An introduction to power law distributions, with a focus on branded markets.
Somewhat text-heavy by today's standards, but presentation was created in late 2007.
How Attention Works - Kyle Findlay - TNS GlobalIgnasi Pardo
How Attention Works. "Kyle Findlay", TNS Global.
1. How do we process our environment?
2. What is the path that stimuli go through?
3. What are the factors that capture our attention?
4. What about stimuli that we don’t consciously process?
This presentation looks at how gamification taps into how our brains work. It focus on the role of reward schedules and uncertainty in creating engagement. It also briefly discusses whether or not the term 'gamification' itself is a fad or not.
NOTE: Apologies for the low image quality of the slides. The only way I was able to upload the deck without producing visual artifacts during the SlideShare conversion process was to upload each slide as an image :(
A brief introduction to network theory which introduces my COMM 620 MBA class to three different strands of research explaining the context within which digital tools are used.
This deck summarises some of our research into the "shape" of conversation maps (i.e. interaction networks) on Twitter. We find that the shape, or pattern, of brand and campaign conversations tend to sit on a continuum from centralisation to decentralisation. The shapes often evolve along this continuum as brands adopt more organic, two-way conversation patterns rather than the one-directional broadcasting techniques so common in traditional channels such as television and radio.
This presentation is based on a paper that won the Best Methodological Paper award at the 2015 ESOMAR Congress conference. You can access the paper here: https://www.esomar.org/web/research_papers/Innovation_2714_The-Shape-of-Conversations.php
How Attention Works - Kyle Findlay - TNS GlobalIgnasi Pardo
How Attention Works. "Kyle Findlay", TNS Global.
1. How do we process our environment?
2. What is the path that stimuli go through?
3. What are the factors that capture our attention?
4. What about stimuli that we don’t consciously process?
This presentation looks at how gamification taps into how our brains work. It focus on the role of reward schedules and uncertainty in creating engagement. It also briefly discusses whether or not the term 'gamification' itself is a fad or not.
NOTE: Apologies for the low image quality of the slides. The only way I was able to upload the deck without producing visual artifacts during the SlideShare conversion process was to upload each slide as an image :(
A brief introduction to network theory which introduces my COMM 620 MBA class to three different strands of research explaining the context within which digital tools are used.
This deck summarises some of our research into the "shape" of conversation maps (i.e. interaction networks) on Twitter. We find that the shape, or pattern, of brand and campaign conversations tend to sit on a continuum from centralisation to decentralisation. The shapes often evolve along this continuum as brands adopt more organic, two-way conversation patterns rather than the one-directional broadcasting techniques so common in traditional channels such as television and radio.
This presentation is based on a paper that won the Best Methodological Paper award at the 2015 ESOMAR Congress conference. You can access the paper here: https://www.esomar.org/web/research_papers/Innovation_2714_The-Shape-of-Conversations.php
User behavior model & recommendation on basis of social networks Shah Alam Sabuj
At present social networks play an important role to express people's sentiment and interest in a particular field. Extracting a user's public social network data (what the user shares with friends and relatives and how the user reacts over others' thought) means extracting the user's behavior. Defining some determined hypothesis if we make machine understand human sentiment and interest, it is possible to recommend a user about his/her personal interest on basis of the user's sentiment analyzed by machine. Our main approach is to suggest a user regarding the user's specific interest that is anticipated by analyzing the user's public data. This can be extended to further business analysis to suggest products or services of different companies depending on the consumer's personal choice. This automation will also help to choose the correct candidate for any questionnaire. This system will also help anyone to know about himself or herself, how one's behavior may influence others. It is possible to identify different types of people such as- dependable people, leadership skilled, people of supportive mentality, people of negative mentality etc.
the near future of tourism services based on digital tracesnicolas nova
Digital objects used by tourists such as mobile phones and cameras leave a large amount of traces. The phone can indeed be geolocated through cell-phone antennas or GPS and digital cameras take pictures that people can upload on web sharing platforms such as Flickr. All of this enable new application that allow to count tourists or provide them with new sorts of services. Based on existing experiments, the presentation will describe how the tourism industry can benefit from these digital traces to obtain new representations of tourists activities and to build up new services based on them
The document describes a comprehensive approach to developing innovative recommendations for urban sectors, that are potentially transformational. The recommendations would become a part of an Urban Planning effort.
