The document provides an overview of the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G, highlighting key features, objectives, and challenges associated with 5G technology. It outlines the benefits of 5G, including high speed, low latency, increased device capacity, and its potential applications in various fields like IoT, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. Furthermore, it addresses health concerns related to 5G and establishes the importance of 5G use cases such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communication, and ultra-reliable low-latency communication.

1. Introduction to 5G Technology

2. Contents
• Evolution of Cellular Networks: 1G to 5G
• Key Features and Objectives of 5G
• 5G Use Cases and Applications
• Challenges and Opportunities in 5G deployment

3. Evolution of Cellular Networks: 1G to
5G

4. Evolution of Cellular Networks from1G to 5G
1G
2G
3G
4G
5G

7. ‘0’G Technology

8. 1G Technology
• 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology,
mobile telecommunications which was first introduced in 1980s
and completed in early 1990s.
• It's Speed was upto 2.4 kbps.
• It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
• 1G network use Analog Signal.
• AMPS(Advance mobile phone system) was first launched in USA
in 1G mobile systems.

9. 1G Technology

10. Drawback of 1G Technology
• Poor Voice Quality
• Poor Battery Life
• Large Phone Size
• No Security
• Limited Capacity
• Poor Handoff Reliability 1G Wireless System

11. 2G Technology
• 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based on GSM. GSM technology
help to establish international roaming
• It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
• 2G network use digital signals.
• It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.
• Uses mainly 900MHz or 1800MHz
• Data was supported using High-Speed, Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) giving max data
rates of 57.6Kbps
• SMS was commercially launched in 1995. It enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multi media message).
• It provides better quality and capacity .
• 2G uses either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA).

12. Drawback of 2G
• 2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If
there is no network Coverage in any specific area , digital
signals would weak.
• These systems are unable to handle complex data such as
Videos.
2G Wireless System

13. WIRELESS MODELS OF 1G & 2G
WIRELESS MODELS OF 1G & 2G

14. 2.5G TECHNOLOGY
• 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generation
of mobile telephony.
• 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with
GPRS.
Features Includes:
• Phone Calls
• Send/Receive E-mail Messages
• Web Browsing
• Speed : 64-144 kbps
• Camera Phones
• Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

16. 3G TECHNOLOGY
• 3G technology was introduced in the year 2000s.
• Make use of TDMA and CDMA
• The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies
• Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps.
• Data are sent through technology called packet switching .
• High clarity in Voice calls.
• Typically called Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and
data transfer rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio and
video files.

17. FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY
• Providing Faster Communication
• Send/Receive Large Email Messages
• High Speed Web / More Security
• Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
• TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
• Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
• 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

18. DRAWBACS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY
• Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
• It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
• High Bandwidth Requirement
• Expensive 3G Phones
• Large Cell Phones

19. 4G TECHNOLOGY
• 4G technology was started from late 2000s.
• Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
• One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
Features:
• Mobile Multimedia
• Anytime Anywhere
• Global Mobility Support
• Integrated Wireless Solution
• Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.

20. 4G TECHNOLOGY
• The next generations of wireless technology that promises higher data
rates and expanded multimedia services.
• Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
• High QOS and High Security
• Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements,
anywhere.
Features Include:
• More Security
• High Speed
• High Capacity
• Low Cost Per-bit etc.

21. DRAWBACK OF 4G
• Battery uses is more
• Hard to implement
• Need complicated hardware
• Expensive equipment required to
implement next generation network.

22. COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G
• The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer
and signal quality.

23. WIRELESS MODELS OF 3G & 4G

25. 5G TECHNOLOGY
• 5G technology was started from late 2010s.
• Complete wireless communication with almost no
limitations.
• It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).

26. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
• High Speed, High Capacity
• 5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps .
• Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity as
to that of an HD Quality.
• Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.
• Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in Audio/Video.
• Support interactive multimedia , voice, streaming video, Internet.
• 5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

27. COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G Vs 5G
• The following basic difference between 4G and 5G are

30. 5G and Health Risks
• 5G also uses electromagnetic waves for transmission of data.
• It uses higher frequency waves in the millimeter wave range than
those used by most widespread applications, such as citizen band
(CB) radio, FM radio, on-air UHF and VHF television, microwave
ovens, 4G mobile networks and Wi-Fi.
• Because of shorter signal 5G antennas are also positioned at a
shorter height from ground levels and much closer to people.

