.
Strings may be declared as follows:
String stringname;
Stringname = new string (“string”);
String array can be created as
String stringarrayname[ ] = new String[ ];
52. Methods of string class
char charAt(int index)
Returns the character at the specified index.
int compareTo(Object o)
Compares this String to another Object.
String concat(String str)
Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
boolean equals(Object anObject)
Compares this string to the specified object.
int indexOf(int ch)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character.
int length()
Returns the length of this string.
String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of
oldChar in this string with newChar.
String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement
Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given
regular expression with the given replacement.
String toUpperCase()
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the
rules of the default locale.
String toLowerCase()
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the
rules of the default locale.
53. String buffer class
String buffer is a peer class of string.
While String creates strings of fixed _length, StringBuffer creates strings of flexible length that can
be modified in terms of both length and content.
We can insert characters and substrings in the middle of a string, or append another string to the
end.
Below are some methods of StringBuffer class
Method Task
S1.setChartAt(n, ‘x’) Modifies the nth character to x.
S1.append(s2)
Appends the string s2 to s1 at the
end.
S1.insert(n,s2)
Inserts string s2 at position n of the
string.
S1.setLenght(n) Sets length of string
54. Vectors
Vector implements a dynamic array. It is similar to ArrayList, but with two differences:
• Vector is synchronized.
• Vector contains many legacy methods that are not part of the collections framework.
Vector proves to be very useful if you don't know the size of the array in advance or you
just need one that can change sizes over the lifetime of a program.
56. Interface
An interface is basically a kind of class.
Like classes, interfaces contain methods and variables but with one major difference. The
difference is that interfaces define only abstract methods and final fields.
This means that interfaces do not specify any code to implement these methods and data fields
contain only constants.
Example
Interface area
{
static final float pi=3.14f;
float compute (float x, float y);
void show ( );
}
57. Syntax for defining a interface
Interface interfacename
{
variable declaration;
methods declaration;
}
Variables in an interface are declared as follows:
static final type variablename = value;
Methods in an interface are declared as follows:
return-type methodname1 (parameter-list);
58. Packages
Packages are java’s way of grouping a variety of classes and interfaces together.
The grouping is usually done according to functionality.
Packages are also called as container for classes.
60. Naming convention
Packages can be named using the standard java naming rules. By convention, however
packages begin with lowercase letters. This makes it easy to easy for users to distinguish
packages names from class name when looking at an explicit reference to a class. We
know that all class names, again by convention, begin with an upeercase letter.
Example
double y= java. lang. Math. sqrt (x);
Package
name
method
name
class
name
61. Creating packages
Creating our own package contains the following steps:
▫ Declare the package at the beginning of a file using the form package packagename;
▫ define the class that is to be put in the package and declare it public.
▫ Create a subdirectory under the directory where the main source files are stored.
▫ Store the listing as the classname .java file in the subdirectory.
▫ Compile the file. This creates .class file in the subdirectory.
63. Multithreading
It is a programming concept in which a program or
a process is divided into two ore more subprograms
or threads that are executed at the same time in
parallel.
It supports execution of multiple parts of a single
program simultaneously.
The processor has to switch between different
parts or threads o a program.
It is highly efficient.
A thread is the smallest unit in multithreading.
It helps in developing efficient programs
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Main Thread
switching
start
main method
module
startstart
switching
Thread CThread BThread A
64. Creating Threads
Threads are implemented in form of objects that contain a method called run( ). The run( )
method is the heart and soul of any thread. It makes up entire body of a thread and is the only
method in which the thread’s behaviour can be implemented. A typical run( ) would appear as
follows:
The run( ) method should be invoked by an object o the concerned thread. This can be
achieved by creating the thread and initializing it with the help of another thread method called
start( ).
A new thread can be created in two ways:
i. By creating a thread class
ii. By converting a class to a thread
Public void run ( )
{
..............
.............
}
65. Life cycle of a Thread
A thread can be in one of the five states.
The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The
java thread states are as follows:
o New
o Runnable
o Running
o Non - Runnable (Blocked)
o Terminated
1. New
The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread
class but before the invocation of start() method.
2. Runnable
The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start()
method, but the thread scheduler has not selected it to be the
running thread.
3. Running
The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has
selected it.
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently not
eligible to run.
5. Terminated
A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method
exits.
66.
67. Stopping and Blocking a thread
Whenever we want to stop a thread
from running further, we may do so
by calling the stop( ) method.
aThread.stop( );
This statement causes the thread to
move to the dead state.