MediaWave listening and analysis all conversation from twitter, facebook, blogs, forum, news, youtube and image. Our analysis includes brand comparison, mention, sentiment, gender, geolocation, influencer & core (reason).
You will know your influencer from twitter, facebook, blog, forum, news, image and youtube.
You can engage directly from our online dashboard
For my final year project I used data analysis techniques to investigate user behavior pattern recognition in respect of similar interests and culture versus offline geographical location. This was an out-of-the-box topic, which I selected due to my love on Data Analysis, in respect of the Social Network Analysis in the Internet era.
This is the slides from my presentation of the paper entitled "Activity Analysis – Applying Activity Theory to Analyze Complex Work in Hospitals" which was presented at the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW 2011 in Hangzhou, China.
The paper is available from my homepage
http://www.itu.dk/people/bardram
Impact of Urban Logistics of Commercial Vehicles Sandeep Kar
This presentation made by Sandeep Kar, Global Director, Frost & Sullivan shows the impact of urbanization and urban logistics on commercial vehicle design philosophies
Presented at IZEAfest in Orlando, FL
Social network and sharing analysis including:
+Document analysis at scale: Meme tracking combined with other variables like sentiment and bias
+Social network at scale: Information cascades and virality, inference of social networks given meme-like information as contagions
+The node level perspective and its effects on what an individual sees and shares: Illusions, effort and overload, topics, personality and demographics
+Personas and segmentation: Grouping based on demographics and interests
For more information about the Informed Cities initiative visit http://informed-cities.iclei-europe.org or join us on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/InformedCities
This presentation introduces the integration of models for inquiry-based learning and feedback with crowd sensing approaches in order to create solutions that are applicable in the real world.
This presentation outlines how market share forms from a network perspective.
It is based on an oldish paper I wrote for the 2009 Southern African Marketing Research Association (SAMRA) Conference. It subsequently won the WPP Atticus "Research in Practice" award.
Please drop me an e-mail if you have any questions, comments or would like a copy of the deck.
Note that the SlideShare conversion process has corrupted some of the slides (e.g. slides 20, 26)
Entrepeneurship on the front line - innovate stage, 2 september 2015NHS England
Expo is the most significant annual health and social care event in the calendar, uniting more NHS and care leaders, commissioners, clinicians, voluntary sector partners, innovators and media than any other health and care event.
Expo 15 returned to Manchester and was hosted once again by NHS England. Around 5000 people a day from health and care, the voluntary sector, local government, and industry joined together at Manchester Central Convention Centre for two packed days of speakers, workshops, exhibitions and professional development.
This year, Expo was more relevant and engaging than ever before, happening within the first 100 days of the new Government, and almost 12 months after the publication of the NHS Five Year Forward View. It was also a great opportunity to check on and learn from the progress of Greater Manchester as the area prepares to take over a £6 billion devolved health and social care budget, pledging to integrate hospital, community, primary and social care and vastly improve health and well-being.
More information is available online: www.expo.nhs.uk
User behavior model & recommendation on basis of social networks Shah Alam Sabuj
At present social networks play an important role to express people's sentiment and interest in a particular field. Extracting a user's public social network data (what the user shares with friends and relatives and how the user reacts over others' thought) means extracting the user's behavior. Defining some determined hypothesis if we make machine understand human sentiment and interest, it is possible to recommend a user about his/her personal interest on basis of the user's sentiment analyzed by machine. Our main approach is to suggest a user regarding the user's specific interest that is anticipated by analyzing the user's public data. This can be extended to further business analysis to suggest products or services of different companies depending on the consumer's personal choice. This automation will also help to choose the correct candidate for any questionnaire. This system will also help anyone to know about himself or herself, how one's behavior may influence others. It is possible to identify different types of people such as- dependable people, leadership skilled, people of supportive mentality, people of negative mentality etc.