31. 5G and Health Risks
Does 5G cause cancer?
• In a word, NO -- 5G does not cause cancer nor does it lead to brain
tumors.
• 5G operating at a higher frequency, fits into the non-ionizing
radiation zone, unlike ultraviolet rays, x-rays and gamma rays,
which fall in the ionizing radiation zone.
• 5G mobile network technology is transmitted over non-ionizing
radio waves.

32. 5G and Health Risks
Will 5G towers kill birds?
• No, the 5G mobile cellular network does not kill birds.
• Radio wave emissions from radio transmission antennas --
including cell telephone towers -- above 10 megahertz are not
known to harm birds.

33. 5G and Health Risks
• The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection has
issued guidelines for devices operating in non-ionizing zones, including the
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (“RF EMF”) 32 of 100kHz to 300 GHz.
• In India, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (“TRAI”) released a
paper on electromagnetic radiation from mobile towers reviewing various
studies on its effect on human health and concluded that there seems to be
no causality between electromagnetic radiation due to mobile phone towers
and disease in human beings.
• The Department of Telecommunications (“DoT”) also requires Telecom
Service Providers (“TSPs”) to conduct a periodic audit as per procedure
established by the Telecommunication Engineering Centre to ensure that
emissions from mobile phone base stations for general public exposure
conform to the set standards

35. Key Features
and
Objectives of 5G

36. Key Features of 5G

37. Key features of 5G
Point-1
• The most-discussed 5G feature is increased speed and
bandwidth.
• With a data rate of up to 10 Gbps, 5G will bring a 10 times to 100
times improvement over the existing 4G LTE technology. Cellular
is now a potential technology for branch office automation
because WAN connections finally have enough bandwidth.
• For businesses, the real benefit of 5G might not be the actual
bandwidth, but the pressure that 5G exerts on market prices of
incumbent WAN connectivity.

38. Key features of 5G
Point-1 (Additional information)
• Reliance Jio has acquired spectrum in the 700MHz, 800MHz,
1800MHz, 3300MHz and 26GHz.
• Spectrum for a period of 20 years is Rs 88,078 crore.
• Footprint has increased to 26,772 MHz (uplink + downlink)
Read more at:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/93287960.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=c
ppst

39. Key features of 5G
Point-2
• 5G's low latency, under 5 milliseconds, is the other key benefit
for WAN usage.
• Customers are using MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching) or
dedicated lines today primarily for low latency in line-of-business
applications.
• 5G's low latency may bring additional flexibility that lets
businesses jettison some of their branch office MPLS
infrastructure in favor of the less expensive and more flexible 5G
connections to branches.

41. Key features of 5G
Point-3
• 5G density enables up to 100 times more connected devices in
the same physical area that 4G LTE operates today, while
maintaining 99.999% availability.
• While this density may bring business advantages for mobile
workforces, the real benefit is increasing the size of the mobile
customer market.
• Mobile e-commerce is growing faster than retail and traditional
computer-based e-commerce.
• More customers than ever use mobile technologies to shop
online, so greater density increases the overall addressable
market...

42. Key features of 5G
Point-4
• An estimated 90% reduction in power consumption for devices
means minor power savings at the smartphone level.
• But, from an infrastructure perspective, especially for IoT devices,
the power savings could be significant.
• Combining IoT devices with a cellular 5G communication means
lower power overhead in design and actual consumption.
• Remote devices can be expected to last significantly longer when
running on battery alone.
• Some estimates even show that a 10-year remote battery life
may be achievable for IoT-based sensor devices deployed in
remote locations....

43. Key features of 5G
Point-5
• Security is always a concern for mobile devices and IoT devices.
• With 5G, stronger security than 4G LTE is available for designers,
including hardware security modules, key management services,
over the air, secure element and others.
• This will help ensure that the data transmitted over the 5G
network is secure while also hardening network endpoints.....

44. Key features of 5G
Higher capacity
• Larger volumes of data per user, large number of /devices.
• Multi –Gbps mobile access >10 Gbps
• More spectrum, dense access points distribution(small cells).
Higher flexibility
• Easy deployment of capacity where/ when it is needed.
• Wireless backhaul, self-organizing network.
Green radios
• Low power consumption per bit transmitted
• mmW radios, directive antennas, short distance links
Low EM exposure
• Lower EM field density( lower Tx power), focused radiation

45. Key objectives of 5G
Objective 1: Innovation with vertical industry expert users:
To develop realistic, advanced and business relevant innovative use
case scenarios in five key vertical industries.
Objective 2: Technology development and readiness:
To interface with key ICT-17 facilities and develop the technological
enablers for the validation of the use cases.
Objective 3: Technological validation:
To demonstrate the potential and the user value of advanced 5G
solutions through extensive technological validation in field trials
directly involving end-users in Living Labs (LLs).
https://5growth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/D3.1-ICT-17_Facilities_Gap_Analysis.pdf