A thread can also be temporarily
suspended or blocked form entering
into The runnable and subsequently
running state by using either oF the
following thread methods:
− Sleep( )
− Suspend( )
− Wait( )
STOPPING BLOCKING
68. Thread Priority
In Java, Each thread has a priority.
Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10.
In most cases, thread scheduler schedules the threads according to their priority (known as pre-
emptive scheduling).
But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it
chooses.
3 priorities are:
• MIN_PRIORITY = 1
• NORM_PRIORITY = 5
• MAX_PRIORITY = 10
69. Synchronization
Synchronization in java is the capability of control the access of multiple threads to any shared
resource.
Java Synchronization is better option where we want to allow only one thread to access the
shared resource.
The synchronization is mainly used to
• To prevent thread interference.
• To prevent consistency problem.
71. Errors
Errors are the wrongs that can make a program go wrong.
Types of errors:
1. Compile time
error
• Missing semicolons
• Missing brackets
• Misspelling of identifiers and keywords
• Missing double quotes in strings
• Use of undeclared variables
• Use of = in place of == operator
• And so on
2. Run time error
• Dividing an integer by zero
• Accessing an element that is out of the bounds of an array
• Trying to store a value into an array of an incompatible class or type
• Converting invalid string to a number
• Attempting to use a negative size for an array
• Passing a parameter that is not valid range or value for the method
• And many more
72. Exception
An exception is a condition that is caused by a run-time error in the program. When the java
interpreter encounters an error such as dividind by zero, it creates an exception object and throw it.
If the exception object is not caught and handled properly, the interpreter will display an error
message. And will terminate the program.
If we want the program to continue with the execution f the remaining code, then we should try to
catch the exception object thrown by the error condition and then display an appropriate message
for taking corrective actions. This task is known as exception handling.
The purpose of exception handling mechanism is to provide a means to detect and report an
“exceptional circumstance” so that the appropriate action can be taken. The mechanism suggests
incorporation of a separate error handling code that performs the following tasks:
1) Find the problem
2) Inform that an error has occurred
3) Receive the error information
4) Take corrective actions
73. Common java exceptions
a) Arithmetic Exception
b) Array Index Out Of Bounds Exception
c) File Not Found Exception
d) IO Exception
e) Null Pointer Exception
f) Number Format Exception
g) Out Of Memory Exception
h) Security Exception
i) Stack Overflow Exception
j) String Index Out Of Bounds Exception
74. Syntax of exception handling code
Try Block
Statement that
causes an
exception
Catch Block
Statement that
handles the
exception
Throws
exception
object
Exception object
creator
Exception handler
76. ‘finally’ keyword
Java supports another statement known as finally
statement that can be used to handle an
exception that is not caught by any of the
previous catch statements. Finally block can be
used to handle any exception generated within a
try block.
When a finally block is defined, this is guaranteed
to execute, regardless of wheter or not in
exception is thrown.
try
{
statement;
}
Catch (.........)
{
statement;
}
finally
{
statement;
}
77. Throwing our own exception
There may be times when e need to throw our own exception. We can do this by keyword throw.
Example: throw new ArithmeticException( );
Throw new Throwable subclass;
79. Applet
An applet is a special Java program that can be embedded in HTML documents.
It is automatically executed by (applet-enabled) web browsers.
In Java, non-applet programs are called applications.
80. Building applet code
Import java. Awt. *;
Import java. Applet. *;
........
........
Public class appletclassname extends applet
{
.............
.............
public void paint (graphics g)
{
...........
}
..........
}
81. Chain of classes inherited by applet class
Java. lang. Object
Java. awt. component
Java. awt. Container
Java. awt. Panel
Java. applet. Applet
82. Applet life cycle
The changes in state of applet life is shown in the following state transition diagram
Born
Running Idle
Dead End
Stopped
Destroyed
Exit browser
Begin
(Load applet)
Initialization
Display
paint()
start() stop()
start() destroy()
83. Commonly used methods of Graphics
class:
public abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y): is used to draw the specified string.
public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): draws a rectangle with the specified width and height.
public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to fill rectangle with the default color and specified width
and height.
public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to draw oval with the specified width and height.
public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to fill oval with the default color and specified width and
height.
public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): is used to draw line between the points(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, ImageObserver observer): is used draw the specified image.
public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle): is used draw a circular or elliptical
arc.
public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int arcAngle): is used to fill a circular or elliptical arc.
public abstract void setColor(Color c): is used to set the graphics current color to the specified color.
public abstract void setFont(Font font): is used to set the graphics current font to the specified font.