the near future of tourism services based on digital tracesnicolas nova
Digital objects used by tourists such as mobile phones and cameras leave a large amount of traces. The phone can indeed be geolocated through cell-phone antennas or GPS and digital cameras take pictures that people can upload on web sharing platforms such as Flickr. All of this enable new application that allow to count tourists or provide them with new sorts of services. Based on existing experiments, the presentation will describe how the tourism industry can benefit from these digital traces to obtain new representations of tourists activities and to build up new services based on them
The document describes a comprehensive approach to developing innovative recommendations for urban sectors, that are potentially transformational. The recommendations would become a part of an Urban Planning effort.
MediaWave listening and analysis all conversation from twitter, facebook, blogs, forum, news, youtube and image. Our analysis includes brand comparison, mention, sentiment, gender, geolocation, influencer & core (reason).
You will know your influencer from twitter, facebook, blog, forum, news, image and youtube.
You can engage directly from our online dashboard
For my final year project I used data analysis techniques to investigate user behavior pattern recognition in respect of similar interests and culture versus offline geographical location. This was an out-of-the-box topic, which I selected due to my love on Data Analysis, in respect of the Social Network Analysis in the Internet era.
This is the slides from my presentation of the paper entitled "Activity Analysis – Applying Activity Theory to Analyze Complex Work in Hospitals" which was presented at the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW 2011 in Hangzhou, China.
The paper is available from my homepage
http://www.itu.dk/people/bardram
Impact of Urban Logistics of Commercial Vehicles Sandeep Kar
This presentation made by Sandeep Kar, Global Director, Frost & Sullivan shows the impact of urbanization and urban logistics on commercial vehicle design philosophies
Presented at IZEAfest in Orlando, FL
Social network and sharing analysis including:
+Document analysis at scale: Meme tracking combined with other variables like sentiment and bias
+Social network at scale: Information cascades and virality, inference of social networks given meme-like information as contagions
+The node level perspective and its effects on what an individual sees and shares: Illusions, effort and overload, topics, personality and demographics
+Personas and segmentation: Grouping based on demographics and interests
For more information about the Informed Cities initiative visit http://informed-cities.iclei-europe.org or join us on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/InformedCities
This presentation introduces the integration of models for inquiry-based learning and feedback with crowd sensing approaches in order to create solutions that are applicable in the real world.
This presentation outlines how market share forms from a network perspective.
It is based on an oldish paper I wrote for the 2009 Southern African Marketing Research Association (SAMRA) Conference. It subsequently won the WPP Atticus "Research in Practice" award.
Please drop me an e-mail if you have any questions, comments or would like a copy of the deck.
Note that the SlideShare conversion process has corrupted some of the slides (e.g. slides 20, 26)
Entrepeneurship on the front line - innovate stage, 2 september 2015NHS England
Expo is the most significant annual health and social care event in the calendar, uniting more NHS and care leaders, commissioners, clinicians, voluntary sector partners, innovators and media than any other health and care event.
Expo 15 returned to Manchester and was hosted once again by NHS England. Around 5000 people a day from health and care, the voluntary sector, local government, and industry joined together at Manchester Central Convention Centre for two packed days of speakers, workshops, exhibitions and professional development.
This year, Expo was more relevant and engaging than ever before, happening within the first 100 days of the new Government, and almost 12 months after the publication of the NHS Five Year Forward View. It was also a great opportunity to check on and learn from the progress of Greater Manchester as the area prepares to take over a £6 billion devolved health and social care budget, pledging to integrate hospital, community, primary and social care and vastly improve health and well-being.
