This document discusses two research papers: 1) "TeleMed" which aims to control a microscope remotely through connecting stepper motors to the microscope knobs and creating software to operate the motors via signals, enabling off-site microscope control. 2) A study comparing the antibacterial properties of three chili pepper varieties against toothache-causing bacteria, finding Capsicum frutescens most effective against two bacteria and Capsicum annuum var longgum most effective against one isolate. The minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts on bacteria was 25% while minimum bactericidal concentration was 100%.

1. Introduction to Research
Dr. Kedar Mehta
Assistant Professor
GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara

2. Outline
• What is research?
• Aims
• Significance
• Types of research
– By application
– By approach
– By type of data sought

3. What is Research?
Research is a careful, systematic, patient study
and investigation in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles.
(Grinnel, 1993)

4. What is Research?
Research is the systematic and objective
analysis and recording of controlled
observations that may lead to the
development of generalizations, principles or
theories resulting in prediction and possibly
ultimate control of events.
(Kumar, 1996).

5. In short…
Research is a process by which people discover
or create new knowledge about the world in
which they live.
(Intel Corporation, 2008)

6. Aims of Research
• To obtain solutions to problems through the
discovery of cause-and-effect relationships (or
systematic relationships) between variables

7. Aims of Research
• To be able to develop generalizations,
principles or theories that will be helpful in
predicting future occurrences

8. Aims of Research
• To obtain some observable experiences or
gather empirical evidences as a means to
verify knowledge

9. Aims of Research
• To establish new methodologies or processes
that may be used to improve the quality of life
or the environment

10. Significance of Research
“More than a set of skills, research is a way of thinking:
critically the various aspects of your
understanding and formulating guiding
that govern a particular procedure;
examining
profession;
principles
developing
of your profession. It is a habit
and
and testing new theories for the
of
enhancement
questioning about what you do, and empirical
examination to find answers, with a view to instituting
changes for a more effective professional service”
- Ranjit Kumar, 1996

11. Significance of Research
“It is a habit of questioning about what you do,
and empirical examination to find answers,
with a view to instituting changes…”
Research generates new knowledge

12. Types of Research
• Based on application of research
– Basic or Pure
– Applied

13. Basic Research
• Research problem deals with fundamental or
problems of facts
• New knowledge or verifies theories
• Knowledge for its own sake

15. Applied Research
• Problems deals with the “means”
• Find solutions to human problems
• Practical use

17. Types of Research
• Based on approach under which the study is
conducted
– Descriptive/Observational
– Experimental
– Technical

18. Descriptive Research
• Defines characteristics of an organism and
makes comparisons with others without
manipulating factors or conditions
• No manipulation of independent variables

21. Experimental Research
• Alteration of factor/s and variable/s in a
controlled manner or under controlled
conditions to test an organism’s response to
the factors applied
• Involves cause and effect

24. Technical Research
• Development of a technique or procedure
using established knowledge as a basis for
coming up with the methodology

26. Types of Research
• Based on the type of information sought
– Quantitative
– Qualitative

27. TeleMed: The Mechanization and Control of a
Microscope for Remote Conferencing
Christian O. Sanchez, Ernest Baello III, Lorenzo Lorilla, Patrick Estorninos
TeleMed is a system that aims to control a microscope from a computer, for
use in pathology and other fields of medicine. To achieve this system, a
trinocular microscope was acquired and stepper motors were connected to
its knobs using motor belts. Software was created to run these motors
through a specially designed interface board. Based on the signals sent by the
software, the corresponding motors were made to operate the knobsof the
microscope, thereby enabling the user to move the stage (x and y
movement), adjust the focus and change the objective, all through mouse
and keyboard control. Another program was also created and installed in a
remote computer. This software enables off-site control of the microscope by
sending signals through a computer network. Both pieces of software were
designed to run under the Windows 95 environment. They exhibit user-
friendly visual controls and online help documentation to guide the user
through the program.

28. Comparative Evaluation of the Antibacterial properties of Chili
Pepper Fruit Varieties on Human Dental Microflora
Joan C. de Guzman, Mark-Lawrence T. Tirao, Rosemary Gutierrez
Chili pepper growth and use span the globe. The unique pungent nature is due chiefly to its
component capsaicin. Herbalists postulate that capsaicin sterilizes tooth cavities white
soothing a toothache. To investigae on this observation, a comparative evaluation was
done on the antibacterial action of three Capsicum fruit varieties namely Capsicum
frutescens, Capsicum annuum “de Arbo” and Capsicum annuum var. longgum on
toothache-causing bacteria which include Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and an
isolate from an individual with dental caries. Steam distillation was employed to extract the
essential oil which contains the substance capsaicin. The paper disc diffusion method was
used for the microbiological assays of extracts in their pure and diluted forms. The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
were also determined. Results revealed that among the three capsicum varieties, C.
frutescens is the most effective inhibitor of bacterial growth for L. acidophilus and B.
subtilis and C. annuum var longgum is the most effective against a bacterial isolate,
hypothesized to be Neisseria sp. The MIC of the plant extracts was found to be at 25% in all
of the three bacterial test organisms, while MBS was determined to be 100%.