46. Key objectives of 5G
Objective 4: Business validation and innovation:
To develop and validate the business models of the use cases in 5G-SOLUTIONS
LLs, whilst ensuring long-term social acceptance and economic sustainability,
extending beyond the lifespan of the project through a joint commercialization
plan..
Objective 5: Contribution to standardization, open source and communities:
To provide significant contribution to relevant 5G standardization bodies, to
relevant open source communities, to relevant industry standardization and
user/technology communities.
Objective 6: Dissemination and outreach:
To disseminate and exploit the project’s results, to maximize the project's
visibility and facilitate dissemination and communication activities, and to
contribute to the objectives of the European 5G-PPP Programme.

47. 5G Use Cases and
Applications

48. The three major use cases of 5G are:
1.Enhanced Mobile Broadband
2.Massive Machine Type Communication
3.Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication

49. The three major use cases of 5G are:
What is the role of eMBB, mMTC and uRLLC in 5G networks?
• eMBB, mMTC and uRLLC establish the building blocks for 5G
networks to help define requirements for 5G
• to deliver high-speed mobile broadband (over 10 Gbps),
• mass deployment of low-powered IoT devices (1 million devices per km2) and
• extremely reliable low-latency communication (99.99% reliable).

50. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
• eMBB extends the current 4G LTE mobile broadband services to the
next level of higher bandwidth capacity.
• It also enhances connectivity and provides higher user mobility.
• The data rate supported for downlink is up to 20 Gbps and uplink is
up to 10 Gbps and latency is 4 ms.

51. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
• The growth of eMBB mirrors that of contemporary mobile
broadband, allowing for bigger data quantities and a better user
experience. A prime example is the support of higher end-user data
rates.
Typical eMBB applications
• UHD video (4K, 8K) 3D video
• Tactile Internet, Cloud gaming, and Broadband kiosks
• Remote classroom, Hologram
• Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
• Real-time simulation and training

52. Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)
• mMTC supports a very large number of different types of devices, such as IoT
devices and sensors, in a small area. The connection density can be 10 million
devices per square kilometer.

53. 5G use cases:
• A self-driving car, for example, could require a network slice that
offers extremely fast, low-latency connections so a vehicle could
navigate in real time.
• A home appliance, however, could be connected via a lower-
power, slower connection because high performance is not
crucial.
• IoT could use secure, data-only connections.

54. Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)
• mMTC refers to services with a large device population, such as remote
sensors, equipment monitoring devices, and actuators.
• Low device cost and efficient device energy usage are two requirements for
such services.
• This allows for a longer battery life on the devices, which can last for several
years.
• Each device merely receives and generates a limited amount of data. As a
result, support for high data rates.
Typical mMTC applications
• Smart Home
• Smart City

55. Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)
• mMTC stands for Massive Machine Type Communication, which in
5G networks is a use case class that defines
• the minimum requirement for 5G to support 1 million low-powered,
• low-cost,
• low-complexity devices per square kilometre
• battery life of up to ten years.

56. uRLLC – Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication
What is uRLLC – Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication?
• uRLLC stands for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication and is
a use case class that defines the minimum requirement for 5G
networks to offer
• communication with high reliability (99.99%),
• extremely low latencies (below one millisecond) and
• support for low data rates (bps or kbps).

57. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC)
• URLLC services need extremely low latency and tremendous high
reliability.
Examples include traffic safety, factory automation, and automatic
control.
Typical URLLC applications
• Industrial Automation
• Self-driving vehicles
• E-health, hazardous environments, rescue missions
• Vehicular communication
• Drones

58. 5G Applications
1.High speed mobile network
2.Entertainment and multimedia
3. Satellite Internet
4.IOT- Connecting everything
4.1 Smart home
4.2 Logistics and shipping
 Efficient use of RFID tags
Accelerated packing and labeling
Use of smart tracking devices for accurate monitoring of temperature,
shock, light exposure, humidity, etc…
Realtime GPS location tracking and reporting
Efficient monitoring minimizes theft risk and misplacing of items
Realtime delivery tracking and reporting
Self-driving cars and drones for future goods delivery
4.3 Smart cities
4.4 Industrial IOT

59. 5G Applications
4.5 Smart farming
4.6 Fleet management
4.7 Artificial Intelligence (“AI”), Healthcare and mission –critical
applications
4.8 Autonomous driving
4.9 Drone operation
4.10 Security and surveillance
4.11 Artificial Intelligence (“AI”)