More information is available online: www.expo.nhs.uk
Service Research, Innovation, and (Safe) Practice in the Humanity-Centered AI Era
EMAC - https://www.emac-online.org/interest-groups/emac-special-interest-groups
EMAC SIG Service Marketing - https://www.linkedin.com/company/emac-sig-service-marketing/
Service Marketing Seminar - https://sites.google.com/view/service-marketing-seminar/startseite
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Talk presented at the conference on the Philosophy of Emerging Media, Boston University, October 26-27, 2013
If you try to find information about a gene or a molecule or a restaurant or a sports team or a politician on the web, it’s likely that some ontology will be involved in your search. An ontology is (briefly put) a semantically organized consensus representation of the types of entities in a given domain and of the relations between these entities – it is something like a large graph of the way some part of the world is structured. So important have ontologies become to organizations such as the BBC or the New York Times, that there is a running joke in the Semantic Web community to the effect that the Columbia School of Journalism is about to be renamed the Columbia School of Journalism and Ontology. I will attempt to draw conclusions from these phenomena concerning the ways in which social interactions are being influenced, and to some degree also transformed, by digital media.
A document that explores convergences and divergences between Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches (SLA) and Pro-Poor Market Development (PPMD). This is a synthesis of discussions that MaFI promoted before and after the ESRC Seminar Series on SLA (Uni of Bath, UK, 2009).
The Sixth Sense Essay. The sixth sense essay Are you looking for real-estate...Ladonna Mayer
The sixth sense essay - Expert Custom Essay Writing Service You Can Trust. A paper presentation on sixth sense. Review of The Sixth Sense. ⇉Senses Research Paper Human senses are Essay Example | GraduateWay. Sixth sense. Sense and Sensibility Summary: [Essay Example], 490 words | EssayPay. English Writing Through the 5 Senses. Unit 23 Film and Television Production and Editing: A01 The Sixth Sense .... READING - The Sixth Sense - ESL worksheet by omarengteacher. Sixth Sense Essay: Sixth Sense Essay. Secrets of Sense and sensibility Essay Example | Topics and Well ....
Towards a New Distributional EconomicsTim O'Reilly
A talk I gave on December 1, 2017 for a workshop on AI and the future of the economy organized by the OECD and the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy. In it, I explore implications of AI and internet-scale platforms for the design of markets, with the goal of starting a conversation about what we might call "distributional economics."
Using network science to understand elections: the South African 2014 nationa...Socialphysicist
This presentation describes our research into the roughly one million tweets that we collected in the run-up to the 2014 national elections in South Africa. It uses a mixture of network theory and data science to unpack the main communities and topics of conversation. The paper won the Gold Award for Best Paper at the 2015 SAMRA conference.
Beneath the Surface: The Hidden World of Individual Buying DynamicsSocialphysicist
This deck describes how people actually buy brands based on an analysis of several million purchase events over a period of 5 years across three different categories in the United Kingdom.
It was presented at the ESOMAR Congress 2012 conference in Atlanta, USA in September 2012.
I'm particularly proud of the illustrations in the presentation... although the fundamental nature of the research is pretty cool too :)
A deck presented at the MRS 'Maximising the Value of Big Data' conference in London, January 2013.
Presents my view of big data and the potential it gives us for mapping the systems that we deal with on a day-to-day basis. Big data holds the promise of providing us with a meta-view of the systems that we all think we are so familiar with. I think we will find that the woods look nothing like the trees.
This deck briefly outlines the work we did mapping the South African Twittersphere for the 2012 SAMRA conference, including some analyses we did based on the structure of the network. Specifically, we identified people with the potential for influence based on their betweeness centrality and Authority (HITS). In addition, we also used a modularity algorithm to identify 5 clearly distinct communities within the graph. The results are for interest-sake only and should be interpreted within the limitations of the data."
We presented this deck at the ESOMAR Congress 2011 conference in Amsterdam where it was nominated for "Best Methodological Paper".
The meat of this deck is a collection of case studies showing the efficacy of gamification in various BUSINESS contexts. It took us ages to contact and collate these various examples, so hopefully having them all in one place will save you time.
