The document defines automation as the replacement of human effort with mechanical devices regulated by feedback controls, while mechanization simply replaces human labor. It discusses the history and principles of automation, including feedback loops and sources of power. Automatic instruments can perform tasks like sample handling, reagent addition, detection, and data processing. Common automated systems are continuous flow analyzers and discrete analyzers, with advantages being speed, accuracy, and reduced labor costs, while initial costs are higher.

2. contents:
 Introduction
 objective of automation
 History of automation
 principle of automation
 Automatic instrument
 Auto analyzer
 Types of automatic analyzer system
 advantages and disadvantages of automated system
 References

3. Introduction:
 The international union of pure and applied chemistry ( IUPAC) define automation as ‘” the
replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by
mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an
apparatus is self –monitoring or self adjusting “.
 Mechanization, on the other hand, is defined as ‘the use of mechanical devices to replace, refine,
extend or supplement human effort’. The distinction between the two terms is quite clear according
to IUPAC ,in so far as ‘automation’ describes systems that involve a feedback loop
 The term mechanization is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human labor by
machines,
 Automation is the application of machines .

4. Aims andObjectives of automation:
 Automation is used for:
 Facilitating an analytical method or technique
 Processing of large number samples
 Determination of several components in the same sample
 Reduction of human participation
 To avoid error
 Process ( industrial) control
 Analytes which are sometimes present in low concentration in sample
 Reagents ,some of which are rare or expensive even unstable
 Precision
 Rapid working process

5. Historical backgroundof automation:
 The term automation was coined in the automobile industry about 1946 to describe the
increased use of automatic devices and controls in mechanized production lines.
 The origin of the word is attributed to D.S. Harder, an engineering manager at the Ford
Motor Company at the time. The term is used widely in a manufacturing context,
 Automation technology has matured to a point where a number of other technologies
have developed from it and have achieved a recognition and status of their
own. Robotics is one of these technologies.

6. Principle of Automation:
1). A source of power:
 An automated system is designed to accomplish some useful action, and that action requires
power. There are many sources of power available, but the most commonly used power in
today’s automated systems is electricity.
The actions performed by automated systems are generally of two types:
 (1) processing : . In this case, energy is applied to accomplish some processing operation
on some entity , All these actions essential the use of energy to transform the entity
 (2) Transfer and positioning : in this second step the product must be moved
(transferred) from one position to another during the series of processing steps. At each
processing location, accurate positioning of the product is generally required.

7. Feedback controls:
 Feedback controls are widely used in modern
automated systems. A feedback control
system consists of five basic components:
(1) input,
(2) process being controlled,
(3) output,
(4) sensing elements
(5) controller and acting devices.
These five components are illustrated in Figure .
The term closed-loop feedback control is often
used to describe this kind of system.

8. Automatic instrument:
 Automatic instruments will perform one or more of the following
operations:
 Sample pickup (e.g., from a small cup on a turntable or assembly line)
 Sample dispensing
 Dilution and reagent addition
 Incubation
 Placing of the reacted sample in the detection system
 Reading and recording the data
 processing the data

9. Auto analyzer:
 Auto analyzer is the instrument
which performs analysis of a
specimen by means of automation
 Auto analyzers enabled the process
of analysis of a number of
specimens without a comparable
increase in the laboratory staff

10. Major types of automated system:
 Continuous flow analyzer:
 in continuous flow analyzer , the sample is inserted into a flowing stream where a
number of operations can be performed prior to transporting it to a flow through detector.
 Discrete analyzer:
 Automated instruments that process samples in a discrete manner often mimic the
operations that would be perform manually
 Discrete sample analyzers carry the sample in discrete containers through several
stations in the apparatus.

11. Advantages of automatic analysis:
 Decrease the workload of analyst
 Treats each sample identically no error is introduced
 Billions of the tests are run annually in clinical chemistry, based on the
discrete or continuous analyzers rapid measurement of many samples
occurs in a day .
 Gives rapid and accurate results
 Automated instruments offer a major economic advantage because of
their saving in labor costs.
 A well- designed analyzer can usually produce more reproducible results
over a long period of time than manual instrument.

12. Disadvantages of automated analysis:
 Initial cost of apparatus , often the initial cost is considerably greater than nonautomated
apparatus.

13. References:
 Kaifer, A. E. (1992). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. (Skoog, Douglas A.; West,
Donald M.; Hollar, James F.)..
 www.slideshare.com
 Britannica .com
 Christian, G. D., & O'Reilly, J. E. (1988). Instrumental analysis.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/automated-analysis
 https://www.slideshare.net/parth241989/automated-analysis-112070804013