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1. Coronavirus
(COVID-19)

2. About Coronavirus
What is a coronavirus?
Source
Where did the virus come from?
Spread
How does the coronavirus spread?
Symptoms
What are the symptoms of the coronavirus?
Prevention
Reduce your risk
Epidemiology
Deaths & reported locations

3. Coronaviruses belong to a family known as Coronaviridae, and under an electron microscope they look like spiked rings. They're named for these spikes, which
form a halo or "crown" (corona is Latin for crown) around their viral envelope.
What is a Coronavirus?
Coronaviruses contain a single strand of RNA (as opposed to DNA, which is double-stranded) within the envelope and, as a virus, can't reproduce without
getting inside living cells and hijacking their machinery. The spikes on the viral envelope help coronaviruses bind to cells, which gives them a way in, like blasting
a door open with C4. Once inside, they turn the cell into a virus factory -- the RNA and some enzymes use the cell's molecular machinery to produce more
viruses, which are then shipped out of the cell to infect other cells. Thus, the cycle starts anew.
Typically, these types of viruses are found in animals ranging from livestock and household pets to wildlife such as bats. Some are responsible for disease, like
the common cold. When they make the jump to humans, they can cause fever, respiratory illness and inflammation in the lungs. In immunocompromised
individuals, such as the elderly or those with HIV-AIDS, such viruses can cause severe respiratory illness, resulting in pneumonia and even death.
Extremely pathogenic coronaviruses were behind the diseases SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) in the
last two decades. These viruses were easily transmitted from human to human but were suspected to have passed through different animal intermediaries: SARS
was traced to civet cats and MERS to dromedary camels. SARS, which showed up in the early 2000s, infected more than 8,000 people and resulted in nearly 800
deaths. MERS, which appeared in the early 2010s, infected almost 2,500 people and led to more than 850 deaths.
The WHO has named the new disease COVID-19. "Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing," said
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director-general of the WHO. "It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks."
The Coronavirus Study Group, part of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, was responsible for naming the novel coronavirus itself. The
novel coronavirus is known as SARS-CoV-2. The group "formally recognizes this virus as a sister to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-
CoVs)," the species responsible for the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003. The virus itself was originally given a placeholder name of "2019-nCoV."

4. Where did the virus come from?
The virus appears to have originated in Wuhan, a Chinese city about 650 miles south of Beijing that has a
population of more than 11 million people. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which sells fish, as well as
a panoply of meat from other animals, including bats, snakes and pangolins, was implicated in the spread in
early January.
Markets have been implicated in the origin and spread of viral diseases in past epidemics, including SARS and
MERS. A large majority of the people so far confirmed to have come down with the new coronavirus had
been to the Huanan Seafood marketplace in recent weeks. The market appears to be an integral piece of the
puzzle, but research into the likely origin and connecting a "patient zero" to the initial spread is ongoing.
An early report, published in the Journal of Medical Virology on Jan. 22, suggested snakes were the most
probable wildlife animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, but the work was soundly refuted by two further studies
just a day later, on Jan. 23. "We haven't seen evidence ample enough to suggest a snake reservoir for Wuhan
coronavirus," said Peter Daszak, president of nonprofit EcoHealth Alliance, which researches the links
between human and animal health.
"This work is really interesting, but when we compare the genetic sequence of this new virus with all other
known coronaviruses, all of its closest relatives have origins in mammals, specifically bats. Therefore, without
further details on testing of animals in the markets, it looks like we are no closer to knowing this virus' natural
reservoir."
Another group of Chinese scientists uploaded a paper to preprint website biorXiv, having studied the viral
genetic code and compared it to the previous SARS coronavirus and other bat coronaviruses. They discovered
the genetic similarities run deep: The virus shares 80% of its genes with the previous SARS virus and 96% of
its genes with bat coronaviruses. Importantly, the study also demonstrated the virus can get into and hijack cells
the same way SARS did.
The ant-eating pangolin, a small, scaly mammal, has also been implicated in the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
According to the New York Times, it may be one of the most trafficked animals in the world and it was sold at
the Huanan Seafood Market. The virus likely originated in bats but may have been able to hide out in the
pangolin, before spreading from that animal to humans. Researchers caution the full data have not yet been
published but coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 have been found in pangolins before.

5. How does the coronavirus spread?
This is one of the major questions researchers are still working hard to answer. The first infections were potentially the
result of animal-to-human transmission, but confirmation that human-to-human transmission was obtained in late January.
As the virus has spread, local transmission has been seen across the world. Some of the most at-risk people are those that
work in healthcare.
"The major concern is hospital outbreaks, which were seen with SARS and MERS coronaviruses," said Raina MacIntyre, a
professor of global biosecurity at the University of New South Wales, Australia. "Meticulous triage and infection control is
needed to prevent these outbreaks and protect health workers."
WHO says the virus can move from person to person via:
Respiratory droplets -- when a person sneezes or coughs.
Direct contact with infected individuals.
Contact with contaminated surfaces and objects.
On Feb. 5, Chinese state media reported a newborn had been diagnosed with COVID-19 just 30 hours after birth, opening
up the potential for mother-child transmission. Viruses can be transmitted through the placenta, but experts say it's too
early to tell whether this is the case with the novel coronavirus, which is "unlikely" to be passed on in the womb.
A handful of viruses, including MERS, can survive for periods in the air after being sneezed or coughed from an infected
individual. Although recent reports suggest the novel coronavirus may be transmitted in this way, the Chinese Center for
Diseases Control and Prevention have reiterated there is no evidence for this. Writing in The Conversation on Feb. 14,
virologists Ian Mackay and Katherine Arden explain "no infectious virus has been recovered from captured air samples."

6. Timeline
December 31
2019
China alerted WHO to several cases of unusual pneumonia in Wuhan. The virus was
unknown.
January 7
2020
Officials announced they had identified a new virus, according to the WHO.
The novel virus was named 2019-nCoV and was identified as belonging to the
coronavirus family, which includes SARS and the common cold.
February 1
2020
The death toll in China rose to 259, with 11,791 confirmed infections in
the country, according to new figures released by the Chinese health
authorities.
Till now
(02 Mar)
The novel coronavirus has killed more than 3,000 people
worldwide, the vast majority in mainland China. There have been
more than 88,000 global cases.

7. Breathing
difficulties
Fever
Dry cough
Fatigue
or muscle
pain
What are the symptoms ?

8. Epidemiology
The virus has spread to over 50 countries since its discovery in late 2019 and the number of cases and deaths have been steadily rising since early January. The best way to keep
track of the spread of the virus across the globe is this handy online tool, which is collating data from a number of sources including the CDC, the WHO and Chinese health
professionals and is maintained by Johns Hopkins University.
As of 2 March 2020, more than 89,000 cases have been confirmed worldwide; more than 90% of them have been in mainland China.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
1,00,000
China Cases
Chian Deaths
RoW Cases
RoW Deaths
Jan 16 Jan 24 Feb 01 Feb 09 Feb 16 Feb 23 Mar 01

9. Coronavirus Cases
Total
89,254
Recovered
45,221
Deaths
3,058

10. Prevention: Reduce your risk
Clean hands with soap and water
or alcohol-based hand rub
Cover nose and mouth when
coughing and sneezing
Avoid close contact with anyone
with cold or flu-like symptoms
Thoroughly cook meat and eggs
Avoid unprotected contact with
live wild or farm animals

11. SOURCE
Image Courtesy: www.freepik.com; www.pixabay.com; www.google.com, www.thenounproject.com
Information Courtesy: www.cnet.com; www.en.wikipedia.org; www.worldometers.info, WHO