A big thank you very much to the various folks who helped us put this piece of research together!
If you have any questions, comments, requests, or are interested in the original paper that this deck is based on, please feel free to drop us a line :)
This presentation reviews how attention works in our brains. It answers questions like:
1) How do we process our environment?
2) What is the path that stimuli go through?
3) What are the factors that capture our attention?
4) What about stimuli that we don’t consciously process?
5) And more...
This is my second presentation from the SAMRA 2011 conference. The first presentation on "gamification" can be found here: http://www.slideshare.net/ervler/gamification-future-or-fail
This deck is based on a paper we wrote for the SAMRA 2011 conference. It's a short introduction to some of the ideas underlying the concept of "gamification".
It also details the results from a simple experiment we conducted to measure the effectiveness of gamifying an online community. We were restricted by a tight deadline and the existing capabilities of the online platform we partnered with, but the results are still pretty clear (although small base sizes makes it difficult to draw solid conclusions). To follow up these tantalising results, we are writing another paper for ESOMAR Congress that collects more numbers describing the effectivness of gamification.
I had a lot of fun illustrating the deck. Hope you enjoy reading it.
Negative Publicity: How People Process It and How Brands Should Respond to It...Socialphysicist
This deck presents case studies and a review of the cognitive theories behind how people process negative information about a brand, and suggests factors that a brand should consider before responding to a scandal.
PLEASE NOTE:
1. See speaker notes for more info on each slide
2. Drop me an e-mail if you would like a copy (e-mail address on front slide).
3. Link to full paper - it's behind a paywall unfortunately :(
http://www.esomar.org/web/publication/paper.php?id=2171
Branding in the nth Dimension (Systems Theory in Branded Markets)Socialphysicist
The purpose of this presentation was to introduce market researchers to nonlinear systems theory in the context of branded markets by helping them to visualise the systems they work in every day.
NOTE: Read the notes along with each slide to get the maximum out of this deck.
NOTE: SlideShare screwed up some of the formatting on certain slides (word bubbles, font size, squashed images, etc.). Bad SlideShare :(
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
1. Kyle Findlay [email_address] The TNS Customer Equity Company Research & Development March 2008 An Introduction to Power Laws Image: Map of the human genome
Critical Mass http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ball Philip Ball (born 1962) is an English science writer. He holds a degree in chemistry from Oxford and a doctorate in physics from Bristol University. He was an editor for the journal Nature for over 10 years. Ball's 2004 book Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads To Another examines a wide range of topics including the business cycle random walks, phase transitions, bifurcation theory traffic flow, Zipf's law, Small world phenomenon, catastrophe theory, the Prisoner's dilemma. The overall theme is one of applying modern mathematical models to social and economic phenomena. The book was awarded Aventis Prize for 2005. Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Tail The phrase The Long Tail (as a proper noun with capitalized letters) was first coined by Chris Anderson in an October 2004 Wired magazine article to describe the niche strategy of certain business such as Amazon.com or Netflix. The distribution and inventory costs of those business allow them to realize significant profit out of selling small volumes of hard-to-find items to many customers, instead of only selling large volumes of a reduced number of popular items. The group of persons that buy the hard-to-find or "non-hit" items is the customer demographic called the Long Tail. Given a large enough availability of choice and a large population of customers, and negligible stocking and distribution costs, the selection and buying pattern of the population results in a power law distribution curve, or Pareto distribution, instead of the expected normal distribution curve. This suggests that a market with a high freedom of choice will create a certain degree of inequality by favoring the upper 20% of the items ("hits" or "head") against the other 80% ("non-hits" or "long tail"). [2] The Black Swan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Swan_(book) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theory In Nassim Nicholas Taleb's definition, a black swan is a large-impact, hard-to-predict, and rare event beyond the realm of normal expectations. Taleb regards many scientific discoveries as black swans—"undirected" and unpredicted. He gives the September 11, 2001 attacks as an example of a Black Swan event. The term black swan comes from the ancient Western conception that 'All swans are white'. In that context, a black swan was a metaphor for something that could not exist. The 18th Century discovery of black