60. 5G use cases
THIS TOPIC WE WILL LEARN BY
DOING GROUP ACTIVITY
• Divide the Class into (No. of
students / 5) Groups
• Assign 1 Topic of Case study to
each group (From the Following)
• Group has to prepare the topic in
20min for 5min presentation with
chalk-board
Sr. No. Case Study Topic
1 Smart cities
2 Autonomous vehicles
3 Improved viewing
experience at sporting
events
4 5G drones
5 Immersive entertainment
5G use cases: 31 examples that showcase what 5G is capable of | 5Gradar

61. Who is working on 5G?
• Many of the big carriers are working on building up their 5G
networks now. This includes Verizon, AT&T and Sprint.
• Verizon is working on implementing mmWave, and T-Mobile is
working on low- and midband 5G first.
• Verizon Ventures aims to invest in areas that would benefit from
5G, such as augmented reality, IoT and artificial intelligence.
Additional information

62. What 5G phones are available?
• A phone or another piece of hardware can't just get a software
update on a 4G phone to enable 5G.
• 5G requires specific hardware.
• To be able to utilize 5G, a user must have a device that supports
5G, a carrier that supports 5G and be within an area that has a
5G node within range.
Additional information

63. Challenges and opportunities in 5G deployment
1. Increasing volume of traffic and devices
2. Extreme and diverse performance requirements
3. Extreme backhaul requirements
4. User mobility management
5. Massive increase in cell sites
6. Spectrum harmonization & availability
7. Low energy consumptions
8. Automation requirements
9. Availability of devices
10. Security

64. Challenges in 5G deployment
1. Infrastructure and Cost: Deploying 5G networks requires
significant investments in infrastructure, including new base
stations, small cells, and fiber-optic networks. The cost of deploying
and upgrading existing infrastructure to support 5G can be a
substantial challenge for network operators and service providers.
2. Spectrum Availability: Acquiring the necessary radio spectrum
for 5G deployment is crucial. However, there is limited availability of
suitable spectrum bands, and obtaining the required spectrum
licenses can be challenging. The allocation and management of
spectrum resources across multiple stakeholders and regulatory
bodies also pose challenges.

65. Challenges in 5G deployment
3. Network Coverage and Capacity: Achieving widespread network
coverage and ensuring sufficient capacity to handle the increasing
demand for data is a challenge in 5G deployment. The use of higher-
frequency bands in 5G, such as millimeter waves, requires denser
network infrastructure due to their shorter range, making network
planning and deployment more complex.
4. Interference and Signal Propagation: The higher-frequency bands
used in 5G have different propagation characteristics compared to
lower-frequency bands. They are more susceptible to blockage and
are affected by obstacles like buildings and foliage. Overcoming
interference and optimizing signal propagation to ensure reliable
connectivity in various environments is a challenge.

66. Challenges in 5G deployment
5. Standards and Interoperability: Developing and implementing
global standards for 5G is a complex task. Ensuring interoperability
between different network equipment vendors, devices, and service
providers is crucial for seamless operation and widespread adoption
of 5G technology.

67. Opportunities in 5G deployment
1. Enhanced Connectivity and User Experience: 5G promises
significantly faster data rates, lower latency, and improved
network reliability, offering users an enhanced connectivity
experience. This opens up opportunities for innovative
applications, such as high-quality video streaming, virtual and
augmented reality, and immersive media experiences.
2. Internet of Things (IoT) Expansion: 5G provides the
infrastructure to support the massive scale of IoT devices and
applications. It enables seamless connectivity, low-power
operation, and high device density, unlocking opportunities for
smart cities, industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, and
various IoT use cases.

68. Opportunities in 5G deployment
3. Industry Transformation: 5G deployment presents opportunities
for industries to leverage advanced technologies like edge
computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning. It
enables digital transformation in sectors such as manufacturing,
transportation, energy, and agriculture, leading to increased
efficiency, productivity, and innovation.
4. Mission-Critical Applications: The ultra-reliable and low-latency
communication capabilities of 5G create opportunities for mission-
critical applications. This includes remote surgery, autonomous
vehicles, public safety systems, and industrial automation, where
reliable and real-time communication is essential.

69. Opportunities in 5G deployment
5. Economic Growth and Job Creation: The deployment of 5G
networks and the development of new applications and services
can drive economic growth and job creation. It spurs innovation,
attracts investments, and fosters the growth of the digital economy