swans in Australia metamorphosed the term to connote that the perceived impossibility actually came to pass. Taleb notes that John Stuart Mill first used the black swan narrative to discuss falsification. The high impact of the unexpected Before Taleb, those who dealt with the notion of improbable, like Hume, Mill and Popper, focused on a problem in logic, specifically that of drawing general conclusions from specific observations. Taleb's Black Swan has a central and unique attribute: the high impact. His claim is that almost all consequential events in history come from the unexpected—while humans convince themselves that these events are explainable in hindsight. One problem, labeled the Ludic fallacy by Taleb, is the belief that the unstructured randomness found in life resembles the structured randomness found in games. This stems from the assumption that the unexpected can be predicted by extrapolating from variations in statistics based on past observations, especially when these statistics are assumed to represent samples from a bell curve. Taleb notes that other functions are often more descriptive, such as the fractal, power law, or scalable distributions; awareness of these might help to temper expectations. Beyond this, he emphasizes that many events are simply without precedent, undercutting the basis of this sort of reasoning altogether. Taleb also argues for the use of counterfactual reasoning when considering risk.
Complex Networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_network "A network is named scale-free if its degree distribution, i.e., the probability that a node selected uniformly at random has a certain number of links (degree), follows a particular mathematical function called a power law . The power law implies that the degree distribution of these networks has no characteristic scale. In contrast, network with a single well-defined scale are somewhat similar to a lattice in that every node has (roughly) the same degree. Examples of networks with a single scale include the Erdős–Rényi random graph and hypercubes. In a network with a scale-free degree distribution, some vertices have a degree that is orders of magnitude larger than the average - these vertices are often called " hubs ", although this is a bit misleading as there is no inherent threshold above which a node can be viewed as a hub. If there were, then it wouldn't be a scale-free distribution!"
Zipf’s Law http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipfs_law Zipf's law, an empirical law formulated using mathematical statistics, refers to the fact that many types of data studied in physical and social science can be described by a Zipfian distribution, one of a family of related discrete power law probability distributions. The law is named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf who first proposed it (Zipf 1935, 1949), though J.B. Estoup appears to have noticed the regularity before Zipf. Zipf's law states that given some corpus of natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. Thus the most frequent word will occur approximately twice as often as the second most frequent word, which occurs twice as often as the fourth most frequent word, etc. For example, in the Brown Corpus "the" is the most frequently occurring word, and all by itself accounts for nearly 7% of all word occurrences (69971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28852). Only 135 vocabulary items are needed to account for half the Brown Corpus. Pareto Principle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle “ The Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 rule, the law of the vital few and the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, 80% of the effects comes from 20% of the causes. Business management thinker Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80% of income in Italy went to 20% of the population. It is a common rule of thumb in business; e.g., "80% of your sales comes from 20% of your clients." It is worthy of note that some applications of the Pareto principle appeal to a pseudo-scientific "law of nature" to bolster non-quantifiable or non-verifiable assertions that are "painted with a broad brush". The fact that hedges such as the 90/10, 70/30, and 95/5 "rules" exist is sufficient evidence of the non-exactness of the Pareto principle. On the other hand, there is adequate evidence that "clumping" of factors does occur in most phenomena. The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency, which was also introduced by the same economist, Vilfredo Pareto. Pareto developed both concepts in the context of the distribution of income and wealth among the population.”
Origin of McPhee’s Double Jeopardy “ In the 1930s, William McPhee discovered that radio DJs and comic strips that were more popular, had lots more listeners (or readers, for comic books) and that these listeners listened to them for a little longer each day. McPhee thought that it was odd that less popular DJs should 'suffer' in two ways – not only did they have fewer listeners but those listeners didn't listen to them for so long – so he called the pattern 'double jeopardy'.” Reference: Byron Sharp. “The Only Way to Grow Your Brand”. Admap 2003, Issue 438